跨尺度图析蓝绿基础设施——以粤港澳大湾区为例

随着对人类-环境耦合系统的深入认识,空间发展和治理进入了强调多时空尺度、跨组织分层的新阶段;在领土开发和治理的过程中,对蓝绿基础设施（blue-green infrastructure, BGI）的概念认知和构建方法提出新要求。为了理解和识别多尺度蓝绿系统耦合关系的发展与变化,提出复杂适应性系统视角下国土空间规划设计的跨尺度图析方法,结合多尺度空间数据与形态类型学,剖析和比较景观基底、基础网络、聚落发展3个层面之间的空间关系。以粤港澳大湾区为例,采用跨尺度图析方法识别并呈现BGI发展过程,揭示各个时期BGI在组成、格局和尺度上的发展规律,提出在国土空间发展、治理尺度和格局发生剧变的当下,BGI是延续和完善国土空间稳态的支撑,可以将上述规律应用于国土空间规划,尤其是对BGI历史格局和尺度的重现和延续,尝试构建内涵更丰富、更有韧性的BGI。     

New Socio-ecological Imperatives for Cities: Possibilities and Dilemmas for Australian Metropolitan Governance

This review examines two new socio-ecological imperatives that have the potential to reshape planning practice and policy: urban climate governance and governance for resilience. The roots of the new imperatives lie in international city collaborative networks funded by philanthropy organisations that operate at city scale. City networks operating at the metropolitan scale raise issues for Australian cities with distributed governance. This practice review considers the early manifestation of both imperatives in what might be termed ‘policy experiments’ in Australia’s two largest cities: the new climate governance framework emerging through the City of Sydney’s collaboration with the C40 network and the resilience regime being shaped by the City of Melbourne’s partnership with Rockefeller Foundation’s Resilient 100 program. Whilst our early analysis has accentuated the positive to some degree, pointing to different, if preliminary, forms of success in both Sydney and Melbourne, the limits and frustrations that present in both contexts cannot be discounted. Urban planners in many world cities and regions will need to consider and possibly absorb these new agendas of urban climate governance and governing for resilience driven by international city collaborative networks.     

城市规划应对气候变化的适应发展战略——英国等国的经验

通过分析当今国际上以英国等国为例的城市规划应对气候变化的适应发展方法与策略,论述城市规划作为发展战略的重要专业工具,需要在规划的政策管理体系、规划编制的内容与方法、场地规划的基础设施适应设计三个方面进一步深化研究适应发展战略,以提高城市系统的恢复能力。     

Adaptation Planning and Hazard Mitigation for Interdependent Infrastructure Systems to Enhance Urban Resilience Under Climate Change

Climate change and natural hazards have created multiple impacts on human settlements. Urban planning and design are effective tools in dealing with climate adaptation and mitigation issues. However, climate risk and its impacts are multiscale and complex due to interdependence between urban infrastructure systems. Identifying adaptation strategies to cope with these impacts requires planners to understand potential interdependent and interrelated consequences of infrastructure failure under natural hazards, and evaluate cascading and cumulative effects of climate change. This article discussed opportunities and challenges to incorporate interdependent social and physical infrastructure systems in the adaptation planning and hazard mitigation process, including climate hazard assessment, adaptation goal identification, adaptation strategy development, and implementation. The availability of urban big data and high computational resources will enable urban planners and decision-makers to better deal with those complex impacts from climate change and natural hazards. Successful adaptation planning and hazard mitigation for interdependent infrastructure systems also needs to solve issues in uncertainties of climate projection, institutional barriers of adaptation, and challenges of urban big data. Potential solutions to these challenges would include cooperation among multi-disciplinary experts, coordination between different levels of governments, and developing the ethical framework for data protection and robust methodologies to detect and reduce data bias.     

NbS在城市雨洪韧性规划中的应用研究

城市雨洪灾害的产生与气候变化、土地利用、防洪排涝基础设施空间布局等密切相关。大量研究证实，单一依靠市政改造雨水管网的传统做法工程成本高、改造难度大，实际效果不理想。而基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,Nb S)倡导对生态系统的最小干预，将灰蓝绿基础设施有机结合，为城市雨洪韧性规划提供了一种新思路。采用“理论研究+应用案例”相结合的方法，首先分析了将Nb S理念应用到城市雨洪韧性规划中的切入点，提出Nb S视角下城市雨洪韧性规划的一些思考；其次，应用MIKE FLOOD模型，对场地雨洪风险进行评估；最后，结合应用案例特点，以堤防岸线、水系网络、水位管理为抓手，阐述了Nb S理念在城市雨洪韧性规划中的具体方案。结果表明，Nb S视角下的城市雨洪韧性规划方案具有可行性，以期共同推动Nb S实施行动。     

Urban climate resilience through socio-ecological planning: a case study in Charlottetown,Prince Edward Island

ABSTRACT

Climate change impacts, especially on coastal cities, can no longer be ignored and in order to avoid significant losses in the built environment, the economy, and, by consequence, human health and life, it is imperative to address these impacts. We extrapolate the three pathways to urban resilience (persistence, adaptation, and transformation), as a function of the interrelations among the design of built forms (urban and landscape design), blue and green infrastructure (ecosystems), and knowledge-to-action (inclusion of local people and their knowledge). Accordingly, four urban and landscape design theories that integrate urban ecosystems are identified and linked to urban resilience and to the local ecological knowledge (LEK) through an inclusive design process (the charrette). The model is then applied to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, a city that is increasingly subjected to intense storm surges and to sea level rise in Atlantic Canada, where a series of design charrettes integrated the LEK into urban climate resilience proposals that serve as policy recommendations for future action.     

Developing and testing a cost-effectiveness analysis to prioritize green infrastructure alternatives for climate change adaptation

Green infrastructure has been increasingly identified as an option to help manage climate change impacts in urban areas, although its implementation is still not widely promoted in urban planning. This is because of the lack of detailed analysis for decision-makers regarding construction and maintenance costs for different types and how effective various measures are at managing precipitation at a catchment scale. This paper contributes to fill this gap in knowledge by developing a green infrastructure cost-effectiveness ranking index (GICRI) able to evaluate the stormwater runoff volume reduction of multiple green infrastructure alternatives under different climate change scenarios, over differing spatial configurations and combining this performance data with their construction and maintenance costs. After applying this model over two case study areas, this paper provides three main insights. First, climate change projections have a significant impact on green infrastructure cost-effectiveness. Second, as green infrastructure cost-effectiveness is influenced by the spatial scale, there are different challenges for larger cities and smaller regional towns. Building on this, the paper argues that GICRI can be a simple and fast heuristic to increase the use of green infrastructure by informing decision-makers regarding how and where to prioritize investment or where greater modelling is needed.     

从廊道到全域——绿色城市设计引领下的城乡蓝绿空间网络构建

在倡导生态文明建设,助力国土空间品质优化与美好人居创建的背景下,城市设计由侧重于物质形态空间设计转向以可持续发展为宗旨的绿色城市设计,并更加积极地从公共空间塑造走向城市全域的体系构建。在此背景下,通过回顾以绿道、古驿道及碧道建设为代表的珠三角线性廊道实践,从规划目标、技术手段及建设成效3个方面总结分析实践中的经验与不足。分析认为蓝绿网络整体向着复合化的方向发展,但其网络性和系统性的不足导致生态要素的流动循环效应发挥不充分,城市建成环境所需的绿色资源服务能力有待提升。在此基础上,从绿色城市设计所关注的自然、社会、城市三者间互动的视角出发,提出全域蓝绿空间网络构建策略及实施路径,以蓝绿网络作为韧性绿色基础设施支撑城市生命系统,以网络的再自然化实现城乡环境修补,以社会文化活力丰富网络内涵,以蓝绿网络构建为契机,促进社会经济协同发展,为高质量城镇化发展提供绿色路径。     

气候变化下的三角洲城市韧性规划研究

三角洲城市是一个特殊、复杂的生态-人工系统。水系冲击形成的地形地貌条件、大量建设产生的地基沉降现象以及城市蔓延造成的生境破坏,使得三角洲城市更容易受到由气候变化带来的潮汐、风暴潮以及暴雨的侵蚀。本文首先分析了三角洲城市更具脆弱性的原因,即特殊的自然基底与快速城市化的矛盾是产生三角洲城市脆弱性的内在原因,气候变化是加剧三角洲城市脆弱性的外在因素,认为韧性发展是未来三角洲城市发展优先考虑的对策。其次,讨论了韧性城市所具有的特征、模型、评估指标、多尺度生命周期、韧性演进等问题,重点从韧性城市的视角研究了曾经遭受气候灾害的若干三角洲城市的规划理念,推演了三角洲城市韧性发展的逻辑框架。第三,提出了三角洲城市韧性发展的目标,即通过规划调控协同三角洲城市系统各要素,持续推进整体应对气候变化扰动的能力。第四,提出了三角洲城市韧性规划调控的核心思想是多元与多样的基础设施、冗余与跨尺度的网络联系、自组织与自我更新的区域/街区/建筑/景观格局。最后,提出了六个在韧性规划实践中值得进一步研究的问题。     

绿色基础设施城市主义和气候变化

气候变化产生的环境影响：雨水污染加剧、城市洪水、海平面上升和城市热岛效应，已成为全球性问题。绿色基础设施（GI）越来越多地被推广为解决气候变化导致的环境恶化的“灵丹妙药”，尤其是在城市地区。城市本质上为高密度且不透水的空间，仅有少量的绿地来吸收预计增加的降雨量。位于沿海地区的城市容易受到海平面上升的影响，同时，大量的硬质表面会使空气温度的上升加剧。研究认为：可以利用绿色基础设施来改变当前的城市形态以构建应对环境影响的生态韧性。为了实现这一概念，必须将城市视为区域景观的一部分。采用一种基于流域的方法来探索如何用绿色基础设施改善气候变化对环境的影响，并使用推测性案例研究来证明这种方法，表明重新设计的城市形态可以优先安排绿色基础设施，而不会影响建筑项目和房地产投资回报。虽然该研究位于新西兰，但基于流域的方法也适用于中国的城市。     

Building up resilience in cities worldwide – Rotterdam as participant in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme

Cities worldwide are challenged by a high complexity of acute and chronic problems, including challenges related to economic development, social polarisation and segregation as well as climate change and ecological degradation. While all of these problems are complex in themselves, they are also interrelated. Addressing them in a meaningful way requires governance systems with systemic capacities to deal with complexity. In order to create resilience in urban systems, cities need to be able to learn, adapt and transform across sectors and levels. One definition of urban resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow regardless of the kinds of chronic stress and acute shocks they experience. This is the definition the Rockefeller Foundation adopts in its mission to promote the well-being of humanity throughout the world by facilitating the building of resilience in cities worldwide through its 100 Resilient Cities Programme, launched in 2013. Rotterdam is one of the first cities to participate in this programme. The city has been a front-runner in preparing for climate change and striving for urban sustainability. This paper assesses the concept of urban resilience, introduces the Rockefeller Foundation's effort in building city resilience worldwide and illustrates this with the Rotterdam case.     

Construction of Climate Adaptability Evaluation Indicator System for Urban Spaces in the Severe Cold Zones of China—A Case Study on the Central Area of Harbin

Climate adaptation research should consider both climate change and regional climate contexts. Research evaluating the regional climate adaptability of urban spaces helps identify weaknesses of climate resilience in spatial planning. This paper constructs a climate adaptation evaluation indicator system for cities in the severe cold zones of China, and evaluates the temporal-spatial changes of climate adaptability in the central area of Harbin. The evaluation outcome reveals that the overall climate adaptability of the study area generally improved from 2008 to 2017 despite staying at a relatively lower level. There are significant differences in spatial pattern and development of spatial elements of climate adaptability by districts. Accordingly, this paper proposes countermeasures supporting future decision-making on climate adaptation planning for the study area, offering a reference for other cities in the severe cold zones of China.     

弹性概念下适应台风灾害风险的开放空间设计思考

在全球气候变化背景之下,台风灾害对沿海城乡地区有着长久且深远的影响。弹性概念的引入使得适应台风灾害风险的规划设计有了与常规不同的角度。本文综述了弹性与城市规划、台风灾害风险的相关研究,探讨了当前沿海地区的台风灾害风险与开放空间现状,将开放空间划分为社会型、生产型、生态型3类,与弹性概念相结合展开设计思考,以期为相关的设计实践与研究提供新的思路与可能。     

Swap Strategy for Urban Resilience: Reviving the Ayamama River Corridor and Ataturk Decommissioned Airport in Istanbul,Turkey

The Ayamama River in Istanbul has been substantially degraded due to urbanization of the river corridor since the 1950s. Development throughout the watershed and climate change contribute to increasing severity of flash flooding events that threaten life and property in the floodplain. As the intensity, duration or frequency of extreme rainfall events continue to increase with climate change, it is imperative to reduce the risk of urban flooding to vulnerable assets. However, as Istanbul is a city famous for its density and lack of open space, finding suitable relocation sites for at-risk structures, while maintaining access to recreational amenities for the surrounding neighborhoods is a daunting task. The decommissioned Ataturk Airport provides a unique opportunity to re-imagine the utility of urban voids in helping cities adapt to increasing flood impacts. While the current airport redevelopment proposal includes the construction of a massive park and new cultural amenities, such a park lacks sufficient connective infrastructure to its surrounding neighborhoods and does little to alleviate the significant environmental challenges of its neighbor, the Ayamama River. In this paper, we explore the use of the decommissioned Ataturk Airport site to relieve development pressure from the Ayamama River by implementing a novel swap strategy for urban voids. The proposed swap strategy design methodology relocates, regenerates, and reconnects decommissioned infrastructures and degraded floodplains simultaneously. As the impacts of climate change become more prominent, this novel urban concept seeks to initiate a conversation amongst planners and designers around the use of decommissioned infrastructure and large-scale urban voids to help relieve pressure from urban floodplains. Meanwhile, it can make room for river restoration projects without decreasing the quality of life of relocated residents or negatively impacting relocated economic activities by identifying redevelopment sites in close proximity.     

减缓·适应——应对气候变化的若干规划议题思考

通过对气候变化与城市规划关 系的辨析,阐述了应对气候变化的规划内 涵,构建了应对气候变化的规划研究框 架。从能源利用、交通与土地使用、建筑 设计与管理、水资源管理、固废处理、旧 材料利用等方面提出了减缓气候变化的 若干规划议题;从温度变化、海平面上 升、降雨模式变化、热带风暴等方面提出 了适应气候变化的若干规划议题。提出 将应对气候变化规划与法定规划体系有 机整合,是当前城市规划行业急需解决 的问题。     

Are we planning for resilient cities in Ghana? An analysis of policy and planners' perspectives

This paper sets forth a set of four principles that define and operationalise the concept of urban resilience. Using these four principles, 105 registered planners with the Ghana Institute of Planners were interviewed and five most recent and relevant national planning documents (four legislation, and one policy) were evaluated to determine how well planning practice advances resilience planning. Findings indicate limited appreciation of the concept amongst planners, despite the national planning documents stating an intention to integrate urban resilience. In addition, these national planning documents do not provide balanced support for all four urban resilience principles, as they advance some principles significantly more than others. More importantly, there is a disconnect between these national planning documents on the one hand, and planning practice on the other, as planning actions are not consistent with the legislation and policies. This paper recommends education of planners on urban resilience issues, credentialing of the concept in the local context, and reconsideration of international agencies' role in resilience planning in Ghanaian cities.     

城市高温灾害的规划应对研究进展

随着全球气候不断升温,城市高温 灾害越来越严重,严重影响城市人居环境。 通过CNKI和Web of Science检索城市高温 灾害相关文献,采用Met a-a na lysis方法和 CiteSpace工具,分析近年来城市规划应对高 温灾害的研究进展。结果发现,城市高温灾 害的规划应对研究起源于城市热岛方面,在 气候变化方面得到发展,最后形成城市高温 灾害的研究。在减缓性策略与适应性策略两 大主题下,主要应对途径是土地利用、空间 结构、道路交通、绿化景观以及建筑等,每种 途径又分为多种具体策略。目前在规划体系、 针对性规划以及效益评估等方面存在明显不 足。在理论上应加强构建规划体系,以及效 益评估系统的研究;在实践中制定应对高温 灾害的规划编制标准,探索气候友好型城市 规划设计方法,为韧性城市建设提供参考。     

Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute?

Cities face increasing environmental, social and economic challenges that together threaten the resilience of urban areas and the residents who live and work there. These challenges include chronic stresses and acute shocks, amplified by climate change impacts. Nature-based solutions have emerged as a concept for integrating ecosystem-based approaches to address a range of societal challenges. Nature-based solutions directly address and contribute to increased urban resilience. However, implementing nature-based solutions is inherently complex, given the range of ecosystem services, their multi-functionality and the trade-offs between functions, and across temporal and spatial scales. Urban planning can play a substantial role to support the implementation of nature-based solutions and to manage trade-offs and conflicts, as well as how social equity dimensions are considered. This paper presents a framework that guides the application of urban planning to nature-based solutions’ implementation, by addressing key trade-offs across temporal, spatial, functional and social equity aspects. The framework highlights the key questions, and the supporting information required to address these questions, to underpin the inclusion of nature-based solutions for urban resilience. We find that while urban planning can contribute substantially, there are continuing gaps in how the inherently anthropocentric urban planning processes can give voice to non-human nature.     

Advancing responses to climate change through improved interplay between planning theory and practice

ABSTRACT

Many planning agencies worldwide now see climate change response as unavoidable. This paper proposes that a central task for contemporary planning theory is to guide planning practice as it develops multi-dimensional responses. We examine three theoretical constructs: anticipatory governance, legitimacy and social-ecological resilience. We argue that each conceptualises challenges climate change presents to planning practice, while providing theoretically informed options for responses. Building on this, we utilize Friedmann’s [2008. “The Uses of Planning Theory: A Bibliographic Essay.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 28 (2): 247–257. doi:10.1177/0739456X08325220] tasks for planning theory as a framework to assess the utility of planning theories to guide climate change response through practice. Associated issues are discussed, including the influence of translatable planning theories and the value of importing knowledge from other disciplines. The paper concludes that more sophisticated interplay between planning theory and practice may improve planning responses to the climate change threat. The need for planning theory to translate its conceptual discoveries to the domain of practice is key.     

荷兰空间规划中的韧性理念及其启示

作为一种战略性、基础性的规划手段,空间规划可以通过影响城市结构或土地利用等降低城市面对的多重风险及影响。传统规划对于空间如何应对变化、冲击及不确定性的关注有待提高,"韧性理念"在规划中的引入为协调城市发展目标和城市安全底线提供了一个新的视角。荷兰空间规划在应对气候变化、环境挑战和灾害风险方面取得了较大的成绩,本文结合荷兰空间规划实践,探讨空间规划政策中的韧性理念和特征,以及如何通过规划应对风险和挑战。研究表明,虽然不是所有的韧性特征均能在荷兰空间规划中得到体现,但韧性理念始终贯穿于各级空间规划,且不同层级空间规划所关注的韧性侧重点不同。在研究基础上,建议将韧性理念应用于我国空间规划,为我国在生态文明建设与安全发展背景下完善和优化空间规划提供思考与借鉴。