生物反应器填埋场的渗滤液特征及处理方法

生物反应器填埋场是通过人为调控而加速填埋垃圾稳定的新一代垃圾卫生填埋场。通过模拟试验对生物反应器填埋场的渗滤液污染物浓度变化特征进行了研究，在此基础上讨论了建设生物反应器填埋场的思路，并对生物反应器填埋场的渗滤液处理工艺进行了初步选择。     

AF-MBBR技术处理高盐垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

采用厌氧生物滤池一好氧移动床工艺（AF—MBBR）处理垃圾卫生填埋场高盐渗滤液。结果表明：好氧移动床生物反应器对渗滤液中的氨氮具有非常高的去除率；但高盐量对AF—MBBR去除COD产生了明显的抑制作用，致使对COD的平均去除率仅为22％。经研究发现从垃圾渗滤液中分离、筛选出的专性耐盐菌，对高盐渗滤液生物处理系统具有显著的强化作用。     

聚氨酯填料强化厌氧处理煤热解废水

针对煤热解废水内高浓度酚类化合物在厌氧工艺中降解率较低和生物毒性较强的特点，设计了以聚氨酯填料为载体的强化厌氧处理煤热解废水系统，研究了厌氧污泥反应器和聚氨酯生物膜反应器对煤热解废水中高浓度酚类化合物降解率的影响。结果表明，当进水中总酚浓度为600 mg/L时，厌氧污泥反应器和聚氨酯生物膜反应器对总酚的降解率分别为18.3%和51.89%。相比于厌氧污泥反应器，聚氨酯生物膜反应器具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力和稳定的降解率。此外，高浓度酚类化合物对大麦种子和大型溞具有较强的毒性抑制作用。相比于厌氧污泥反应器，高浓度酚类化合物经聚氨酯生物膜反应器处理后，其毒性抑制作用明显减弱。     

考虑垃圾体沉降的生物反应器填埋场 渗滤液回灌运移规律

生物反应器填埋场在渗滤液的回灌过程中,垃圾体会产生较大的沉降变形,这主要是由于填埋体的自重和生物降解所致。由于沉降变形会导致生物反应器填埋场中垃圾体的孔隙比减小,孔隙比的减小会影响垃圾体的渗透系数和填埋场所能容纳的渗滤液量。为了研究考虑垃圾体沉降的生物反应器填埋场渗滤液回灌运移规律,根据质量守恒原理,以修正的Darcy定理为基础,结合Elagroudy等人提出的沉降模型,建立了考虑垃圾体沉降的生物反应器填埋场渗滤液回灌的计算模型,应用该模型研究了非饱和条件下渗滤液在生物反应器填埋场中的运移规律,分析了回灌强度、垃圾体初始孔隙比、初始含水率和组成成份等参数变化对垃圾体含水率和填埋场单位表面积回灌量的影响规律。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术及应用

垃圾在填埋场的填埋过程中，会产生对公众健康和周围水源生态环境构成极大污染威胁的高浓度渗滤液。渗滤液水量变化大，水量的变化导致水质的大幅度变化。随填埋年限的增加，渗滤液的水质将发生相应变化。渗滤液中包括大量的铵、氮和各种溶解态的阳离子、重金属、酚类、丹宁、可溶性脂肪酸及其他有机污染物。针对渗滤液的水质特征，主要采取物理化学法、生物处理法和回灌法等处理工艺。贵阳高雁城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场采用升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)及A／O生物膜接触氧化法的组合工艺进行处理，出水水质满足GB16889-1997的二级标准要求。     

准好氧生物反应器处理渗滤液系统的驯化研究

将准好氧填埋技术与矿化垃圾技术相结合在实验室内构建了模拟准好氧生物反应器垃圾处理系统,以室内埋龄为3年的矿化垃圾填充准好氧生物反应器,以室内模拟垃圾填埋柱产生的新鲜渗滤液为处理对象,考察了混合培养法、容积负荷渐增法和水力负荷渐增法对反应器内微生物的驯化效果.结果表明,混合培养法较负荷渐增法的驯化效果好,在驯化结束时,采用混合培养法的反应器出水COD为305 mg/L,NH3-N为0.6 mg/L,TN为38.7 mg/L;驯化时间越长则驯化效果越好,同是容积负荷渐增法,经过30 d分阶段驯化和经过20 d分阶段驯化的反应器,其出水COD分别为381 mg/L和1 311 mg/L,NH3-N分别为0.8 mg/L和5.0 mg/L.在准好氧生物反应器处理渗滤液系统的工程应用中,对微生物的驯化可首选混合培养法,同时应保证一定的驯化时间.     

2012年“华夏建设科学技术奖”获奖项目(三等奖) 生活垃圾卫生填埋场安全运营与节能减排技术集成及工程示范

一、立项背景卫生填埋作为生活垃圾最终处置的手段之一,在国内外占有重要的地位。我国南方多雨地区,城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的产生量都较高,如果填埋场渗滤液导排系统在设计时对此问题考虑不够,或者填埋场渗滤液导排系统运行不稳定,都会导致填埋场内部渗滤液淤积。采用生物反应器填埋技术能够减少外排渗滤液量、缩短稳定化时间、增大填埋场利用率,国外已经开展了较     

桃花山垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺设计

无锡市桃花山垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程采用氨吹脱、混凝沉淀、UASB厌氧水解和改良型SBR（PSBR）池好氧生物处理的组合工艺，处理出水水质达到《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》（GB16889—1997）的三级标准后输送至芦村生活污水处理厂合并处理。介绍了该渗滤液处理系统的工艺流程、构筑物组成和设计参数，总结分析了工艺设计的要点。     

垃圾渗滤液及处理出水的有机物MW分布

以西安市江村沟生活垃圾卫生填埋场（15年填埋期）的渗滤液为研究对象，采用分子质量切割法测定了渗滤液原水及厌氧-好氧（AO）工艺出水有机物的分子质量分布及变化。结果表明：垃圾渗滤液原水中，78．8％以上的有机污染物分布在分子质量（MW）〈10ku的范围内；厌氧生物处理单元对有机物的去除率达63％，COD的降低主要发生在MW〈10ku的范围内，而后续的好氧工艺对有机物去除率的贡献仅为0．82％。所以在试验水质条件下，垃圾渗滤液经厌氧工艺处理后尚需进行后续处理，但不宜选用好氧生物处理工艺，考虑到有机物分子质量的分布特点，建议采用物理化学法作为后续处理工艺。     

生活垃圾卫生填埋场安全运营与节能减排技术集成及工程示范

一、立项背景 卫生填埋作为生活垃圾最终处置的手段之一,在国内外占有重要的地位.我国南方多雨地区,城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的产生量都较高,如果填埋场渗滤液导排系统在设计时对此问题考虑不够,或者填埋场渗滤液导排系统运行不稳定,都会导致填埋场内部渗滤液淤积.采用生物反应器填埋技术能够减少外排渗滤液量、缩短稳定化时间、增大填埋场利用率,国外已经开展了较为广泛的研究,而国内目前还没有工程运营的实例.渗滤液和填埋气体是填埋场运行过程中产生的污染物质.垃圾填埋产生大量的渗滤液,而渗滤液水质复杂,对周边环境危害较大,必须对其进行处理.但目前国内渗滤液处理成本及运行成本较高,且关于渗滤液资源化利用的研究较少.垃圾填埋气体是一种温室效应很强的气体,同时也是一种高利用价值的能源物质.     

Modeling anaerobic bioreactor landfills in methanogenic phase: long term and short term behaviors

We have developed a mathematical model to simulate the behavior of real bioreactor landfills in the anaerobic methanogenic phase. This coupled model is composed of a two-phase flow and a biological model based on Darcy's law and Monod's model, respectively. This model considers bacterial activity and biological behavior as a function of temperature and makes it possible to study the thermo-biological behavior of bioreactor landfills with temperature changes. In this model we consider different effects of saturation on solid waste degradation. These effects consist of increasing hydrolysis with saturation and also decreasing the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and activating the methanogenic biomass. This paper presents first the mathematical coupled model and the numerical methods used to solve the conservation equations. The numerical model is then used to simulate two bioreactor landfills. This paper presents the results of long and short (with leachate recirculation) term numerical simulations comparing them with site results. Finally results as well as advantages and drawbacks of the model are discussed. The results show that the mathematical model is able to reproduce the hydro-thermo-biological behavior of a bioreactor landfill in different conditions, with and without leachate recirculation, and leads to a better understanding of important thermal and biological parameters.     

Treatment of landfill leachate by combined aged-refuse bioreactor and electro-oxidation

Two-stage aged-refuse bioreactor (ARB) was applied to treat landfill leachate in Shanghai Waste Laogang Disposal Plant. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH(3)-N) of landfill leachate treated by the two-stage bioreactor system were 98.5%, 99.9%, 98.0%, 64.2% and 99.9%, respectively. The COD and BOD in the second stage effluent were 239 and 7 mg l(-1), respectively. Thus three types of electrolysis were employed to further treat the second effluent, undivided electrolysis (UDE), divided electrolysis (DE) with Ti/PbO(2) cathode and DE with gas diffusion cathode. All electrolysis processes possessed good color removal effect, while the DE with gas diffusion cathode had the best TOC removal effect. The optimum electrolysis time of leachate was 30 min. The TOC removal efficiencies were 51.4% and 39.7% in anolyte and catholyte, respectively, after 30 min electrolysis at 5 V. In addition, the DE with gas diffusion cathode showed the least energy consumption of 9.8 k Whm(-3) at 30 min. The organic pollutants in the leachate were analyzed through a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. Through the two-stage ARB, the species and concentrations of organic pollutants in landfill leachate reduced greatly. Several chlorinated organic compounds were detected in the effluent after the UDE and the anolyte of the DE. In addition, the concentration of absorbable organic halogens (AOX) increased greatly during the electrolysis. Hence, careful consideration should be given in the application of electro-oxidation into the treatment of chloride-containing wastewater.     

投加高效菌处理回灌型垃圾填埋场渗滤液的研究

从垃圾转运站被污染的土壤中筛选出1株高效菌，向垃圾渗滤液中投加该菌株进行厌氧摇瓶试验，结果表明该菌株具有较好的厌氧去除氨氮的性能。将该菌株投加于模拟填埋场生物反应器中，进行了为期282d的试验，结果表明，渗滤液中的氨氮与COD被同时去除，第282天时渗滤液中的COD为770mg／L、NH4^＋ -N为90．1mg／L，大大降低了渗滤液后续处理的难度。     

Removal of refractory organics and nitrogen from landfill leachate by the microorganism-attached activated carbon fluidized bed process

The microorganism-attached activated carbon fluidized bed (MAACFB) process was applied to treat a real landfill leachate containing refractory organics and a high concentration of ammonium nitrogen. The MAACFB process consisted of two fluidized bed reactors in series: anaerobic and aerobic.The MAACFB process was found to be effective in treating the landfill leachate. The MAACFB process removed about 60 and 70% of refractory organics and nitrogen, respectively, from the landfill leachate simultaneously and steadily over more than 700 days of the operation period. A mass balance of the organics around the MAACFB process revealed that most of the removed organics may be biodegraded.     

采用垃圾准好氧填埋消除酸积累现象的试验研究

针对垃圾厌氧填埋渗滤液在直接回灌初期会出现严重的酸积累现象,分析研究了垃圾准好氧填埋与厌氧填埋的渗滤液直接回灌后的出水水质,发现采用准好氧垃圾填埋的体系内所含挥发性脂肪酸量和COD量比厌氧填埋柱低得多,不存在酸积累现象;从整个降解过程看,准好氧填埋加快了COD的降解速率,加速了垃圾体的稳定化进程;另外,环境温度对垃圾体的降解速率影响很大,较高的温度能够加速垃圾体的降解速度.     

填埋方式对污泥填埋稳定性的影响

参考垃圾填埋场经验,采用模拟填埋场,对污泥分别进行准好氧填埋和厌氧填埋,并定期监测渗滤液水质,利用指数法对两种填埋场的稳定化进行评价.结果表明,与厌氧填埋相比,准好氧填埋方式下污泥容重、密度和孔隙度的增长速度更快;并且准好氧填埋方式更有利于填埋体中污染物的降解,渗滤液中的污染物浓度更低;准好氧填埋场的稳定化速率要大于厌氧填埋场:准好氧填埋场在封场10周后即可达到二级稳定、渗滤液水质达到二级排放标准,而厌氧填埋场在封场30周后才能达到此标准.     

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in recycled leachate of bioreactor landfill

Landfill leachate needs sufficient treatment before safe disposal. Bioreactor landfill technology could effectively degrade the organic matters in recirculated leachate, hence leaving a leachate stream of low biodegradability. This study characterized the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the leachate from simulated bioreactor landfill columns with or without presence of trace oxygen. The removal efficiencies of this DOM using coagulation-sedimentation or electrolysis processes were demonstrated. Recirculated leachates were sampled from the simulated landfill columns applying conventional mode, intermittent-aeration mode, and natural aeration mode, whose DOM was fractionated into humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and hydrophilic fractions (HyI) by the XAD-8 resin combined with the cation exchange resin method. The recirculated leachate had low BOD/COD ratio, high humic substances contents, and high aromatic content. Their HA fraction comprised mainly large molecules (>10 k Da), while the FA and HyI were composed of smaller molecules (<50 k and <4 k Da, respectively). With the presence of oxygen, the TOC contents and the contents of HA, FA and HyI in leachate reduced, with FA and HyI fractions of molecular weight (MW) lower than 4 k Da more readily degraded. The organic matters left in leachates from intermittent-aeration mode and natural aeration mode were of low biodegradability. It was tested in the following sections the effects of coagulation-sedimentation process and of electrolysis process on the removal of residual DOM in recirculated leachate. Coagulation-sedimentation tests revealed that poly ferric sulphate (PFS) could remove more COD (58.1%) from leachate than polyaluminum chloride (PACl) (22.9%), particularly on the HA fraction with MW>10 k Da. Coagulation-sedimentation could not remove most of HyI in leachate. Furthermore, the corresponding BOD/COD ratio was not improved through coagulation. Electrolysis test could also effectively removed HA of MW>10 k Da. However, the biodegradability of treated effluent considerably was improved. The electrolysis could decompose high MW substances and increase biodegradability of recirculated leachate from bioreactor landfill.     

In situ nitrogen management in controlled bioreactor landfills

The characteristics of leachate from landfills vary according to site-specific conditions. Leachates from “old” landfills are often rich in ammonia nitrogen due to the hydrolysis and fermentation of the nitrogenous fractions of biodegradable substrates, with decreases in concentration mainly attributable to leachate washout. At landfills where leachate containment, collection and recirculation is practiced to accelerate decomposition of readily biodegradable organic constituents, leachate ammonia nitrogen concentrations may accumulate to higher levels than during conventional single pass leaching, thereby creating an ultimate leachate discharge challenge. Landfill leachate treatment options include complex and often costly sequences of external physical–chemical and biological processes for removal of high-strength organics and inorganics, including nitrogen. Therefore, this paper focuses on investigations with bioreactor landfill simulations to demonstrate the potential for in situ nitrogen removal in dedicated nitrification/denitrification zones. Using leachate recirculation, associated system modifications provided separate aerobic and anoxic zones for ammonia nitrogen transformations to nitrate and nitrogen gas, respectively. Results from the three simulated optional stages of methanogenesis, nitrification and denitrification indicated that nitrogen conversion and removal was dependent on the operational stage. Both separate and combined reactor operation with internal leachate recycle provided 95% nitrogen conversion. In contrast, combined reactor operation with single pass leaching provided a conversion efficiency per cycle ranging between 30–52% for nitrification and 16–25% for denitrification, thereby indicating the efficacy of using the landfill itself for attenuation of leachate ammonia nitrogen concentrations to levels acceptable for ultimate discharge.     

生活垃圾渗滤液处理中试研究

开发了一种适于处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的工艺。试验表明，采用复合厌氧反应器和A／O淹没式生物膜曝气池及碱化吹脱塔技术可以有效地去除渗滤兴中的COD、BOD和氨氮。该成果已用于深圳下垃圾卫生填埋场的设计。