可作为屋面板的建筑构件型太阳集热器/系统技术与应用

本文介绍了一种可作为屋面板的建筑构件型太阳集热器/系统技术,其具有屋面建材的围护、保温、防水、隔热功能,又有太阳集热器收集、转换太阳热能特性.     

中温太阳能集热技术应用分析

本文总结了近年来中温太阳能集热技术的发展,包括太阳选择性吸收涂层吸收、发射和耐高温性能的优化提高,玻璃增透技术及太阳能集热器聚光技术的改进等。而后,结合太阳能空调系统的案例计算,对比分析了中温太阳能集热器和普通低温太阳能集热器的工作效率、太阳能保证率、节能量等指标。最后,指出了中温太阳能集热技术在建筑中应用的发展方向和前景。     

槽型抛物面聚光集热器分析

槽型抛物面聚光集热器是槽式太阳能热发电系统的关键部件。在热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律的基础上,结合槽式太阳能热发电系统模型,对槽型抛物面聚光集热器进行分析。以SEGS-VI槽式太阳能电站设计参数为根据,采用能量系统的白箱模型分析,计算得到各过程的耗散和槽式太阳能聚光集热器的损失和效率,并揭示系统中用能不合理的"薄弱环节"。     

槽式太阳能热发电介绍

本文介绍槽式太阳能热发电系统的组成,主要阐述单回路DGS系统与双回路系统和聚光、集热子系统,特别对聚光集热器作较细阐述。     

基于Labview状态机的车载式伸缩机构的设计

为了弥补固定式太阳集热器检测装置在检测过程中出现的缺点及不足,本文设计了一种新型车载式检测太阳集热器热性能的机械装置以及太阳跟踪装置,整个集热器热性能检测任务都在车内完成。这种机构可以对太阳集热器安装装置自由的拉出和收回并且可随车随时改变检测地点。利用Lab VIEW状态机搭建程序框架,程序员只需在各个框架内添加需要完成的各自的动作即可。采用双轴太阳跟踪系统,保证太阳集热器可以实时对准太阳,提高了检测效率。     

太阳能技术在建筑中的应用

在高科技飞速发展的今天，太阳作为巨大的能源被人们重视并开发利用。人们用高科技的手段向太阳索取，享受着太阳。太阳能在绿色节能建筑中的应用包含两大方面：一太阳热能应用系统，用太阳辐射加热水，以供给建筑生活热水，取暖及制冷。绝大多数太阳能系统是热水供应系统，它的基本结构包括太阳能收集器（集热器），热能储存装置，热能交换器及能量供给装置。（图１）自动控制将这些设备组合起来，并可通过吸收式冷凝机将加热的水制冷以达到供冷的目的。二太阳能光电（ＰＶ）系统，将太阳辐射直接转化为电能，为建筑提供清洁的能源。不少发…     

严寒地区太阳能槽式集热器影响因素研究

以大庆地区为研究背景,分析了LS-2型太阳能槽式集热器光热转化过程中的能量传递,综合利用Sol Trace软件与Fluent软件计算了集热器的光学效率及瞬时效率。研究内容包括聚光面积、环境温度、流量以及管长对集热器瞬时效率的影响。结果表明:针对该模型而言,太阳能槽式集热器的瞬时效率随着聚光面积的增加而增大;环境温度在-20~20℃的变化范围内,瞬时效率有小幅度的提高,约为1%;且对于流量及管长来说,均存在一个使瞬时效率趋于稳定的值。本文的研究结果可以为严寒地区利用太阳能光热转换技术提供支撑和技术参考。     

国际文摘

Energy and Buildings(瑞士)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03787788/59Volume 59,Pages 1-320(April 2013)(1)Design and m odeling of a photovoltaic thermal collectorfor domestic air heating and electricity production(P 21-28)Khaled Touafek,Mourad Haddadi,Ali Malek《太阳能集热器用于家用热风采暖及发电的设计与建模》摘要:混合型太阳光电(PV/T)集热器可同时将太阳能转换成电能和热能。     

天普太阳能示范楼

概述 天普太阳楼座落在北京市大兴区天普工业园内．建筑面积8000m^2．是一座综合利用新能源的生态建筑，整幢建筑由太阳能提供采暖空调、热水和部分电力．达到低能耗．零排污的效果：1200m^2太阳能集热器和50KWP太阳电池组件与建筑一体化结合：控制系统自动化、网络化、无人值守．并实现远程数据采集．监控。建筑室内环境舒适健康．室内光环境、声环境和空气质量得以改善。     

低截取比CPC空气集热器及其性能试验研究

为实现太阳能空气集热器的高效利用,设计了一种采用低截取比CPC作为聚光器的空气集热器.基于晴天和多云工况下对该CPC空气集热器的热性能进行测试.结果表明,在晴天无云的天气条件下,集热器最大出口温度可达200℃,平均集热效率达到0.3;在多云天气下,集热器最大出口温度达到170℃,CPC集热器表现出良好的集热性能.通过计算发现降低截取比对聚光比影响甚微,但可有效减少CPC反射板材料从而降低成本.     

Effect of fluid flow and packing factor on energy performance of a wall-mounted hybrid photovoltaic/water-heating collector system

Façade-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BiPV/T) technology is a relatively new concept in improving the overall energy performance of PV installations in buildings. With the use of wall-mounted water-type PV/T collectors, the system not only generates electricity and hot water simultaneously, but also improves the thermal insulation of the building envelope. A numerical model of this hybrid system was developed by modifying the Hottel–Whillier model, which was originally for the thermal analysis of flat-plate solar thermal collectors. Computer simulation was performed to analyze the system performance. The combined effects of the solar cell packing factor and the water mass flow rate on the thermal and electrical efficiencies were investigated. The simulation results indicated that an optimum water mass flow rate existed in the system through which the desirable integrated energy performance can be achieved.     

Energy and exergy analysis of PV/T air collectors connected in series

In this paper an attempt has been made to derive the analytical expressions for N hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) air collectors connected in series. The performance of collectors is evaluated by considering the two different cases, namely, Case I (air collector is fully covered by PV module (glass to glass) and air flows above the absorber plate) and Case II (air collector is fully covered by PV module (glass to glass) and air flows below the absorber plate). This paper shows the detailed analysis of energy, exergy and electrical energy by varying the number of collectors and air velocity considering four weather conditions (a, b, c and d type) and five different cities (New Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai, Srinagar, and Jodhpur) of India. It is found that the collectors fully covered by PV module and air flows below the absorber plate gives better results in terms of thermal energy, electrical energy and exergy gain. Physical implementation of BIPV system has also been evaluated. If this type of system is installed on roof of building or integrated with building envelope will simultaneously fulfill the electricity generation for lighting purpose and hot air can be used for space heating or drying.     

A heat pipe photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hybrid system and its performance evaluation

Building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system has been considered as an attractive technology for building integration. The main part of a BIPV/T system is PV/T collector. In order to solve the non-uniform cooling of solar PV cells and control the operating temperature of solar PV cells conveniently, a heat pipe photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hybrid system (collector) has been proposed and described by selecting a wick heat pipe to absorb isothermally the excessive heat from solar PV cells. A theoretical model in terms of heat transfer process analysis in PV module panel and introducing the effectiveness-number of transfer unit (?-NTU) method in heat exchanger design was developed to predict the overall thermal-electrical conversion performances of the heat pipe PV/T system. A detailed parametric investigation by varying relevant parameters, i.e., inlet water temperature, water mass flow rate, packing factor of solar cell and heat loss coefficient has been carried out on the basis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Results show that the overall thermal, electrical and exergy efficiencies of the heat pipe PV/T hybrid system corresponding to 63.65%, 8.45% and 10.26%, respectively can be achieved under the operating conditions presented in this paper. The varying range of operating temperature for solar cell on the absorber plate is less than 2.5 °C. The heat pipe PV/T hybrid system is viable and exhibits the potential and competitiveness over the other conventional BIPV/T systems.     

Achieving total domestic hot water production with renewable energy

Various means of producing domestic hot water (DHW) with renewable energy in zero net energy homes (ZNEH) are examined for two climates (Montréal and Los Angeles). Four alternatives are examined: (i) a regular electric hot water tank; (ii) the desuperheater of a ground-source heat pump (GSHP) with electric backup; (iii) thermal solar collectors with electric backup; and (iv) a heat pump water heater (HPWH) indirectly coupled to a space conditioning GSHP. Results show that heating DHW with thermal solar collectors with an electric backup (which is either provided by the photovoltaic (PV) panels or the grid in a ZNEH) is the best solution for a ZNEH. The second part of this paper focuses on determining what should be the respective areas of the thermal solar collectors and PV array to obtain the least expensive solution to achieve total DHW production with renewable energy.     

Condenser heat recovery with a PV/T air heating collector to regenerate desiccant for reducing energy use of an air conditioning room

This paper presents an experimental test along with procedures to investigate the validity of a developed simulation model in predicting the dynamic performance of a condenser heat recovery with a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) air heating collector to regenerate desiccant for reducing energy use of an air conditioning room under the prevailing meteorological conditions in tropical climates. The system consists of five main parts; namely, living space, desiccant dehumidification and regeneration unit, air conditioning system, PV/T collector, and air mixing unit. The comparisons between the experimental results and the simulated results using the same meteorological data of the experiment show that the prediction results simulated by the model agree satisfactorily with those observed from the experiments. The thermal energy generated by the system can produce warm dry air as high as 53 °C and 23% relative humidity. Additionally, electricity of about 6% of the daily total solar radiation can be obtained from the PV/T collector in the system. Moreover, the use of a hybrid PV/T air heater, incorporated with the heat recovered from the condenser to regenerate the desiccant for dehumidification, can save the energy use of the air conditioning system by approximately 18%.     

Modeling of energy performance of a house with three configurations of building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal systems

A theoretical and experimental study of energy performance of three different open loop air heating building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) systems that utilize recovered heat for home heating is presented. The configurations are: Configuration 1: base case of unglazed BIPV with airflow under it; Configuration 2: addition of 1.5 m vertical glazed solar air collector in series with Configuration 1; Configuration 3: addition of a glazing over the PV. The model developed has been verified against experimental data from a solar research house for Configuration 1. Obtained relationships for BIPV/T system exiting air temperature as function of solar irradiance and air speed in PV cavity may be used for developing fan airflow control strategies to achieve desired outlet air temperature suitable for different applications. For Configuration 1, preheated air is suitable for HVAC system and domestic hot water (DHW) preheating. Higher outlet air temperatures of the PV cavity suitable for DHW might be achieved by utilizing Configurations 2 or 3. With Configuration 2, significant outlet air temperatures are achieved in winter along with enhanced thermal efficiency making it suitable for coupling with a rockbed heat storage. Finally, Configuration 3 significantly reduces electricity production and may lead to excessively high PV panel temperatures.     

Choice of solar collector for applications below 100°C

Non-tracking collectors are the important technology options to harness the solar thermal energy at temperatures below 100°C. Thermal energy below this level has very wide applications in the residential and industrial sectors. Also, energy at this level can be used indirectly to produce cooling, fresh water or electricity. Flat plate and evacuated tube collectors with different design, configuration and cost were considered and their energy collection capabilities were estimated under the Kuwaiti conditions for different applications identified with the temperature. Based on the manufacturers' quotations and other economic parameters, the annual amortized cost of solar collectors were estimated. These values were used to estimate the system cost per unit of energy generation. A domestic solar water heater with an unglazed collector is the only solar system having economic viability at present. Evacuated tube collectors stand a good chance of being economically viable in future with increase in fuel prices and/or reduction in system cost.     

Theoretical performance assessment of an integrated photovoltaic and earth air heat exchanger greenhouse using energy and exergy analysis methods

In this paper, a simplified mathematical model develops to study round the year effectiveness of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) and earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) integrated with a greenhouse, located at IIT Delhi, India. The solar energy application through photovoltaic system and earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) for heating and cooling of a greenhouse is studied with the help of this simplified mathematical model. Calculations are done for four types of weather conditions (a, b, c and d types) in New Delhi, India. The paper compares greenhouse air temperatures when it is operated with photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) during daytime coupled with earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) at night, with air temperatures when it is operated exclusively with photovoltaic/thermal system (PV/T) and earth air heat exchanger (EAHE), for 24 h. The results reveal that air temperature inside the greenhouse can be increased by around 7-8 °C during winter season, when the system is operated with photovoltaic (PV/T), coupled with earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) at night. From the results, it is seen that the hourly useful thermal energy generated, during daytime and night, when the system is operated with photovoltaic (PV/T) coupled with earth air heat exchanger (EAHE), is 33 MJ and 24.5 MJ, respectively. The yearly thermal energy generated by the system has been calculated to be 24728.8 kWh, while the net electrical energy savings for the year is 805.9 kWh and the annual thermal exergy energy generated is 1006.2 kWh.     

建筑一体化电热冷联产光伏组件能量特性研究

传统太阳能光伏或光热建筑一体化只能为建筑提供单一电能或热能。通过研究一种集成发电、集热、制冷3种功能的建筑一体化电热冷联产光伏组件,对其夏季工况下能量特性进行了实际检测。结果表明:白天,组件集热同时能有效降低光伏电池温度,组件工作温度高于环境温度约8~16℃,发电和集热效率分别为14.1%~13.7%和40.1%~15.7%;晴朗夜间,组件通过对流和辐射两种传热方式进行散热制冷,总制冷功率为26.0~268.5 W/m~2。电热冷联产光伏组件适合与热泵结合,为建筑提供所需能源。     

Energetic, economic and environmental performance of a solar-thermal-assisted HVAC system

A solar-assisted HVAC system was retrofitted in 2006-2009 onto an earlier (1980) energy-efficient building. A hybrid system of flat plate and vacuum tube solar collectors heats water in a large hot storage tank that is delivered to an absorption chiller in the cooling season or directly to heating coils in the heating season. Large chilled water storage tanks are charged off-peak and discharged during the day, cooling the building in parallel with the chiller. Measurements of the seasonal performance of the system are presented. Good overall agreement between actual measurements and earlier numerical modeling results is reported for our system, with one notable discrepancy attributable to the operation of the air terminal units, which requires tuning. In cold seasons, solar thermal energy can easily displace a large fraction of traditional heating sources. In the cooling season, the conversion of heat to cooling capacity incurs several parasitic losses, which if not accounted for properly in the design stage, have the capacity to completely offset any advantage gained from the solar system. The economics of building-scale solar thermal systems are strongly dependent on the cost of energy, and electricity in particular. The economics are favorable where electricity costs are high, and vice-versa.