反硝化生物滤池脱氮的中试研究

以某城市污水厂初沉池出水为原水,采用中试规模的移动床生物膜反应器/沉淀池/反硝化生物滤池工艺进行生物脱氮,重点考察了反硝化生物滤池的脱氮效果及C/N值对脱氮效率的影响,探讨了反硝化生物滤池再启动后的恢复情况,并构建了反硝化生物滤池脱氮动力学模型。结果表明,在稳定运行期间反硝化生物滤池对TN的去除率为86.4%~96.5%,当2.5C/N值5时,TN去除率与C/N值无相关性,平均去除率为93.3%,最佳C/N值为3.45。反硝化生物滤池经过3 d维护后再启动,运行12 h后即可恢复到滤池维护前的脱氮水平。在该中试条件下,反硝化遵循零级反应动力学,反应速率为174.4 mg/(L·h)。     

反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性分析

在分段进水工艺处理城市废水实现深度脱氮(TN＜5 mg·L-1)研究中,采用SBR反应器,分别以甲醇或葡萄糖为碳源研究了反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)的积累情况、pH和ORP变化规律及动力学特性.结果表明,2种碳源系统、不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下反硝化过程均出现明显的NO2--N积累.相同C/N下,在NO2--N...     

间歇曝气脱氮系统的影响因素研究

通过观察间歇曝气生物脱氮系统在不同水温、C/N值下的脱氮效率以及好氧/缺氧一周期内的硝化和反硝化过程,分析了温度和缺氧期C/N值对硝化和反硝化速度的影响,探讨了冬季所需外加碳源量。试验结果表明,秋、冬季提高缺氧期C/N值是保障间歇曝气脱氮系统运行效率的有效措施;在TN负荷为0.034kg/(kgMLVSS·d),水温为15℃时最适C/N值为7,10℃时最适C/N值为9。为了降低冬季运行费用,有必要寻找廉价的外碳源。     

DN/CN强化脱氮技术在污水厂提标改造中的应用

以某市城镇污水处理厂NO_3~--N浓度较高的生化出水为研究对象,采用反硝化生物滤池+曝气生物滤池(DN/CN)工艺,研究了碳氮比(C/N值)、进水负荷、温度等对TN去除效果的影响。结果表明,当增加的C/N值为3. 6、水力负荷≤9. 44 m~3/(m~2·h)[NO_3~--N最大负荷为4. 8 kg/(m~3·d)]时,出水TN满足国标要求(≤10 mg/L);去除单位质量TN需3. 7倍COD,碳源不足会导致NO_2~--N积累和碳源单耗升高; 14℃时的TN去除率较19℃时下降了约15%;反硝化过程中pH值增量和TN去除量存在一个对应关系,可用于反硝化滤池处理效果的辅助判断。     

生物脱氮反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

以生活污水为处理对象,对一体式悬浮载体膨胀床(ISCEB)生物脱氮反应器同步硝化反硝化现象进行了研究,并研究了DO、C/N比及进水有机负荷等因素对同步硝化反硝化的影响。     

反硝化生物膜滤池脱氮影响因素分析

采用反硝化生物膜滤池(DNBF)模拟装置处理城市污水厂的出水,并分析脱氮效能。在水温为14. 3～22. 8℃、pH值为6. 7～7. 4的条件下,通过单因素试验和正交试验,考察C/N值、温度、HRT、DO等因素对反硝化生物膜滤池脱氮效果的影响。试验结果表明,C/N值由0. 89上升到12. 46过程中,COD去除率呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,且在C/N值为5. 91时COD去除率达到最大; TN和NO_3~- -N去除率分别在C/N值为5. 04和3. 65时达到最高。当C/N值≤3. 65时,碳源不足导致TN去除率较低和NO_2~- -N的累积;当C/N值≥5. 91时,碳源过量条件下,TN去除率未明显下降,DNBF脱氮率仍高达96%。当平均水温由22℃(夏季)降低至15℃(冬季)时,平均脱氮率由96%降低至83%。正交试验结果表明,对于COD、TN、NO_3~- -N去除率而言,HRT的极差均最大,即HRT是DNBF脱氮性能的主要影响因素。     

高排放标准下城市污水深度脱氮技术研究

在对某城市污水处理厂二级出水中氮组分解析的基础上,研究将深床滤池改造为深床(反硝化)滤池后的脱氮效果、反硝化启动及脱氮影响因素。结果表明,在水温为24～25℃、碳源投加量为20～35 mg/L的条件下,历时10 d反硝化功能启动完成,与深床滤池相比,对NO~-_3-N的去除率提高了23.1%,对二级生物处理工艺的脱氮过程起到了有效补充作用。深床(反硝化)滤池去除单位质量NO~-_3-N消耗的COD量随水温降低呈对数增加趋势,低温期采用高碳源投加量提高脱氮效果存在COD超标风险时,需设置出水COD保障单元。     

玉米芯与海绵铁复合填料的反硝化脱氮特性

在实验室条件下分别运行以玉米芯/海绵铁复合填料和单纯玉米芯填料的反硝化滤池,分析两类填料的反硝化脱氮效果,考察复合填料对硝态氮的去除率及出水水质。结果表明,复合填料反硝化滤池以生物异养反硝化作用为主,较单纯玉米芯填料反应器表现出更加稳定的反硝化脱氮效果。当进水硝态氮浓度为20 mg/L、停留时间3 h时,复合填料反应器对硝态氮的去除率可以维持在90%以上,出水硝态氮浓度2 mg/L,没有出现亚硝态氮、氨氮的积累和pH值升高现象;3个月的运行期间单位质量玉米芯的脱氮量为0.42 kg/kg,比单纯玉米芯高0.05 kg/kg。因此,玉米芯/海绵铁复合填料作为反硝化滤池的碳源和生物载体具有脱氮效果好、无需连续添加碳源、出水pH值稳定的特点。     

以黄水为碳源的反硝化过程研究

针对南方城市污水厂生物脱氮过程中反硝化碳源不足的情况,以白酒生产过程中的副产物——黄水作为反硝化碳源,采用SBR反应器研究了碳氮比分别为7、6.5、6、5、4.5、4和3条件下的反硝化过程。研究结果表明:黄水驯化的反硝化菌以短杆菌属为主;黄水可以作为合适的反硝化碳源,如果以黄水作为反硝化碳源,C/N值为5时比较合适;不同C/N值下,在反应初期都存在NO-2-N积累现象,C/N值为4.5时积累量最大。     

反硝化生物滤池在污水深度处理中的应用

以苏州市某污水处理厂二沉池出水为原水,分析反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)的脱氮效果以及影响因素。结果表明,DNBF在较宽泛的流速范围内,当进水COD/TN值≥3. 5时能达到较好的脱氮效果,出水TN可降至3 mg/L以下,尤其在进水COD/TN值为5时出水TN可降至1 mg/L左右,TN平均去除率为87. 1%,NO3--N平均去除率为96. 1%;当流速升至120 L/h(HRT=15. 18min)时,初期出现NO2--N积累现象,但仅数日便缓和,DNBF显示出较强的耐水力负荷冲击能力;当进水NH4+-N超高或NO2--N过高时,DNBF对NO3--N和NO2--N的去除率仍处于较高水平,具备较强的抗含氮污染物冲击能力;通过监测DNBF中原水COD以及沿程TN、pH值的变化,及时调整碳源投加量,可确保良好的脱氮效果并保障水质达标。     

生物膜电极工艺去除微污染源水中氨氮的研究

采用生物膜电极工艺去除微污染源水中的氨氮.在好氧区利用金属阳极电解产氧,在硝化细菌的作用下使氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮或亚硝酸盐氮;在缺氧区利用碳棒作为阴极电解产氢,实现反硝化脱氮.试验结果表明:C/N、电流强度、氨氮浓度、进水流量等对去除总氮均有影响;在流量为3 L/d、无外界供氧、电流强度为19.5 mA、C/N为1的条件下,当进水COD为10 mg/L、氨氮为7 mg/L时,对总氮的去除率可达95.6%,显著改善了水质.     

低温贫营养原位生物投菌技术脱氮特性研究

为有效解决微污染水体原位生物脱氮处理中存在的低温、贫营养及好氧环境问题,采用自适应及菌源生态重组策略构建了低温贫营养脱氮功能菌群,考察了该功能菌群在低温条件下的实验室静态脱氮效能。结果表明,在水温为10～18℃,菌投量为1 mg/L,水源水水质为CODMn3.262 mg/L、NH4+-N 0.186 mg/L、NO2--N 0.012 mg/L、NO3--N 2.237 mg/L、TN 2.616mg/L的条件下,系统运行期间硝氮和总氮去除率最大可达到46%和53%。同时还探讨了低温微生物的冷适应机制,为开展低温季节微污染水体原位生物修复研究提供了理论依据。     

Biological nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate: low-cost nitrification in biofilters and laboratory scale in-situ denitrification

The slow leaching of nitrogen from solid waste in landfills, resulting in high concentrations of ammonia in the landfill leachate, may last for several decades. The removal of nitrogen from leachate is desirable as nitrogen can trigger eutrophication in lakes and rivers. In the present study, a low-cost nitrification-denitrification process was developed to reduce nitrogen load especially in leachates from small landfills. Nitrification was studied in laboratory and on-site pilot aerobic biofilters with waste materials as filter media (crushed brick in upflow filters and bulking agent of compost in a downflow filter) while denitrification was studied in a laboratory anoxic/anaerobic column filled with landfill waste. In the laboratory nitrification filters, start-up of nitrification took less than 3 weeks and over 90% nitrification of leachate (NH4-N between 60 and 170mg N l(-1), COD between 230 and 1,300 mg l(-1)) was obtained with loading rates between 100 and 130 mgNH4-N l(-1) d at 25 degrees C. In an on-site pilot study a level of nitrification of leachate (NH4-N between 160 and 270 mg N l(-1), COD between 1,300 and 1,600 mg l(-1)) above 90% was achieved in a crushed brick biofilter with a loading rate of 50mg NH4-N l(-1) d even at temperatures as low as 5-10 degrees C. Ammonium concentrations in all biofilter effluents were usually below the detection limit. In the denitrification column. denitrification started within 2 weeks and total oxidised nitrogen in nitrified leachate (TON between 50 and 150mg N l(-1)) usually declined below the detection limit at 25 degrees C, whereas some ammonium, probably originating from the landfill waste used in the column, was detected in the effluent. No adverse effect was observed on the methanation of waste in the denitrification column with a loading rate of 3.8 g TON-N/t-TS(waste) d. In conclusion, nitrification in a low-cost biofilter followed by denitrification in a landfill body appears applicable for the removal of nitrogen in landfill leachate in colder climates.     

Simultaneous biological removal of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur by denitrification

Refinery wastewaters may contain aromatic compounds and high concentrations of sulfide and ammonium which must be removed before discharging into water bodies. In this work, biological denitrification was used to eliminate carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in an anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor of 1.3 L and a hydraulic retention time of 2 d. Acetate and nitrate at a C/N ratio of 1.45 were fed at loading rates of 0.29 kg C/m3 d and 0.2 kg N/m3 d, respectively. Under steady-state denitrifying conditions, the carbon and nitrogen removal efficiencies were higher than 90%. Also, under these conditions, sulfide (S(2-)) was fed to the reactor at several sulfide loading rates (0.042-0.294 kg S(2-)/m3 d). The high nitrate removal efficiency of the denitrification process was maintained along the whole process, whereas the carbon removal was 65% even at sulfide loading rates of 0.294 kg S(2-)/m3 d. The sulfide removal increased up to approximately 99% via partial oxidation to insoluble elemental sulfur (S0) that accumulated inside the reactor. These results indicated that denitrification is a feasible process for the simultaneous removal of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur from effluents of the petroleum industry.     

复合流人工湿地对富营养化河水的脱氮效能研究

采用组合基质复合流人工湿地处理富营养化河水,重点分析了其脱氮效能。结果表明:人工湿地系统对富营养化河水具有较好的处理效果,出水水质基本可达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ类标准,对TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、COD、TP的去除率分别为50.00%、63.07%、55.30%、53.83%、77.27%。人工湿地系统的脱氮量主要来源于对无机氮的削减;影响脱氮效果的因素主要有HRT、温度、TN面积负荷以及进水硝态氮比例,通过对以上影响因子拟合形成的TN去除率预测模型,预测准确度较高,可用于指导实际工程的设计与调试运行。     

低温条件下微生物对沉积物氮释放的影响研究

通过室内静态模拟实验,研究了沉积物中氮的释放特性。将反应器密封后自然达到厌氧状态,温度与水库底部相近（7～8℃）,进行未灭菌和灭菌两个系列对比试验,连续监测两个系列装置中NO3^-N、NO^2-N、NH4^＋-N、TN、DO和pH的变化,并对试验前后沉积物中的总氮含量进行测定。结果表明,未灭菌装置沉积物中总氮减少量明显多于灭菌装置,而上覆水中可监测总氮少于灭菌装置,说明在厌氧条件下氮元素会在微生物作用下从沉积物中释放出来,并通过反硝化和厌氧氨氧化等作用以气态形式释放出水体。试验前后对底泥表面的硝化、亚硝化、反硝化和氨化细菌的数量通过计数进行了比较,发现厌氧后反硝化细菌和氨化细菌明显增多,说明厌氧过程中对氮释放起主要作用的是反硝化细菌和氨化细菌。     

气水比对高分子填料BAF脱氮效能的影响

采用高分子载体作为生物填料,以模拟生活污水为处理对象,对两级曝气生物滤池(BAF)的脱氮效能进行了试验研究,着重考察了气水比对BAF去除COD、NH3-N和TN的影响,并探讨了系统内氮素的转化规律和提高脱氮效能的途径。结果表明,当平均水温为22~32℃、进水流量为4 L/h、进水COD为150 mg/L左右、进水NH3-N为60 mg/L左右、一级BAF的气水比为4∶1、二级BAF的气水比为2∶1时,系统的处理效果最佳,对COD、NH3-N和TN的总平均去除率分别达到84.33%、87.84%和56.06%。系统通过同时短程硝化反硝化实现了低能耗、高效率的脱氮。     

氮磷比对三维电极/生物膜反应器反硝化效果的影响

研究了连续流三维电极/生物膜反应器在不同氮磷比(N/P)下的反硝化性能。结果表明:N/P值对去除NO3--N的影响不大,但对出水NO2--N浓度有明显影响。在N/P值由5∶1增大至100∶1的过程中,对NO3--N的去除率介于59.2%～71.6%之间。当N/P值为10∶1时,对NO3--N的去除率最高达到了71.6%,出水NO3--N为8.53 mg/L。当N/P值为10∶1时,出水NO2--N浓度最低为0.27 mg/L;当N/P值为100∶1时NO2--N的积累最为严重,NO2--N生成量最高达到了1.76 mg/L。N/P值还对NH4+-N的产生有明显影响,N/P值从5∶1增至100∶1的过程中,NH4+-N生成量由4.50 mg/L逐渐减小至0.26 mg/L。当N/P值为(5∶1)～(50∶1)时,反应器具有较好的除磷功能;但当N/P值为100∶1时,出水TP浓度高于进水TP浓度。     

Simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal from high strength domestic wastewater in an aerobic RBC biofilm

High strength domestic wastewater discharges after no/partial treatment through sewage treatment plants or septic tank seepage field systems have resulted in a large build-up of groundwater nitrates in Rajasthan, India. The groundwater table is very deep and nitrate concentrations of 500-750 mg/l (113-169 as NO3(-)-N) are commonly found. A novel biofilm in a 3-stage lab-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) was developed by the incorporation of a sulphur oxidising bacterium Thiosphaera pantotropha which exhibited high simultaneous removal of carbon and nitrogen in fully aerobic conditions. T. pantotropha has been shown to be capable of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification thereby helping the steps of carbon oxidation, nitrification and denitrification to be carried out concurrently. The first stage having T. pantotropha dominated biofilm showed high carbon and NH4(+)-N removal rates of 8.7-25.9 g COD/m2 d and 0.81-1.85 g N/m2 d for the corresponding loadings of 10.0-32.0 g COD/m2 d and 1.0-3.35 g N/m2 d. The ratio of carbon removed to nitrogen removed was close to 12.0. The nitrification rate increased from 0.81 to 1.8 g N/m2 d with the increasing nitrogen loading rates despite a high simultaneous organic loading rate. However, it fell to 1.53 g N/m2 d at a high load of 3.35 g N/m2 d and 32 g COD/m2 d showing a possible inhibition of the process. A simultaneous 44-63% removal of nitrogen was also achieved without any significant NO2(-)-N or NO3(-)-N build-up. The second and third stages, almost devoid of any organic carbon, acted only as autotrophic nitrification units, converting the NH4(+)-N from stage 1 to nitrite and nitrate. Such a system would not need a separate carbon oxidation step to increase nitrification rates and no external carbon source for denitrification. The alkalinity compensation during denitrification for that destroyed in nitrification may also result in a high economy.     

味精废水生物除碳脱氮动力学特性的研究

为优化某味精废水处理工程的操作,研究了其除碳脱氮动力学特性.结果表明,对COD的最大比去除速率为0.110 kgCOD/(kgVSS·h),最大容积去除速率与实际容积负荷之比为17.28～21.12,最大比去除速率与实际污泥负荷之比为13～21,饱和常数KS为202 mgCOD/L;对氨氮的最大比去除速率为0.014 1 kgNH4+-N/(kgVSS·h),最大容积去除速率与实际容积负荷之比为8.86～11.25,最大比去除速率与实际污泥负荷之比为7～11,KS为19.1 mgNH4+-N/L,表明该工程去除COD和氨氮的潜力还很大,容易实现达标排放.当以葡萄糖为碳源时,对硝态氮的最大比去除速率为0.014 0 kgNO3--N/(kgVSS·h),KS为13.5 mgNO3--N/L;当以醋酸盐为碳源时最大比去除速率为0.024 4 kgNO3--N/(kgVSS·h),KS为12.0 mgNO3--N/L,表明醋酸盐比葡萄糖更有利于提高反硝化速率和强化脱氮效果.