屋顶绿化传热临界温度

根据实验研究结果,分析了屋顶绿化在被动式室内热环境状态下的热流特点。研究结果表明,不能采用等效热工参数评价其隔热性能。采用屋顶绿化实验方法,证明了屋顶绿化在室内人体可接受的热环境范围内存在着不向室内传热的临界温度状态。通过屋顶内表面热流与室内外温差的相关性分析,得出屋顶绿化的传热临界温度低于室外平均气温1.5℃。     

室内气温对绿化屋顶当量热阻的影响

绿化屋顶在节能设计中以附加当量热阻增大屋顶总热阻值,有效减少由屋顶进入室内的热量,降低室内空气温度。但根据已有的实验研究,绿化屋顶隔热特性与室内气温是耦合关系,随室内气温的变化,绿化屋顶会呈现出不同的隔热特性。用实验测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析在不同室内气温下绿化屋顶、参照屋顶与等效保温屋顶内表面温度与热流的变化。结果表明:室内气温会显著改变绿化屋顶的隔热性能,其当量热阻为与室内温度正相关的变量。在被动式建筑中,绿化屋顶更能充分发挥隔热功效,且具有不向室内传热的特性。     

粗放型屋顶绿化隔热效果分析

以自然通风层的屋顶绿化为研究对象,对有无绿化屋顶内表面温度进行比较,采用实测数据统计分析的方法,以全夏季为研究周期,按不同温度区间分析屋顶内表面温度的分布特性,比较2种状态下屋顶内表面温度的分布频率以及总温度,得到绿化屋顶内表面温度<34 ℃出现的频率占总周期的90％,是无绿化屋顶的1.6倍,大于36 ℃高温的频率为无绿化屋顶的4.6%,绿化屋顶内表面大于30 ℃的温度总量约为无绿化屋顶的1/3,且绿化屋顶的隔热性能与室外气温有较强的正向性,随着气温的升高,绿化屋顶的隔热性能体现得更加充分。     

上海佛甲草模块式屋顶绿化夏季昼夜节能效应研究

利用屋顶绿化隔热,对降低夏季空调耗能尤为重要。目前中国还缺少针对其日照环境差异下夏季昼夜热效应的全面考察研究。借助建筑日照分析将试验屋顶划分为4个日照区间,利用HOBO小气象站测取环境温度数据、热电偶昼夜连续测取不同日照区间多点温度数据,综合分析上海佛甲草模块式屋顶绿化的昼夜隔热效果。研究结果表明:试验屋顶绿化在夏季白天的隔热效果明显,最大屋面降温值可达28℃以上,日照越强隔热效果越明显;夜间的散热效果不及裸屋面;且存在最高温度时滞效应。其对建筑节能的昼夜综合效应,需要结合建筑屋顶构造自身的保温隔热性能、屋面日照条件以及建筑的昼夜使用节律做进一步的深入研究,以期达到屋顶绿化经济价值与节能效益的最大化。     

重庆地区绿化屋顶与夜间通风联合作用的降温实验研究

在重庆地区搭建的2个实验箱中进行了绿化屋顶与夜间通风联合作用的隔热降温实验研究,引入室外低温空气通风,以弥补绿化屋顶在夜间会阻止室内热量向室外散发的不足。通过2个实验箱测量数据的对比分析发现,绿化屋顶与夜间通风结合后可显著降低室内温度和屋顶得热量。此外还对室内热环境的影响因素(室外气候参数、绿化屋顶土壤湿度)作了相关性分析。     

遮阳网与绿化层的隔热效果测试分析

为了研究遮阳网和绿化层的隔热降温效果,对某小区住宅楼有、无绿化屋顶进行了连续测试。分析测试结果发现:仅绿化层作用下,平均温度和最高温度分别降低23.8%、36.9%;仅遮阳网作用下,平均温度和最高温度分别降低33.3%、38.7%;绿化层和遮阳网共同作用下,平均温度和最高温度分别降低35.6%、45.5%。对屋顶进行绿化和加设遮阳网都能有效地改善阳光直射屋顶而导致的屋顶过热现象,两者共同作用下的隔热效果更好,可进一步降低室内空调能耗,达到建筑节能的效果。     

植物对绿化屋顶热工性能影响的模拟研究

为了研究绿化屋顶中植物对其的影响,建立简化绿化屋顶模型,通过运用计算流体力学(CFD)进行模拟,分析植物冠层叶面积指数(LAI)和风速对绿化屋顶热工性能的影响。研究结果表明:植物冠层对绿化屋顶有很好的隔热降温作用。绿化屋顶整体温度随着植物冠层叶面积指数的增大而减小,随风速的增大而减小,但植物冠层叶面积指数存在最优值,使得隔热降温效果较好的同时,尽可能小的降低屋顶载荷。     

为什么节能建筑能改善室内热环境,做到冬暖夏凉？

在节能建筑中，为了节约采暖和空调能耗，加强ir围护结构的保温和隔热性能，提高另外门窗的气密性，起到隔热保温作用，因此，在冬季可以防止室内热量的散失，在夏季起到隔热作用，从而保证室内冬暖夏凉，明显改善室内热环境。根据国家节能标准要求的居住建筑，其屋顶的保温能力是一般建筑的1．5—2．6倍，外墙的保温能力是其2．0—3．0倍，门窗的保温能力是其1．3—1．6倍。     

屋顶绿化对建筑围护结构节能的模拟研究

采用模拟方法对绿化屋顶的能耗性能进行模拟,选取济南、上海、广州作为3个气候区代表城市,采用EnergyPlus对绿化屋顶和裸屋顶进行模拟对比。模拟屋顶绿化情况下不同叶面积指数、植物高度、土层厚度对建筑能耗的影响,得到在不同气候区下,不同参数的变化对能耗的影响不尽相同。并得到绿化屋面的最优参数配置:土壤厚度z=0. 2 m,植被高度H=0. 1 m,LAI=5,济南、上海、广州全年能耗最大节能率分别为5%、6. 6%、9. 3%。研究并得出建筑层数及面积与绿化屋顶能源性能的关系,发现其他条件一定,层数越高,绿化屋顶对降低能耗作用越小;建筑面积越大,绿化屋顶降低能耗性能越显著。     

粗放式屋顶绿化的热惰性

屋顶绿化的热工性能是进行建筑节能工程设计和评价的依据,但目前对屋顶绿化热工性能的研究很少关注热惰性。以一种粗放式屋顶绿化在自然通风状态下连续5个月的对比测量数据为依据,采用统计分析方法研究了屋顶绿化对气候热作用波动的衰减和延迟特性。结果表明,绿化屋顶与裸屋顶相比,对气候热作用波动的平均衰减倍数提高了1倍以上,延迟时间有所减少。     

Investigation of the most suitable location of insulation applying on building roof from maximum load levelling point of view

In this study, the maximum load levelling of periodic heat flux entering a room through a composite roof consisting of different insulation layer has been evaluated for different insulation positions in the roof. A numerical model based on implicit finite difference scheme was applied for 12 different roof configurations during typical winter and summer days. For this purpose, total insulation thickness was kept constant and insulation was placed as equally two pieces and as equally three pieces in different locations within the roof thickness. Then, insulation layers were moved 1 cm at a time across the roof thickness for 12 different configurations. Maximum and minimum values of periodic heat fluxes for each sweeping process in the roof were calculated for achieving the maximum levelling of the heat flux entering through the roof. It was found that the best load levelling was achieved in the case where three pieces insulation of equal thickness were placed one at the outdoor surface of the roof, the second piece of insulation was placed in the middle of the roof and third piece of insulation was placed at the indoor surface of the roof.     

地下水渗流作用下地埋管间歇散热特性

为了探求地下水渗流对地埋管换热器间歇运行性能所产生的影响,基于移动的有限长线热源理论模型解析解,利用MATLAB软件编程计算,分析渗流对单钻孔地埋管换热器的影响。同时对比分析了连续和间歇运行情况下其周围土壤的温度响应特征和过余温度场分布特点。研究表明:埋管周围土壤的温度变化是由热流密度、土壤本身的热物性和实际渗流速度耦合作用影响的,而在间歇运行下其因素影响更加明显。     

Reduction of heat flux by a flowing water layer over an insulated roof

This communication presents an investigation of the reduction of heat flux by the flow of water over an insulated roof; the water surface is exposed to periodic solar radiation and atmospheric air while the bottom of the insulation is in contact with the room air at a constant temperature (corresponding to an air conditioned building). The heat conduction equation characterizing the temperature distribution in the roof/insulation, has been solved using appropriate periodic boundary conditions. It is seen that as the flow velocity increases, the heat flux coming into the room decreases while the heat taken away by the flowing water increases. It is concluded that the maintenance of a flowing water layer over an insulated roof is to a great extent more effective than a roof pond system; to some extent it is also more effective than a water film spray system over the roof for reduction of the cooling load of a building.     

空气间层对聚苯复合外保温墙热湿耦合传递的影响

聚苯(EPS)复合外保温墙中的空气间层对其热湿耦合传递有着重要的影响.针对不同空气间层厚度的EPS复合外保温多孔砖墙,在以上海为代表的夏热冬冷地区的气候条件下,利用已有的热湿耦合传递数学模型和计算软件CHAMPS-BES,进行热湿耦合传递数值模拟.结果表明:空气间层越厚,多孔砖层的初始水分向空气间层扩散、迁移越快;空气间层越厚,空气间层和EPS板的峰值含湿量越高,达到湿稳定所需时间越长.当空气间层厚度为20mm时,水分对EPS复合外保温多孔砖墙传热系数总的影响最显著,高达34%.tif板施工时,在保证其黏结强度的前提下,宜适当减小空气间层的厚度.     

不同排水材料对轻型种植屋面土壤热湿环境的影响

构建了由碎石、陶粒、玻璃轻石、HDPE和PVC排水板5种排水材料组成的佛甲草轻型种植屋面模拟试验平台(室内自然状态),测定了各材料处理土壤以及土壤底部空气的温、湿度。结果表明:土壤湿度在少雨季节受到不同排水材料的显著影响,而在雨量充沛的季节差异不显著。在干旱月份,与碎石处理相比,具有蓄水性能的4种排水材料(陶粒、玻璃轻石、HDPE和PVC排水板)有明显的抗旱优势,平均土壤湿度提高了约35%;然而,这4种材料的蓄水量大小对处理之间的土壤湿度没有显著影响;另外,材料的排水性能对土壤湿度有显著影响,通水量大的HDPE排水板在雨后初期土壤湿度显著小于其他材料。土壤(空气)温度没有受到材料蓄水性能的影响。轻型种植屋面土壤热湿环境的变化不完全由材料蓄水性能所决定;同时,其具有明显的保温(冬季夜间)隔热(全年白天)作用,且热工性能存在季节性和日内差异。     

Modeling the reduction of urban excess heat by green roofs with respect to different irrigation scenarios

Urban heat reduction by evaporative cooling from extensive green roofs is explored by applying irrigation scenarios to green roofs located in different climate zones using a coupled atmosphere-vegetation-substrate green roof model. The model,which is integrated in the building energy simulation software Energy Plus,is validated with eddy covariance surface energy fluxes from a green roof in Berlin,Germany. The original model wasmodified to include interception and an improved runoff calculation. Three irrigation scenarios were defined( no irrigation,sustainable irrigation by harvested runoff water,unrestricted irrigation) to study the heat reduction potential in terms of surface energy partitioning and sensible heat fluxes( QH). The irrigation scenarios are compared to two white roofs( albedo equal to 0. 35 and 0. 65) and a black roof.High correlation of sensible and latent heat( QE) fluxes between measured and modelled data for the original and the modified version of the green roof model were observed( for the original model,R~2= 0. 91 and 0. 81 for QH and QE,respectively,while for the modified version R~2= 0. 91 and 0. 80,respectively). The modified version was applied to study irrigation,due to lower systematic errors for QH,QEand better performance for the substrate moisture content. In comparison to a black roof the green roof reduces urban excess heat by 15%-51%with sustainable irrigation,by 48%-75%with unrestricted irrigation,but drops to 3% for unirrigated roofs in the different cities. Sustainable irrigation can be effective in climates with high annual( or summerly) precipitation.     

Study on evaporative cooling effect of roof lawn gardens

In a very hot climate equivalent to a Japanese summer, the reduction of heat coming into rooms is very important with respect to thermal comfort and energy efficiency. The objective of this study is to investigate the evaporative cooling effect from roof lawn gardens planted in non-woven fabric as one mode of passive cooling. It was confirmed by field measurements during the summer that the amount of heat coming into the rooms was reduced by a roof lawn garden. That is, the surface temperature of the roof slab decreased from about 60 to 30°C during day time, which was estimated to be followed by a 50% reduction in heat flux into the room by simple calculation. The evaporative cooling effect from roof lawn gardens is considered to play an important role in reducing heat flux. In order to evaluate the evaporative cooling effect of a roof lawn garden, analysis of the heat and moisture transport in the lawn garden is required. Thus, along with those field measurement, a wind tunnel experiment in a room was carried out in order to obtain the basic information for understanding and predicting the heat and moisture transport in the lawn. Furthermore, a numerical calculation by a simultaneous transport model of heat and moisture was carried out using the results of the wind tunnel experiment. The calculated results were in fairly good agreement with the measured values, and the evaporative cooling effect by the roof lawn garden was shown. For more accurate and quantitative evaluation and prediction, sensitivity analysis of the transport parameters and the examination of the proposed model including measurements are required.     

长沙地区几种屋面隔热性能的测试研究

屋面的隔热性能对顶层住户夏季室内热环境影响很大,因此对几种常用屋面的实际隔热效果进行测试研究,具有实用价值。选择长沙市区某住宅小区两栋相邻的住宅,在2013年夏季按住宅屋面常用构造做法设置了几种实验模块,在外界条件、层高、墙体等都相同的情况下,连续测试各模块屋面的内表面温度、室内空气温度、室外空气温度并进行对比分析。结果表明:种植屋面的隔热效果最好;无隔热措施传统屋面的隔热效果较差,增设保温层后,其隔热效果有一定提高,如果外表面再刷白,隔热性能明显改善;通风屋面有一定的隔热效果,加设保温层后效果更好。     

复合种植屋面隔热模块的性能测试分析

介绍一种新型的复合蓄水种植屋面,通过所设计的实验测试平台,对不同构造模式下复合(蓄水)种植屋面和单纯种植屋面模块的隔热性能和传热特性等进行了测试分析,研究了不同模块的隔热性能变化规律和影响其隔热性能的主要因素,获得了不同构造模式下复合种植屋面和单纯种植屋面模块的隔热性能评价参数,为屋面绿化隔热的技术发展提供了新的构造模式,并为其工程应用提供了基本实验依据。