静力触探试验的离散元数值模拟研究

由于静力触探试验的可重复性及可靠性,它在现场试验中被广泛应用。对静力触探试验进行颗粒流模拟,有助于从细观上了解静力触探试验机理,使之更好地服务于工程实际。颗粒流方法在模拟土体大变形方面具有一定的优势,本文利用颗粒流理论及其程序,首先在双轴试验的基础上确定了土样细观参数,然后建立静力触探的数值模型,模拟研究了贯入过程及锥尖土体的细观力学特征,重点分析了静力触探过程中砂土的位移运动规律,砂土的水平和垂直应力场及主应力的偏转。通过施加不同的应力边界条件,分析了模型不同的应力条件及超固结比(OCR)对锥尖贯入阻力的影响。同时,分析了锥尖尺寸效应对锥尖贯入阻力的影响规律。数值模拟结果与已有的试验规律具有较好的一致性,从而验证了颗粒流方法模拟静力触探试验的可行性,所得结论具有一定的理论价值和工程意义。     

水域CPTU与DMT在土体强度特性评价中的应用

基于多元原位测试数据融合的研究方法在岩土工程勘察中已成为趋势，在提高预测参数精度和评价土体强度特性中具有明显优势。为解决水域工程勘察中取样困难、岩土参数空间变异性大、土体力学特性存在区域性和结构性的难题，以江苏省海太过江通道工程为研究对象，基于水域孔压静力触探试验CPTU、水域扁铲侧胀试验DMT和室内土工试验，研究了场区软黏土的不排水剪切强度、砂性土的内摩擦角以及不同土性指标土层的侧限模量。结果表明：CPTU和DMT均可提供丰富的土体物理力学参数，对土体的强度特征参数响应灵敏，联合2种试验的参数表征土体强度特性具有可行性；基于CPTU锥尖阻力、净锥尖阻力得到砂性土有效内摩擦角偏大，而基于DMT侧胀水平应力指数KD得到的有效内摩擦角略小；DMT侧限模量与CPTU锥尖阻力之间具有良好的相关关系，通过拟合关系式可将刚度与强度联系起来，该关系式还考虑了土性指标的影响，可作为一种新方法来预测土体侧限模量。     

几种不同液化计算方法的对比分析

本文根据标准贯入试验、静力触探试验和便携式动力触探试验的测试数据,采用了多种计算方法进行了砂土的液化判别,其中标准贯入试验法与Robertson法、Lepetit法所得到的结论基本一致,上部地基土层为非液化土层,而采用静力触探试验法所计算出来的结果偏于安全,这与锥尖阻力基准值的取值大小有关。本文在介绍最新液化计算方法的同时,通过多种试验手段和不同液化判别方法的对比分析,旨在探讨综合判别砂土液化的可行性。     

标准贯入试验和双桥静力触探试验在饱和吹填砂液化判别中的对比分析

通过标准贯入试验和双桥静力触探试验,对某工程场地饱和吹填砂进行液化判别,结果表明双桥静力触探试验液化判别计算所得液化指数与锥尖阻力基准值取值有关,且总体高于标准贯入试验计算所得液化指数,双桥静力触探试验液化判别结果更偏于安全;结合吹填砂的特点,建议饱和吹填砂液化判别采用标准贯入试验与静力触探试验相结合的综合评价方法。     

潮汕平原地区软土原位测试参数分析

本文在分析潮汕平原地区岩土工程地质条件的基础上,对静力触探测试、十字板剪切试验参数进行对比分析,并初步探讨该地区软土静力触探锥尖阻力qc与十字板剪切强度Cu的相关关系。     

一种判别饱和砂土液化势的新方法

本文通过标定罐内的静力触探试验的循环应变三轴试验资料的对比，讨论了用静力触探评价饱和砂土液化势的剪应变方法，提出了判断砂土液化势的场地剪应变和修正贯入阻力之间的相关关系，并同国内外有关资料进行了对比，供工程应用参考。     

用静力触探评价饱和砂土的液化势

本文通过标定罐内的静力触探试验和循环三轴液化试验资料的对比,讨论了用静力触探评价饱和砂土液化势的可行性与方法以及影响砂土液化势和静力触探贯入阻力的主要因素,提出了判断砂土液化势的场地液化应力比和修正静力触探贯入阻力之间的相关曲线,并同西特(Seed)和罗伯逊(Robertson)等人建议的曲线作了比较。最后,用地震时场地液化与否的实际资料对其可靠性作了检验。     

基坑中基于CPTU软土不排水强度确定及应用

不排水抗剪强度是土的重要力学特性参数。在岩土工程施工期稳定性分析中,需用不排水抗剪强度值。目前,不排水抗剪强度的确定主要有室内试验和十字板剪切试验。但前者受土样扰动影响大,后者十字板强度是土体各滑动面上抗剪强度的较小值,在基坑工程验算坑底隆起时,结果不够准确。本文首先总结了国内外基于CPTU的Su确定方法,在典型软土基坑工程中进行了孔压静力触探试验,根据不排水试验值与锥尖阻力的关系,反演出圆锥系数的值。基于反演的圆锥系数,把CPTU预测的不排水抗剪强度应用到基坑的隆起分析中,与基于室内试验数据和基于十字板强度的计算结果进行了比较,结果表明:基于CPTU的软粘土不排水抗剪强度指标计算结果合理,符合工程实际,值得在工程设计中推广。     

扰动对软土强度影响规律研究

在Z.Hong和K.Onitsuka扰动度定义的基础上,推导得到扰动后土体屈服应力与扰动度之间的关系,并分析不同灵敏度土体扰动对屈服应力衰减的规律。研究结果表明,扰动对高灵敏度土体屈服应力衰减影响非常大。在屈服应力与扰动度关系的基础上,分析土体十字板抗剪强度、静力触探锥尖阻力和压缩模量等参数与扰动度之间的关系;进行室内振动试验模拟土样扰动,而后进行不同振动时长的固结试验和无侧限抗压试验,室内振动试验结果验证了分析的可靠性和合理性。     

海洋饱和软土UU测试值与原位测试值相关性分析

海洋饱和软土的力学性质对海洋工程建设具有重要作用,但由于海洋软土土样易扰动,试验数据可靠性低,而原位测试由于受到海洋环境的影响实施较为困难。通过珠海横琴某工程的原状饱和软土的UU测试值,与相同位置、相同深度处的原位十字板测试值和双桥静力触探试验测得的锥尖阻力值进行比较分析,得出饱和软土UU测试值与十字板测试值、双桥静力触探锥尖阻力值具有很好的一致性;折减后的十字板测试值与UU测试值较为接近,可作为海洋工程中相关参数选取的参考。     

Influence of strain histories on liquefaction resistance of sand

The liquefaction resistance of sand increases with cyclic pre-shearing and pre-shaking as a result of earthquakes if the strain level in the pre-shearing is small. When larger shear strains are imposed, liquefaction resistance decreases. These complicated effects of pre-shearing histories on the liquefaction resistance are investigated in this study through a series of cyclic triaxial tests. Various combinations of cyclic stress amplitude and number of cycles of pre-shearing are examined. The tested sand is Toyoura Sand at 45% relative density, under a confining pressure of 50 kPa. Test results indicate that for the range of shear strain amplitude in pre-shearing smaller than 0.35%, the liquefaction resistance increases with pre-shearing. The increase in the liquefaction resistance depends strongly on the volumetric strain in the pre-shearing, and several effects of the shear stress amplitude and number of cycles can be negligible. Small volumetric strain of the order of 1% doubled the liquefaction resistance. Meanwhile, in the range of shear strain amplitude larger than 0.6%, the liquefaction resistance decreases. The liquefaction resistance decreases as the shear strain amplitude increases. Shear strain amplitude is one of the factors dominating this degrading effect, and the volumetric strain exerts beneficial effects to a certain extent. In this study, another series of tests are conducted to investigate the combined effects of small and large strain amplitude pre-shearing. It is observed that small shear strain pre-shearing cycles subsequent to large shear strain cycles erased the degrading effect of the latter. However, a large shear strain pre-shearing after small strain cycles degrades the beneficial effect of the small shear strain pre-shearing cycles previously applied to the specimens; however, the effects of the former small strain pre-shearing remains.     

Static liquefaction-triggering analysis considering soil dilatancy

The failure of a sloping ground due to static liquefaction occurs when the shear stress applied by a monotonic triggering load exceeds the undrained yield (peak) shear strength of the saturated liquefiable cohesionless soil. Current practices for determining the in-situ undrained yield strength for grounds subjected to static shear stress rely on either a suite of costly laboratory tests on undisturbed field samples or empirical correlations based on in-situ penetration tests, which fail to account for the effect of soil dilatancy in decreasing the degree of strain-softening and the brittleness of cohesionless soils with an increasing penetration resistance. In this study, the effect of soil dilatancy on the static liquefaction failure of cohesionless soils is characterized by an empirical relationship between the soil brittleness index and the undrained yield strength from a database of 813 laboratory shear tests collected from the past literature. The application of this relationship for estimating the static liquefaction-triggering strength of cohesionless soils under sloping ground conditions is validated by comparing several cases of liquefaction flow failures. Finally, a procedure is briefly demonstrated for evaluating the triggering of static liquefaction in a dyke to the north of Wachusett Dam and Duncan Dam which incorporates the dilatancy behavior of cohesionless soils in a semi-empirical procedure based on in-situ penetration tests.     

土体小应变剪切模量的现场和室内试验对比及工程应用

土体小应变剪切模量G_0在场地地震响应和基坑变形等计算分析中有着重要作用。统计了上海典型土层的室内共振柱试验和现场原位波速测试测得的小应变剪切模量,给出了两种试验方法下的G_0的经验公式,并对比分析了室内试验和现场原位测试结果的差异。研究结果表明土体的G_0值主要由土体类别、孔隙比和平均有效应力决定,且现场试验的结果远高于室内试验的结果。进一步采用HS-Small本构模型对上海新金桥广场基坑工程的开挖变形进行数值模拟,分析了小应变剪切模量对于基坑工程变形的影响。分析结果表明,采用现场原位测试测得的小应变剪切模量进行基坑变形计算的结果与现场变形监测数据更为接近。     

洱海泥炭质土动剪切模量和阻尼比试验研究

为探究洱海地域泥炭质土动力学特性,利用GDS动三轴仪对重塑土样进行循环加载试验,得到了一系列围压、固结比、频率控制条件下的泥炭质土动应力-应变关系曲线,分析了不同围压、固结比、频率对土体动剪切模量G_d、动剪切模量比G_d/G_dmax和阻尼比λ的影响规律。结果表明:动剪切模量G_d随剪应变γ_d增大而减小,γ_d较小时,衰减速率较小,随着γ_d继续增大,衰减速率先增大后减小;在同一剪应变下,G_d随围压、固结比增大而增大,G_d对频率变化表现不敏感;采用Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型(H-D模型)对重塑泥炭质土动应力-应变曲线拟合效果较好,动剪切模量比G_d/G_dmax随剪应变γ_d增大而减小,围压、固结比和频率对G_d/G_dmax的衰减规律无明显的倾向性;阻尼比λ随剪应变γ_d增大而增大,围压对λ变化规律影响较复杂,γ_d较小时,λ随围压增大而减小,γ_d较大时,λ随围压增大而增大;固结比越大,λ越大,频率越大,λ越小,λ对频率变化表现更敏感,体现了循环加载下泥炭质土的速率效应。     

考虑应力路径的软黏土小应变特性试验研究

以苏南地区原状软黏土经K₀固结形成的试样为对象,利用配备了弯曲元系统和局部位移测量系统的GDS应力路径三轴测试系统,研究了小应变范围内应力路径转角θ对剪切模量衰减曲线以及阈值剪应变(γ_0.7)的影响。试验结果表明,土体的初始剪切模量G₀值与初始固结应力大小呈正相关关系,并可表示为与孔隙比e、平均有效应力p′相关的函数关系式。土体的剪切模量在10^-6~10^-3的应变范围内随着剪应变的增加而逐渐衰减,并表现出和试验应力路径与近期应力历史间夹角θ的相关性:应力路径对衰减曲线的影响随着应力路径转角θ的增大逐渐增大,当两者完全相反时,其影响最大。在K₀固结条件下,应力路径转角θ对γ_0.7的影响大于初始固结平均有效应力p′,同时γ_0.7值随着应力路径转角θ的增大而逐渐增大。     

砂土液化势剪切波速简化判别法的改进

结合压电陶瓷弯曲元波速测试技术开展了饱和标准砂的不排水循环三轴试验,并根据试验结果改进了以往提出的利用剪切波速进行砂土液化势判别的简化方法。这种方法本质上基于砂土抗液化剪切强度与弹性剪切模量之间良好的相关性。用改进后的方法全面评价了26次地震、70多个液化场地的液化势,并与国内外其他液化势简化判别法的判别结果作了比较。分析结果表明,改进后的简化方法的评价结果与现场震害调查数据更趋一致。最后,通过一个实例分析]示了利用该改进方法进行土层液化势判别的一般步骤。该改进方法仍有待于深入研究,尤其是对密实砂土场地在强震下的液化评价,需要进一步的试验和现场数据加以佐证。     

基于自钻式旁压仪的残积土原位力学特性试验研究

残积土属区域性特殊土,准确获得其力学性质指标是各类工程场地地基处治及承载力评价的必要条件。针对典型花岗岩残积土层,在20 m深度范围内开展自钻式旁压试验,获得表征土体原始水平应力、强度与刚度的相关指标,类比分析深度与水平方向土体力学性质的差异性,并论证了土体刚度在不同应变水平下的衰减规律。结果表明,该场地浅层土体刚强度指标差异性较大,存在明显的风化壳,导致剪切模量及变形参数沿深度呈先减小后增大的趋势;土体割线剪切模量Gs,切线剪切模量Gt随剪应变变化关系具有明显的非线性特性,在小应变范围(γc≤0.3%)内Gs,Gt快速衰减,在γc=2.0%~3.0%时,趋于平稳,采用非线性分析方法得到的模量值较为合理,认为在该类场地工程设计中,剪切模量的选取宜基于自钻式旁压试验结果,根据不同应变水平确定,采用线性割线法得到的剪切模量Gur偏于冒险。同时发现,小应变时剪切模量值相对于土体差异较为敏感,为准确获得土性参数,可适当增加浅层土体测试数量。     

上海软土小应变三轴试验及本构模拟

软土地区新建地下工程为了减少对周边的影响,周边土体的变形通常要求控制在小应变范围内(0.001%~0.1%)。近年来随着环境要求的不断提高,软土在小应变范围内的力学特性日益受到关注。目前国内在三轴试验中测量软土小应变力学特性的研究相对较少,也缺乏相应的试验数据。利用安装有LVDT局部位移传感器的三轴仪,对上海(2)~(6)层软土进行了K0固结不排水剪切试验,成功获得了上海软土从0.001%小应变到20%大应变范围内的剪切模量变化规律。通过分别用初始剪切模量和有效平均主应力来对剪切模量进行归一化处理,揭示了上海软土的非线性特征、土体剪切模量的衰减规律等。考虑土体应力状态、孔隙比和超固结比的经验公式能够合理地描述上海软土层初始剪切模量;经典的骨干曲线模型能较好地拟合各土层的剪切模量衰减规律。     

Coupled Shear Strain-Pore Pressure Responses of Soil in Shaking Table Tests

Shaking table tests on a saturated sand specimen in a laminar shear box were performed to measure the coupled shear strain-pore pressure response of sands subjected to horizontal shaking. Three methods of shear strain evaluation techniques, which use soil motions recorded by embedded sensors within the soil specimen and external sensors on frame, were utilized to evaluate the shear strain-time histories in one-dimensional shaking cases. Coupled shear strain-pore pressure responses throughout the liquefaction process are presented based on evaluated shear strains and measured pore pressures at corresponding depths. More insights of the interactions between the induced shear strain and generated excess pore pressure are also given, including the temporal variations of induced shear strain prior and after the initial liquefaction, development of liquefied zone, and duration of liquefaction state. These spatial and temporal variations of coupled responses reveal that the induced shear strain amplitude is not only an important property in triggering soil liquefaction but also a better index in defining the time of initial liquefaction. Identifications of these coupled features will be beneficial for verifying and interpreting testing data in physical modelling for liquefaction studies.     

Aging effects on liquefaction resistance of sand estimated from laboratory investigation

Liquefaction resistance is known to increase concomitantly with the increase in time after construction or sedimentation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of its aging effect on liquefaction have not been completely elucidated. To clarify the mechanisms of aging in sandy soils, the liquefaction resistance (CRR), initial and secant shear moduli (G₀ and G_sec), and laboratory penetration resistance of long-term consolidated sand specimens were examined using cyclic undrained triaxial tests, local small strain (LSS) tests equipped with bender elements (BEs), and penetration index tests, respectively. Based on the existing reports, the CRR was inferred from G₀, G_sec, and the laboratory penetration resistance. In the case of Toyoura sand of D_r = 40%, the CRR increased by about 14% with a 360-day consolidated specimen in the cyclic undrained triaxial tests. However, increases in the CRR evaluated from G₀ and the laboratory penetration resistance were nothing and only 2%, respectively. G_sec started to degrade at greater shear strain in the long-term consolidated specimens. An increase in the CRR, evaluated from the G_sec of 0.01% shear strain, had a much better agreement with that obtained from the cyclic undrained triaxial tests.