基于数字图像处理技术的岩石节理分形描述

岩石节理的粗糙度对结构面的剪切强度起着重要的作用.分形维数对节理的次级细微粗糙结构能够进行很好的描述,而对节理的一级起伏结构体现并不明显.考虑了节理形态的层次性,用分形维数代表节理的次级精细结构,即节理的粗糙度;用起伏度表示节理的一级波状形态,据此提出用分形维数D和起伏度W_d两个指标来描述JRC(节理粗糙度系数),并给出相应的计算公式.另外,针对工程实践中分形维数准确快速量测存在的困难,本文以摄影测量为基础,借助数字图像处理技术,在VC++平台下开发了节理轮廓线分形维数计算程序,为分维较准确方便地应用于工程实践做了有益的探索.     

岩石节理三维表面形貌精细描述与粗糙度定量确定方法的研究

为了实现对岩石节理粗糙度进行定量描述,分析目前已有研究方法和理论存在的局限性,参考有关岩石节理剪切机制的研究后,提出12个反映节理表面剪切特性与各向异性的三维粗糙度特征参数。并且,基于三维高精度激光扫描与GIS技术,以似斑状花岗岩为例,对其节理表面起伏形态进行精确测定,实现了对三维特征参数的提取。通过对具有明显阶坎或凸起(凹坑)状起伏形态岩石节理的粗糙特性进行精确定向描述基础后,发现大于45°的倾斜面面积对剪切方向的敏感性较大。最终,通过对多个节理样本的室内直剪试验与测量结果的分析,得到了3DJRC的经验计算公式。     

岩体结构面三维粗糙度评价的新方法

 为了获得具有明确几何意义及理论依据的岩体结构面粗糙度评价指标,结合结构面剪切破坏机制,阐明将结构面潜在接触部分作为粗糙度评价重要因素的理论依据;将结构面粗糙度评价指标与其力学性质建立联系,提出描述结构面三维粗糙程度的新参数–粗糙度指标 。 即岩体结构面的潜在接触部分在垂直于剪切方向的面的投影面积与结构面水平投影面积之比, 体现了结构面在剪切方向的三维几何信息,具有各向异性。基于三维激光扫描技术及Matlab编程,实现了结构面三维几何模型的建立及 的计算。以工程应用实例,展示 的计算过程;研究同一结构面不同精细程度的几何模型的 ,结果表明：基于 评价的结构面粗糙度具有各向异性,且同一剪切方向的结构面 随其几何模型精细程度的增强而增大。对比研究 与Grasselli粗糙度评价方法,结果表明基于此2种方法的粗糙度评价结果具有相似性。此外, 可与结构面抗剪强度建立一定联系,为结构面抗剪强度估算模型的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

一种考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度准则

动荷载(不同剪切速率)下的节理岩体结构稳定性是目前工程建设亟待解决的问题之一。以黄岛国家石油储备库地下水封石油洞库工程为工程背景,采用JAW-600岩石剪切流变–渗流耦合试验机对4种粗糙度下的类岩石粗糙结构面进行不同剪切速率下的常规剪切试验,对结构面的强度特性进行了基础性研究。研究结果表明:剪切速率和粗糙度对结构面剪切强度都有较为明显的影响;同一结构面的剪切强度随着剪切速率的增大而减小,并不受粗糙度系数的影响;同时结构面剪切强度随粗糙度系数增加呈现出线性增加的趋势,但不受剪切速率的影响。最后,基于试验结果与Barton模型,提出考虑剪切速率的粗糙结构面剪切强度模型。Barton标准粗糙剖面线结构面及粗糙结构面的试验结果与新模型预测值误差保持在20%之内,平均误差为10.539%,能够较好的预测粗糙结构面动荷载条件下剪切强度。     

混凝土粗糙面形貌特征参数与节理粗糙度系数关系研究

裂缝面粗糙程度是描述其表面形貌的重要参数。基于三维扫描技术获取混凝土裂缝面的坐标点云数据,等间隔选取各裂缝面11条轮廓线,计算各轮廓线粗糙轮廓指数Rp、形貌线伸长指数δ和粗糙角i等特征参数,研究采样间隔SI对二维节理粗糙度系数JRC的影响;建立JRC与二维特征参数Rp、δ、i之间的函数关系、三维JRC3D与三维特征参数之间的关系。结果表明：JRC与SI呈二次函数关系,当SI为0.2 ～ 1.2mm时,随SI减小,JRC增大;JRC与Rp、δ分别呈二次函数和对数关系;JRC与二维特征参数中的粗糙角iZ2呈正相关关系。建议Rp作为二维节理粗糙度系数表征指标。JRC3D与三维特征参数的最大构造深度Rz相关性最好,拟合公式平方根R2为0.9109。提出的表征公式与已有成果最大平均相对误差MRE、平均绝对误差MAE和均方根误差RMSE分别为1.790%、0.316mm和0.408mm。说明提出的表征公式是合理的,适用于混凝土裂缝面粗糙度估算。     

岩石节理吻合系数及其对节理特性的影响

根据节理表面的接触特性提出了一个节理几何特性的新参数──节理吻合系数 ＪＭＣ。实验显示，节理吻合系数是描述节理孔隙、形变、刚度、剪切强度和水渗导等特性的 重要指标。因此，将节理吻合系数和原有的节理粗糙系数相结合，可以更全面地描述节理的 几何特性，进一步估测岩石节理的水力特性。     

充填节理宏细观锚固破坏机理分析

为分析充填节理的宏细观锚固破坏机理,利用颗粒流程序(PFC~(2D))生成6种上下面具有不同粗糙度的充填锚固节理面模型,探究其在剪切过程中宏细观破坏变化以及粗糙度对锚固充填节理抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:加载过程中充填物两侧颗粒位移差明显,首先发生破坏,而锚杆在节理面与胶结物之间发生剪切滑移后才开始发挥抗剪作用。6种充填节理面组合锚固后其峰值剪切强度均比锚固前增高,但增量不同。当节理面上下粗糙度接近时,充填物形状规则,齿状起伏小,锚固效果较好,峰值剪切强度增加量在40%左右;当节理面上下粗糙度相差较大时,充填物齿状起伏大,易剪碎,锚固效果较差,峰值剪切强度增加量约为20%。     

重复剪切作用下节理强度和形貌特征劣化规律

为了分析重复剪切作用下节理面剪切力学特性及微观形貌特征劣化规律,制备了单节理砂岩试样,考虑4种法向应力分别进行了6次重复剪切试验。研究结果发现:(1)在重复剪切作用下,节理面剪应力–剪切变形曲线变化特征明显,经过2~3次剪切,不再出现明显峰值,剪切硬化现象明显,残余抗剪强度逐渐趋于稳定;(2)随着重复剪切次数增加,节理面的抗剪强度劣化趋势明显,呈先陡后缓的劣化趋势,前2次剪切的劣化幅度占总劣化值的65%以上,而且法向应力越大,抗剪强度劣化幅度和劣化速度越大;(3)在重复剪切作用下,节理面上相互咬合的微凸起和凹陷部分发生切齿、磨损和填充,节理面的凹凸起伏程度逐渐减小,使得其形貌特征参数及粗糙度系数逐渐降低,进而导致其剪切力学特性逐渐劣化;(4)建立了重复剪切作用下节理面粗糙度系数劣化方程,结合N.Barton提出的结构面抗剪强度经验公式,建立了考虑重复剪切作用的节理面抗剪强度计算公式,结果表明计算值与试验值吻合的较好。     

裂隙岩体的一体两介质模型抗剪性能研究

 裂隙薄弱层与岩石接触面的抗剪强度是影响裂隙岩体稳定的重要参量。采用一体两介质力学模型研究裂隙岩体接触面的力学性能。按照著名的Barton试验所采用的粗糙界面,以砂浆和混凝土构造5种JRC曲线的接触面,并采用自创的双指标描述系统--考虑粗糙度的改进分维值指标Rd和考虑起伏度的形状因子? 对接触面形貌进行定量描述。Rd-? 描述系统的优点在于：不仅能描述粗糙程度,还能解释同一粗糙界面上当受力方向不同时,其界面抗剪力学性能显著不同的事实。通过直剪试验,分析岩体接触面的破坏状态及剪切应力–剪切位移曲线,确定影响抗剪强度的主要因素为接触面粗糙起伏形貌、法向力、界面材料的黏结强度等,并借助试验结果,拟合得到考虑上述影响因素,以Rd-? 描述系统表达的剪切强度公式。将提出的剪切强度公式与其他试验获得的剪切试验结果做对比分析,证实该剪切强度公式的正确性。     

基于分形理论构建随机粗糙节理模型的方法研究

粗糙节理三维形貌特征是影响岩体沿节理面剪切力学性质的关键因素。采用3D扫描方法重构巴西劈裂试验得到的砂岩张节理表面形貌模型。根据粗糙节理表面统计自相似性质,引入地形学领域广泛应用的随机分形数字高程模型生成方法,通过调节不同的随机参数d,采用"菱形–正方形"算法迭代生成一系列不同形貌特征的分形粗糙表面数字高程模型,并将其与天然砂岩张节理进行形貌特征比较。采用三维盒维数法计算天然砂岩张节理以及随机构建的分形高程模型的分形维数,并基于选定的剪切方向统计2种模型的视倾角统计分布规律。分别以分形维数以及视倾角统计分布标准差为表征粗糙模型三维形貌特征的参数,确定了该天然张节理的形貌特征参数对应的粗糙度水平符合随机参数d=2~3 mm范围的分形高程模型的粗糙度水平,验证了基于分形理论构建随机数字高程模型的方法在模拟构建粗糙节理表面模型方面的可行性。     

A state-of-the-art review of automated extraction of rock mass discontinuity characteristics using three-dimensional surface models

In the last two decades, significant research has been conducted in the field of automated extraction of rock mass discontinuity characteristics from three-dimensional (3D) models. This provides several methodologies for acquiring discontinuity measurements from 3D models, such as point clouds generated using laser scanning or photogrammetry. However, even with numerous automated and semi-automated methods presented in the literature, there is not one single method that can automatically characterize discontinuities accurately in a minimum of time. In this paper, we critically review all the existing methods proposed in the literature for the extraction of discontinuity characteristics such as joint sets and orientations, persistence, joint spacing, roughness and block size using point clouds, digital elevation maps, or meshes. As a result of this review, we identify the strengths and drawbacks of each method used for extracting those characteristics. We found that the approaches based on voxels and region growing are superior in extracting joint planes from 3D point clouds. Normal tensor voting with trace growth algorithm is a robust method for measuring joint trace length from 3D meshes. Spacing is estimated by calculating the perpendicular distance between joint planes. Several independent roughness indices are presented to quantify roughness from 3D surface models, but there is a need to incorporate these indices into automated methodologies. There is a lack of efficient algorithms for direct computation of block size from 3D rock mass surface models.     

Estimating the relation between surface roughness and mechanical properties of rock joints

Discontinuities in rock masses have an important influence on deformational behaviour of blocky rock systems. For a single rock joint, the roughness of its surface is of paramount importance to its mechanical and hydraulic properties, such as friction angle, shear strength, and dilatancy/aperture. Many methods have been used to characterize the surface roughness of rock joints, such as joint roughness coefficients (JRC), root mean square (RMS) value, structure function (SF) etc. However, most of these methods can only be used in the 2-D models. In this study, we carried out direct shear experiments on rock joints under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions, and measured the surfaces of rock joints before and after shearing, using a 3-D laser scanning profilometer system. By using a 3-D fractal evaluation method of roughness characterization, the projective covering method (PCM) and a direct shear apparatus of high accuracy, the relation between mechanical properties of rock joints under different boundary conditions and the change of their fractal dimensions in both 2-D and 3-D models have been examined, which gives a new approach to accurately evaluate the evolution of roughness of rock joint surfaces and its influence on the hydro-mechanical behaviours of rock joints.     

基于三维形貌特征的岩石节理峰值剪切强度准则研究

引入3个在一定范围内独立于测量尺度的三维形貌参数表征岩石节理形貌,并基于形貌参数建立了新的岩石节理峰值剪切强度准则。同时采用新准则和Barton公式计算了23对岩石节理的峰值剪切强度并与室内直剪试验结果对比,新准则的计算值与试验结果较为接近而Barton公式在一定程度上低估了节理剪切强度,表明新准则能更好地描述节理峰值剪切强度。新准则的三维形貌参数反映了不同形貌特征对剪切强度的贡献,物理意义明确,并且形貌参数可在一定范围内采用任意尺度测量,因而有利于新准则的工程应用。进一步分析表明：在规则齿形节理情况下,新准则可退化到Patton公式的形式,因而新准则实质是Patton公式的三维推广。     

基于三维形貌参数的偶合节理峰值抗剪强度公式

 节理表面形貌是影响节理峰值抗剪强度的重要因素,采用人工模拟材料节理分别在0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0 MPa的法向应力下进行直剪试验,研究三维形貌参数与峰值抗剪强度之间的关系。选用节理面有效三维平均倾角 、粗糙度系数 、最大可能接触面积比 作为表征节理面粗糙度的参数。直剪试验前、后采用TJXW–3D型便携式岩石表面形貌测量仪对节理表面进行形貌数据测试;根据直剪试验结果建立节理峰值剪胀角与三维形貌参数 , , 之间的关系;建议采用新的强度准则计算节理的峰值抗剪强度。新公式的计算结果与试验值具有较好的一致性,并将其与Barton公式的计算结果进行比较,可知Barton公式的计算结果低于试验实测值。     

Grasselli节理峰值抗剪强度公式再探

 确定节理峰值抗剪强度公式面临的首要问题是获取节理表面形貌并合理的评价其粗糙度。常用的方法是节理粗糙度系数(JRC)评价方法,但JRC的评价结果是基于二维剖面线获得的,该方法低估了节理面的粗糙度且具有较大的主观性。节理面形貌测试表明,节理面微元有效剪切倾角 与≥ 的微元面积的总和与节理总面积的比值呈高次抛物线关系。基于42组不同形貌节理的直剪试验结果,将节理的峰值剪胀角与形貌参数相联系,提出新的能够考虑剪胀效应的节理峰值抗剪强度公式。新峰值抗剪强度公式符合莫尔–库仑摩擦定律的形式,具有明确的物理含义。所需要的参数均由节理面形貌测试确定,因此能够预测节理的峰值抗剪强度。最后,对已有的节理峰值抗剪强度公式进行比优统计分析并建议公式的使用范围。     

Effect of roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints subjected to impact loading

The shear behavior is regarded as the dominant property of rock joints and is dramatically affected by the joint surface roughness. To date, the effect of surface roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints under static or cyclic loading conditions has been extensively studied, but such effect under impact loading conditions keeps unclear. To address this issue, a series of impact shear tests was performed using a novel-designed dynamic experimental system combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The dynamic shear strength, deformability and failure mode of the jointed specimens with various joint roughness coefficients (JRC) are comprehensively analyzed. Results show that the shear strength and shear displacement characteristics of the rock joint under the impact loading keep consistent with those under static loading conditions. However, the temporal variations of shear stress, slip displacement and normal displacement under the impact loading conditions show obviously different behaviors. An elastic rebound of the slip displacement occurs during the impact shearing and its value increases with increasing joint roughness. Two identifiable stages (i.e. compression and dilation) are observed in the normal displacement curves for the rougher rock joints, whereas the joints with small roughness only manifest normal compression displacement. Besides, as the roughness increases, the maximum compression tends to decrease, while the maximum dilation gradually increases. Moreover, the microstructural analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggests that the roughness significantly affects the characteristics of the shear fractured zone enclosing the joint surface.     

剪切过程中岩石节理粗糙度分形演化及力学特征

在系统测量和试验的基础上，研究了剪切过程中岩石节理粗糙面的分形特征和岩石节理的力学行为，阐述了岩石节理面分形维数Ｄ和截距Ａ与岩石节理在载荷作用下法向、切向变形以及抗剪强度之间的关系，得出岩石节理在剪切过程中由于表面损伤而引起的表面分维Ｄ和截距Ａ的演化规律。研究表明：分维Ｄ和截距Ａ是描述节理面粗糙性的两个重要的参数。前者反映节理粗糙面的不规则程度，后者则与节理面粗糙体（ａｓｐｅｒｉｔｉｅｓ）的坡度密切相关。仅依据分形维数Ｄ不足以确定岩石节理的粗糙性与岩石节理力学行为之间的关系。在许多情况下，岩石节理的力学性质对截距Ａ的依赖程度大于对分维Ｄ的依赖程度     

Understanding the need for pre-injection from permeability measurements: What is the connection?

Pre-grouting ahead of tunnels has three main functions: to control water inflow into the tunnel, to limit groundwater drawdown above the tunnel, and to make tunnelling progress more predictable since rock mass quality is effectively improved. It helps to avoid settlement damage caused by consolidation of clay deposits beneath built-up areas, since towns tend to be built where terrain is more flat, due to the clay deposits. There are so many instances of settlement damage that the profession needs to take note of the need for high-pressure pre-grouting, to use micro-cements and micro-silica additives. The use of highpressure injection may cause joint jacking, but this is local in extent when the rapid pressure decay away from an injection hole is understood. This effect is variable and depends on the geometrical parameters of the joints. This pressure-decay advantage must not be violated by maintaining high pressure when grout flow from the injection hole has ceased. The latter can cause damage to the grouting already achieved. Simplified methods of estimating mean hydraulic apertures(e) from Lugeon testing are described, and from more sophisticated three-dimensional(3 D) permeability measurement. The estimation of the larger mean physical joint apertures(E) is based on the joint roughness coefficient(JRC).Comparison is then made with the empirical aperture-particle size criterion E 4 d95, where d95 represents almost the largest cement particle size. Depending on joint set orientations and on the available micro-cements, the decision must be made of which range of pre-injection pressure should be aimed for,using successive reductions of the water-cement ratio w/c. More simple estimation of permeability, also with depth dependence, can be made with the empirical link between a modified rock mass quality Q and permeability, which is termed QH2 O. The value of this parameter can be based on core-logging or intunnel face logging. The 3 D before-and-after-grouting permeability measurements have been used to justify the quantification of rock mass quality Q-parameter improvement, and the consequent increases in expected P-wave velocity and deformation modulus, for application in dam foundation treatment and its monitoring.     

随机形貌岩石节理剪切数值模拟和非线性剪胀模型

 采用满足正态分布的随机函数,构造岩石节理剖面的形貌,为研究受剪岩石节理的细观剪切特性和宏观剪胀效应提供研究基础。利用UDEC软件,基于CY微段节理模型,开发随机形貌岩石节理直剪特性的数值分析程序,采用CY微段节理模型的细观剪切力学参数,探讨微段节理的细观剪切特性和岩石节理的宏观剪切响应,提出节理抗剪强度参数与节理面粗糙度系数JRC之间的拟合关系。得到如下结论：JRC越大,岩石节理的宏观剪切峰值强度和剪胀角随之增大,而峰值剪切位移与JRC成反变化关系;随着法向应力的增加,节理的剪胀效应逐渐减弱;这些数值结论得到模型实验的充分验证。微段节理的细观切向爬坡和剪胀效应是岩石节理产生宏观剪胀的细观力学机制。通过对随机形貌岩石节理的宏观剪胀数值曲线性态进行分析,提出能考虑节理粗糙度JRC和法向应力影响的非线性剪胀本构模型,该模型较好描述了受剪岩石节理的剪缩段和剪胀段。