不同剪切速率下格栅–土界面循环剪切及其后直剪特性

 为了研究剪切速率对砂土与土工格栅界面剪切特性的影响,采用室内大型直剪仪对土工格栅加筋砂土试样分别进行不同剪切速率下的单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验,并在循环直剪试验结束后接着对试样进行单调直剪试验,研究了剪切速率对筋土界面剪切应力、剪切体变的影响,对比分析不同剪切速率下单调直剪试验的结果与经受过循环剪切后的单调直剪试验结果的差异。试验表明：剪切速率对单调直剪条件下筋土界面的剪切特性影响不大;循环剪切过程中,低剪切速率和高剪切速率下分别发生循环剪切软化和循环剪切硬化现象;剪切速率对循环剪切后的筋土界面直剪特性影响较明显,受循环剪切后筋土界面的抗剪强度比不受循环剪切作用的要低。     

纤维底渣混合土循环剪切性能研究

生活垃圾焚烧底渣作为常见的固体废弃物之一,可与纤维混合提高其强度和稳定性。对生活垃圾焚烧底渣–黏土–聚丙烯纤维按一定比例混合,进行循环前大型直剪、循环剪切和循环后直剪试验,研究不同竖向应力、不同剪切位移幅值、不同压实度对纤维加筋底渣混合黏土循环剪切特性及循环后单调直剪特性。试验结果表明:循环前直剪试验中,剪切位移与剪应力曲线呈现弱硬化现象;施加循环荷载后的单调直剪试验,剪切位移与剪应力曲线则呈现明显软化现象。循环剪切试验过程中土样在不同竖向应力、不同剪切位移幅值下均出现循环剪切硬化和剪缩现象。随循环次数增加,硬化程度和剪缩量逐渐减小。随压实度增加,试样由明显的硬化型向软化型发展,压实度越大,沉降量越少,剪缩量越小。对比循环剪切后试样的单调直剪试验与未循环剪切单调直剪试验结果发现,循环剪切后的土样抗剪强度明显增大,黏聚力和摩擦角都相应增加。聚丙烯纤维的加入可以与底渣混合土形成空间网络骨架,从而增加试样抵抗变形能力,减小竖向沉降,增强稳定性。     

双向土工格栅与砂土界面循环剪切特性研究

利用单调直剪试验、循环剪切试验、循环剪切后单调直剪试验,探究单调剪切与循环剪切作用下双向土工格栅与砂土界面剪切特性。通过单调直剪试验研究了法向压力对筋土界面剪切特性以及剪胀性的影响;循环剪切试验则揭示了法向压力、循环次数以及循环剪切位移幅值对循环剪切及循环剪切后筋土界面特性的影响。试验结果与参数分析表明,筋土界面剪应力峰值随着法向压力和循环次数的增大而增大;循环剪切位移幅值对界面剪应力峰值的影响甚微;界面经单调直剪与循环剪切后均发生了剪切硬化,但循环剪切后的界面剪应力峰值大于单调剪切试验;循环剪切后筋土界面黏聚力及内摩擦角均有所提高,加筋结构稳定性增强。     

砂土颗粒级配对筋土界面抗剪特性的影响

为了研究砂土与土工合成材料相互作用时筋土界面的抗剪强度以及剪胀特性,采用3种不同级配的砂土分别与土工格栅和土工织物进行室内大型直剪试验,研究不同颗粒级配、密实度、筋材种类以及竖向应力对界面剪切特性的影响,并对界面剪胀系数进行分析。试验结果表明：粗砂和细砂与筋材的界面剪切强度要明显大于粗细混合砂;松砂剪切过程中只有剪缩效应的存在,但密实砂土呈现出明显的剪胀过程;当竖向应力较大时,筋土界面达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比低应力时大;粗砂与土工格栅作用时达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比与土工织物作用时大,而细砂则相反。     

土工格栅与砂土相互作用的单剪试验研究

利用大型循环单剪试验仪,进行30组大型单剪试验,综合研究分析不同类型的土工格栅,不同的格栅数量和格栅分布形式对加筋土力学特性的影响。研究3种不同类型的土工格栅,分别是矩形截面和椭圆形截面的双向格栅,以及三向土工格栅。试验结果表明,土工格栅的截面肋条以及节点厚度和相对开孔面积与加筋砂土的抗剪强度呈正相关,肋条长度和宽度与加筋砂土的抗剪强度呈负相关。进一步试验表明,格栅的布置层数对砂土的力学性能产生影响。当向纯砂中加入土工格栅时,其整体纯剪切强度降低。砂土的剪切破坏面集中在试样上部,试样下部各高度处的相对剪切位移较小。加入土工格栅后,整体试样的表观黏聚力增加,摩擦角降低。因此,在单剪模式且筋材铺设方向与剪切方向一致时,筋土界面成为软弱界面,降低了抗剪强度,同时筋材对砂土有一定的约束作用,因此出现了表观黏聚力。     

3D立体格栅–砂界面剪切性状试验研究

为探究土工格栅–砂界面的剪切律、强度律和体变律,基于3 D打印技术制作的土工格栅,通过改进的应变控制式直剪仪进行了不同横肋数量的土工格栅与不同干湿类型的标准砂间的界面剪切试验。结果表明：法向应力越大,剪切应力弱化现象越明显,界面抗剪强度及其指标与横肋数量成正比例关系;3 D立体格栅–湿砂界面粘聚力随着横肋数量的增多而减小。3 D立体格栅–干砂界面抗剪强度及其指标比3 D立体格栅–湿砂界面大,剪胀特性更明显。干砂和湿砂均表现出剪胀的体变行为,且横肋数量越多,剪胀特性越明显。研究成果可为探究3 D土工格栅在实际工程中的应用提供参考。     

非水反应高聚物与土工材料的界面剪切特性

基于单调直剪试验,研究了竖向应力、剪切速率对非水反应类高聚物-土工布界面及高聚物-砂土界面的剪切应力、剪切位移、抗剪强度和剪切模量等剪切特性的影响.结果表明:在给定竖向应力和剪切速率下,随着剪切位移的增加,高聚物-土工布界面、高聚物-砂土界面均表现出剪切软化的特性;竖向应力对高聚物-土工布界面抗剪强度及剪切模量的影响显著,在剪切速率v=2mm/min下,随着竖向应力由50kPa增加至150kPa,高聚物-土工布界面的抗剪强度由15kPa增至46kPa;在给定竖向应力下,剪切速率v=1~3mm/min时,剪切速率对高聚物-土工布界面的抗剪强度以及高聚物-砂土界面的抗剪强度和剪切模量的影响均较小.     

基于大型直剪的砂土及其筋土界面剪胀性研究

采用大型直剪仪,对三向土工格栅加筋北京地区砂土的界面剪胀特性进行了试验研究,通过大型直剪试验模拟砂土加筋时的剪切作用过程,得出了以下结论:1砂土在剪切过程中都是由短暂的剪缩效应发展为稳定的剪胀效应;2在低含水率时砂土的剪胀效应较明显,随着含水率的增加,剪胀效应有一个先降低后升高的过程,当含水率增大到12%且竖向应力为215~323k Pa时,砂土的剪胀效应会超过含水率为2.5%时的剪胀效应;3当竖向压力小,砂土较为松散时,砂土基本没有剪胀效应,但是随着竖向压力的增大,砂土的剪胀效应经历从无到有并且是先升高后降低的过程。当竖向应力在215~323k Pa时剪胀效应最显著;4格栅加筋可以降低砂土的剪胀效应,并且压力越大降低效果越明显。     

常压至高压下中砂剪切特性及应力–剪胀关系

为研究高围压范围内砂土相对密实度和围压对土体强度和变形特性的影响,对3种不同相对密实度砂土试样在常至高围压下进行常规三轴固结排水剪切试验,获得偏应力–轴向应变–体应变关系曲线,同时进行颗粒破碎分析。结果表明:在常至中压范围(0.8 MPa≤σ_3≤2 MPa),应力–应变曲线均表现出不同程度的应变软化,其剪胀性随相对密实度增加和围压的降低而增强;当进入高围压范围时(σ_32 MPa),应力–应变曲线逐渐向应变硬化型转变,试样体积逐渐趋于剪缩。颗粒破碎程度随着围压和密实度的增大而增大,在高围压时由于中密和密砂剪切后期出现了明显的颗粒破碎,导致剪切过程中出现了二次相变。不同密实度土体的破坏内摩擦角和对数围压表现良好的线性关系,拟合确定了破坏内摩擦角随对数围压增加的衰减率,同时基于Bolton应力–剪胀关系拟合确定了试验砂土的临界状态内摩擦角,建立了剪胀指标与初始相对密实度及平均有效应力的关系式,为高压情况下砂土地基稳定性分析等提供强度参数。     

土工格栅–土体界面特性大型直剪试验研究

土工格栅与土体的界面特性直接影响了加筋土工程的安全和稳定性,土工格栅两侧为不同材料的界面特性研究还较少。采用双向土工格栅为加筋材料,对其两侧分别为不同含水率粉质黏土及不同粒径石英砂的界面特性开展一系列的大型室内直剪试验,分析法向应力、粉质黏土含水率、剪切速率、石英砂粒径及粉质黏土压实系数等因素对土工格栅–土体界面抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:土工格栅–土体界面抗剪强度与法向应力呈线性相关,符合莫尔–库仑理论;粉质黏土含水率的变化对土工格栅–土体界面抗剪强度有较大的影响,在最优含水率时其界面抗剪强度指标最高;剪切速率的大小和石英砂的粒径变化对土工格栅–土体界面的抗剪强度有一定的影响,其影响范围分别在±10%和±7%内;粉质黏土压实度的增加能有效增加界面抗剪强度,压实系数越高,其提高幅度越大。这些影响应在工程应用中适当考虑。     

粉土界面恒刚度循环剪切试验研究

竖向循环荷载作用下桩土界面的作用机理是研究桩土摩擦疲劳的关键。针对循环荷载作用下桩-粉土界面的剪切性能,使用改进的剪切试验装置在恒刚度条件下进行循环剪切试验,研究循环次数、累积位移和法向刚度对其摩擦疲劳性能、循环后单调剪切性能的影响。试验结果表明,粉土在循环剪切过程中,法向应力和剪应力在初始10个循环内随循环数增加快速衰减,随着循环进行,逐渐趋于稳定;单次循环内在剪切位移方向变化时,土体呈现表现出剪缩-剪胀-剪缩交替现象,总体变形呈现剪缩的趋势;循环荷载作用下,粉土界面的法向应力和剪应力随法向刚度增大衰减速率增大,达到稳定的累积循环位移越小;粉土循环后的单调剪切、法向应力恢复的单调剪切的剪应力比小于首次单调剪切试验值,且法向应力恢复的循环后剪切试验的剪胀程度较小,表明循环剪切过程中界面处粉土颗粒棱角破碎,颗粒变得光滑。在对试验数据分析的基础上,提出了与累积位移、法向刚度和初始应力相关的无量纲累积位移,建立了法向应力和界面摩擦角随累积位移的衰减方程。     

Monotonic,cyclic and post-cyclic performances of single-helix anchor in residual soil of sandstone

Helical anchors are commonly used in Brazil for guyed transmission towers subjected to static and cyclic wind loads.In most cases,these anchors are installed in tropical residual soil,a micro-structured material in which the shear strength is provided by soil bonding.During installation of a helical anchor,as the helical plate moves downward into the ground,the soil penetrated is sheared and displaced.Consequently,in this type of soil,anchor installation affects the soil shear strength significantly associated with a bonded structure.However,the cyclic responses of helical anchors in this type of structured soils are rarely reported.To address this problem,tests were conducted in a Brazilian residual soil to investigate the monotonic,cyclic and post-cyclic performances of single-helix anchors.Field tests used two instrumented single-helix anchors installed in this typical residual soil of sandstone,which is frequently observed in large areas in the southern Brazil.The testing results indicate that the disturbance caused by the anchor installation affected the monotonic uplift performance markedly.The results of cyclic loading tests also show no significant degradation of helix bearing resistance and reduced displacement accumulation with increasing load cycles.This is perhaps due to the soil improvement caused by previous loading,which then increases the stiffness response of the anchor.     

砂土剪胀剪缩特性及其对抗剪强度的影响

为了研究饱和砂土的剪胀剪缩特性及其对抗剪强度的影响,选取滹沱河细砂,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪较系统地开展了一系列不同初始密度、不同固结压力条件下的排水与不排水纯扭剪试验研究,在总应力保持不变的情况下研究了砂土的剪胀剪缩特性,着重探讨了在排水与不排水试验中,不同密度和不同有效围压的砂土在单调剪切荷载作用下的应力-应变关系、硬化与软化、土体的剪胀剪缩以及强度等特性。结果表明:砂土密度和固结压力对砂土剪胀剪缩特性具有显著的影响;砂土的剪胀剪缩特性对砂土的排水、不排水强度以及应力-应变关系产生显著的影响;由于剪胀剪缩特性的影响,砂土的不排水抗剪强度甚至可能高于排水抗剪强度;研究成果可为今后砂土的本构模型和数值模拟提供试验资料。     

Monotonic and Cyclic Tests of Interface between Structure and Gravelly Soil

Monotonic and cyclic behavior of the interface between a structure and gravelly soil was investigated using systematical tests. A series of monotonic and cyclic tests of the interface between a steel plate and gravel were conducted using a large-scale test apparatus through varying gravel types, surface roughnesses of steel plates, normal boundary conditions, magnitudes of normal stress and displacement amplitudes. Microscopic movements and crushing process of soil particles were measured coupled with macroscopic stress-displacement relationship response. Based on the results, it is concluded that monotonic and cyclic behavior of the interface between a structure and gravelly soil is significantly different from that of gravelly soil itself. Main behaviors of the interface includes: (1) shear strength is proportional to normal stress; (2) the interface between a steel plate and gravel exhibits insignificant strain softening; (3) normal displacement accumulates and the accumulation rate decreases with increasing shear cycles, but varies in well-regulated manner within a single shear cycle; (4) shear deformation is composed of indispensable slippage component on the contact surface and soil deformation component constrained by the structure nearby while the latter mainly contributes to volumetric change due to dilatancy; (5) mechanical response is dependent on shear direction due to cyclic shear application after an initial shear application; (6) evolution of stress-displacement relationship response are governed by the evolution of physical state including particle crushing and soil compression due to shear application; (7) main factors influencing on behavior include surface roughness of the structure, characteristics of the soil and magnitude of normal stress.     

粗粒土与结构接触面的静动本构规律

进行了系统的粗粒土与结构接触面静动力学试验以研究其本构规律。基于试验得到的宏观和细观测量结果,归纳总结了粗粒土与结构接触面静动力学特性的五条基本规律,即:(1)抗剪强度与法向应力近似成线性关系;(2)在一条法向应力不变条件下的单调剪切应力路径中,剪应力随着剪应变的增加而不断增长并趋向于一稳定值;(3)剪胀体应变由不可逆性和可逆性的体应变分量构成,可逆性剪胀体应变表现出明显的接触面异向性,与剪胀体应变有关的剪应变在总剪应变中所占比例在不同剪切阶段是不同的;(4)压缩性随着法向应力的增大而逐渐降低;(5)受载过程中发生物理状态及力学特性的演化并逐渐趋于稳定。     

Large-Scale Monotonic and Cyclic Tests of Interface Between Geotextile and Gravelly Soil

A series of monotonic and cyclic shear tests, as well as pullout tests, were conducted on gravel-geotextile interfaces using a large-scale apparatus, with development of a new special pullout test element. The macroscopic response of stress and displacement, as well as the movement and crushing process of soil particles, were observed and measured. The interface exhibited evident strain-softening and aeolotropic normal displacement, which were significantly influenced by normal stress. Shear strength decreased and normal displacement increased with increasing number of shear cycles. Shear deformation was composed of slippage at the contact surface and deformation of the soil constrained by the geotextile; and the thickness was estimated at 5-6 times the average soil grain size. There was significant evolution of physical state due to shear application, including soil particle crushing and soil compression, as well as damage to the geotextile. The pullout test underestimated shear stiffness of the interface due to significant deformation of the geotextile itself. Shear strength increased with increasing normal stress, described by a logarithmic equation, according to the pullout tests, rather than the linear relationship obtained using direct shear tests. Therefore, an appropriate test method should be selected with careful consideration of the site conditions.     

Cyclic stress-controlled tests on offshore clay

One of the main concerns in cyclic behavior of soft clay is gradual degradation with the progression of loading cycle. A series of cyclic constant-volume direct simple shear (CDSS) loading tests was performed on Malaysia offshore clay to study its undrained degradation. The testing program consists of stress-controlled tests with cyclic shear ratio ranging from 0.34 to 0.83 at different overconsolidation ratios (OCRs). For a given cyclic stress ratio in stress-controlled tests, the accumulated cyclic strain and pore water pressure increase with elevated number of cycles. In heavily overconsolidated clay specimens, the negative cyclic pore water pressure is generated followed by positive cyclic pore water pressure as cyclic tests progress. The post-cyclic strength of offshore clay specimens is reduced by undrained cyclic stress-controlled loading.