预压装配式预应力混凝土框架边柱拆除时抗连续倒塌性能试验研究与理论分析

对一榀二层二跨预压装配式预应力混凝土(PC)平面框架进行了静力拆除底层边柱的试验及理论分析,探究了裂缝发展、变形能力、破坏模式及连续倒塌机理。根据试验框架达到极限承载力时的状态,提出了边柱失效时简化的结构抗力分析模型,并推导出结构抗倒塌极限承载力的计算方法; 基于能量法建立近似的动力响应评估模型,根据试验框架静力加载荷载-位移曲线近似得到其在边柱瞬时失效时的动力响应曲线。结果表明:框架的受力过程可分为弹性、弹塑性、塑性铰以及倒塌4个阶段; 加载时试件的混凝土裂缝开展及破坏集中在失效边柱相邻区域框架梁两侧梁端结合部,除失效边柱外,其余框架柱以及失效柱远离区域框架梁端基本完好; 框架在小变形阶段按梁机制受力,存在压拱效应及空腹效应; 在大变形阶段不能按悬链线机制受力,由梁的受弯机制和空腹机制共同抵抗不平衡荷载; 边柱失效时预压装配式预应力混凝土框架最大抗力达到60.9 kN,最终倒塌位移为430 mm,梁端转角为10.0°～15.3°,具有较好的抗连续倒塌能力。     

Investigation of the influence of design and material parameters in the progressive collapse analysis of RC structures

This contribution deals with the modelling of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in the context of progressive collapse simulations. One-dimensional nonlinear constitutive laws are used to model the material response of concrete and steel. These constitutive equations are introduced in a layered beam approach, in order to derive physically motivated relationships between generalised stresses and strains at the sectional level. This formulation is used in dynamic progressive collapse simulations to study the structural response of a multi-storey planar frame subjected to a sudden column loss (in the impulsive loading range). Thanks to the versatility of the proposed methodology, various analyses are conducted for varying structural design options and material parameters, as well as progressive collapse modelling options. In particular, the effect of the reinforcement ratio on the structural behaviour is investigated. Regarding the material modelling aspects, the influence of distinct behavioural parameters can be evaluated, such as the ultimate strain in steel and concrete or the potential material strain rate effects on the structural response. Finally, the influence of the column removal time in the sudden column loss approach can also be assessed. Significant differences are observed in terms of progressive failure patterns for the considered parametric variations.     

Progressive collapse analysis of an RC structure

Progressive collapse denotes a failure of a major portion of a structure that has been initiated by failure in a relatively small portion of the structure. One approach to evaluate progressive collapse of structures is to study the effects of instantaneous removal of a load‐bearing element such as a column. An experimental program is carried out to study the behavior of a 3/8 scaled model of a continuous perimeter beam in a reinforced concrete frame structure following the removal of a supporting column. A detailed finite element model (FEM) is developed and verified to capture the behavior of the beam subjected to large deformation. In order to avoid a detailed FEM of the whole building and to efficiently capture the system response, a three‐dimensional nonlinear model of the structure using beam–column and shell elements is also developed. The two models are integrated through hybrid (substructuring) simulations. The potential progressive collapse of the structure and the dynamic load redistributions following column removals are studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

意外荷载作用下建筑结构抗连续性倒塌分析

本文对建筑结构连续倒塌的原因进行分析,探讨意外荷载作用下建筑结构连续性倒塌的分析方法,提出确定失效构件位置的原则,对竖向承重构件失效后荷载的施加范围做了调整。在此基础上,对6层的钢筋混凝土框架结构进行了连续性倒塌分析。分析结果表明,按我国现行规范设计的钢筋混凝土框架结构抗倒塌能力不足。底层内柱失效后,结构存在较大的连续...     

Progressive collapse resisting capacity of braced frames

In this study, the progressive collapse potential of braced frames was investigated using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. Eight different bracing types were considered and their performances were compared with those of a special moment‐resisting frame designed with the same design load. According to the pushdown analysis results, most braced frames designed per current design codes satisfied the design guidelines for progressive collapse initiated by loss of a first story interior column; however, most model structures showed brittle failure mode caused by buckling of braces and columns. Among the braced frames considered, the inverted‐V type braced frames showed superior ductile behaviour during progressive collapse. The nonlinear dynamic analysis results showed that all the braced structures remained in stable condition after sudden removal of a column, and their deflections were less than that of the moment‐resisting frame. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss—Part II: Application

The companion paper presents the principles of a new design-oriented methodology for progressive collapse assessment of multi-storey buildings. The proposed procedure, which can be implemented at various levels of structural idealisation, determines ductility demand and supply in assessing the potential for progressive collapse initiated by instantaneous loss of a vertical support member. This paper demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach by means of a case study, which considers sudden removal of a ground floor column in a typical steel-framed composite building. In line with current progressive collapse guidelines for buildings with a relatively simple and repetitive layout, the two principal scenarios investigated include removal of a peripheral column and a corner column. The study shows that such structures can be prone to progressive collapse, especially due to failure of the internal secondary beam support joints to safely transfer the gravity loads to the surrounding undamaged members if a flexible fin-plate joint detail is employed. The provision of additional reinforcement in the slab over the hogging moment regions can generally have a beneficial effect on both the dynamic load carrying and deformation capacities. The response can be further improved if axial restraint provided by the adjacent structure can be relied upon. The study also highlights the inability of bare-steel beams to survive column removal despite satisfaction of the code prescribed structural integrity provisions. This demonstrates that tying force requirements alone cannot always guarantee structural robustness without explicit consideration of ductility demand/supply in the support joints of the affected members, as determined by their nonlinear dynamic response.     

Robustness assessment of planar steel frames caused by failure of a side column under localized fire

Progressive collapse of a building structure under fire is a disaster that may cause heavy casualties and serious economic loss. However, there is a lack of codified method to assess fire‐induced progressive collapse of building structures. A global–local analysis method (GLAM) has recently been proposed by the authors and their colleagues to assess progressive collapse of steel buildings under localized fire, and its application on fire scenarios that causes one inner column to fail has been verified. This paper extends the application of GLAM to fire scenarios that causes a side column to fail in a planar steel frame. The predictions of the GLAM were validated against the results obtained from nonlinear dynamic analysis of the whole frame model. Besides, effects of location of the heated column at different storeys and load level of the frame were also studied. The results show that GLAM gives the same collapse predictions to the case studies with detailed nonlinear dynamic analysis. The differences between the critical load obtained from GLAM and that provided by the nonlinear dynamic analysis is within 7%. Therefore, GLAM has good applicability on robustness assessment of planar steel frames caused by failure of a side column under localized fire.     

多层组合钢框架建筑的三维非线性动力连续性倒塌分析——参数研究

采用3维有限元模型进行多层组合钢框架建筑的连续性倒塌分析。当柱突然倒塌时,该模型可以反映多层建筑的整体3维性能。基于该模型,用于分析不同材料的结构性能的参数:结构钢的强度,混凝土的强度和钢筋网格尺寸。通过参数分析,给出延缓连续性倒塌的设计措施。     

Evaluation of different loading simulation approaches for progressive collapse analysis of regular building frames

Applications of different loading simulation approaches to progressive collapse analysis of building frames subjected to sudden column loss are evaluated in this paper. Analytical investigation on the nonlinear static behaviour of a middle-supported clamped beam reveals that both the load-release and direct loading techniques will result in consistent response if the supporting force may be completely released. However, the dynamic load-displacement responses of eight building models indicate that the direct loading approach may predict less load capacity and larger displacement demand than the load-release one. The relative error in load-displacement response is more significant with the pseudo-static estimation. The difference in displacement response between the load-release and the direct loading or pseudo-static approaches may increase with the extent of plastification and number of storeys of the building frames. An empirical formula is proposed and validated for estimating the displacement error. The empirical formula may help for enhancing practical applications of the direct loading and pseudo-static approaches to progressive collapse analyses of low-to-medium rise, regular building frames.     

建筑结构倒塌过程模拟与防倒塌设计

针对结构性能的数值模拟方法进行了综合分析,基于离散单元法提出了结构倒塌分析的理论模型。通过试验研究了混凝土块体间碰撞的力学行为,并结合扩展的数值分析建立了混凝土块体在不同碰撞形式下的计算模型。针对建筑物内的局部爆炸作用,在分析构件反应的基础上采用离散单元法对结构平面及空间倒塌过程进行了数值模拟。建立了适用于任意加载路径的材料弹簧力-位移本构关系,据此分析了地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构以及砌体结构空间倒塌过程。采用基于OpenGL的图形建模技术,实现了结构倒塌过程数值模拟结果的三维可视化。模拟结果与振动台模型试验结果及工程实测结果比较表明,所采用的离散单元法适合结构大变形阶段的分析。为提高计算效率和精度,有必要采用多尺度的模拟分析。另外,对不同荷载及作用下建筑结构抗倒塌设计方法进行了总结。并指出结构参数对抗连续倒塌性能的影响、结构倒塌机理、实用的防连续倒塌设计方法以及地震作用下结构防倒塌定量设计方法等方面尚待深入研究,以便建立相应的防倒塌设计规范。图15参21     

钢筋混凝土抗震框架连续倒塌行为分析

以某抗震设防框架为研究对象,采用SAP2000有限元软件,依次拆除底层纵向边柱、横向边柱、角柱和内柱,研究抗震框架的倒塌破坏行为。以做功平衡原理建立了柱失效处梁配筋调整计算公式,并进行了配筋调整设计。结果表明:7度和8度抗震设防的框架结构仍会发生连续性倒塌,但是抗倒塌能力随着设防等级的提高而提高,抗震设计不能够完全替代抗倒塌设计;柱失效导致结构发生连续坍塌破坏的危险性由小到大依次为内柱、横向边柱、纵向边柱、角柱;梁铰机制在结构抗倒塌中的作用尤其重要,倒塌破坏时以梁的弯曲破坏为主,剪切破坏较少出现;线弹性静力分析计算的供需比最大值一般出现在失效柱上一层的相邻梁上,而非线性静力分析的最大破坏出现在与失效柱相连的梁上,但是二者对结构可能的失效位置判断基本一致。     

Dynamic increase factor for pushdown analysis of seismically designed steel moment-resisting frames

The independent threat scenario of sudden column loss under localised damage is usually considered in progressive collapse assessment. The effect of the sudden removal of a column is like the sudden application of the gravity load on the structure when significant deformations occur. This conventional approach is based on the simplifying but realistic hypothesis that the peak dynamic response can be assessed with reasonable accuracy using the nonlinear static response. In this approach, amplified gravity loads are applied to the bays that are affected by the removed column to compensate for the dynamic effects corresponding to the real load redistribution. The paper investigates the dynamic increase factor to be considered in the nonlinear pushdown analysis of seismically designed steel moment-resisting frames. The influence of the fundamental parameters involved in progressive collapse analysis was highlighted. The effect of various design variables, such as the number of stories, the number of bays, the location of the removed column and the level of seismic design load was investigated. The dynamic increase factor was estimated in a way to generate the best match of the peak dynamic responses through the nonlinear static analysis. Finally, the values obtained were expressed as a function of the vertical displacement at the location of the removed column and then compared with the GSA formulation based on the ductility factor.     

Influence of seismicity level and height of the building on progressive collapse resistance of steel frames

Influences of building height and seismicity level on progressive collapse resistance of buildings are investigated in this paper. For the height, 4‐story, 8‐story and 12‐story steel special moment resisting frames are focused. The obtained results indicate that taller buildings are safer against progressive collapse. To study the influence of seismicity level, different four‐story structures having special moment resisting frame systems are designed for different levels of seismicity, namely, very high, high, moderate and low. The structures are evaluated, using nonlinear dynamic method and two main scenarios of the codes, including sudden removal of a corner and a middle column in the first floor. Some graphs are presented for progressive collapse resistance of the structures, depending on their seismic base shears. It is shown that the structures designed for greater seismic base shears are more resistant against progressive collapse. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Progressive collapse analysis of high-rise building with 3-D finite element modeling method

Using the general purpose finite element package ABAQUS, a 3-D finite element model representing 20 storey buildings were first built in this paper to perform the progressive collapse analysis. Shell elements and beam elements were used to simulate the whole building incorporating non-linear material characteristics and non-linear geometric behavior. The modeling techniques were described in detail. Numerical results are compared with the experimental data and good agreement is obtained. Using this model, the structural behavior of the building under the sudden loss of columns for different structural systems and different scenarios of column removal were assessed in detail. The models accurately displayed the overall behavior of the 20 storey buildings under the sudden loss of columns, which provided important information for the additional design guidance on progressive collapse.     

Dynamic response and robustness of tall buildings under blast loading

Recently, extensive research has been focused on the progressive collapse analysis of the multi-storey buildings. However, most of the research is based on the alternative path method (APM) with sudden removal of the columns, ignoring the duration of the blast load working on the structures. In this paper, a 3-D numerical model with the direct simulation of blast load is proposed to study the real behavior of a 20 storey tall building under the blast loading. A typical package bomb charge of 15 kg was detonated on the 12th floor. The corresponding dynamic response of structure was studied in detail. The robustness of the building under blast load was assessed. Comparison between the proposed method and the APM was also made. It is found that, due to the uplift and downward pressure working on the slab, the column force under the direct blast simulation method is smaller than that of the alternative path method. The method to enhance the robustness of the buildings is also recommended.     

Progressive collapse resisting capacity of tilted building structures

In this study, the progressive collapse resisting capacities of tilted buildings are evaluated on the basis of arbitrary column removal scenario. As analysis model structures both regular and tilted moment‐resisting frames, structures with outrigger trusses, and tubular/diagrid structures are designed, their progressive collapse resisting capacities are evaluated by nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. It turns out that the tilting of the structures requires increased steel tonnage due to the increased p‐delta effect. In addition in the tilted structures the plastic hinges are more widely distributed throughout the bays and stories when a column is removed from a side or a corner of the structures. With the analysis results, it is concluded that the tilted building structures, once they are properly designed to satisfy a given design code, may have at least an equivalent resisting capacity for progressive collapse caused by sudden loss of a column. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Progressive collapse analysis of steel frames: Simplified procedure and explicit expression for dynamic increase factor

Progressive collapse refers to a phenomenon in which local damage in a primary structural element leads to total or partial structural system failure. When investigating the progressive collapse of structures, nonlinear dynamic procedures lead to more accurate results than static procedures. However, nonlinear dynamic procedures are very complicated and the evaluation or validation of the results can become very time consuming. Therefore, it is better to use simpler methods. For static analyses, the gravity force applied to the removed column bay should be multiplied by a constant factor of two. However, using a constant dynamic increase factor (DIF) is only appropriate for elastic systems. According to the optimal design of structures, the assumption of elastic behavior after column removal is conservative. Thus, it is necessary to establish an expression for DIF that considers inelastic responses. In this paper, a simplified analysis procedure for the progressive collapse analysis of steel structures is presented using the load displacement and capacity curve of a fixed end steel beam. The results of the proposed method are in good agreement with nonlinear dynamic analysis results. Also, the capacity curve, obtained by dividing the accumulated area under the nonlinear static load displacement curve by the corresponding displacement of the column removed point, is used to predict the progressive collapse resistance of the column removed structure. Finally, an explicit expression for the DIF is established for elastic-perfectly plastic and elastic plastic with catenary action behavior.     

Progressive collapse performance analysis of precast reinforced concrete structures

In this paper, the progressive collapse performance analysis of precast reinforced concrete (RC) structures is performed. A numerical simulation framework for precast RC structures is developed on the basis of the OpenSEES software, where the fiber frame element is used for beam and column type members and Joint2D element is used for the beam‐to‐column connections. The conjugated material models are then introduced, and a min–max failure criterion is imposed on the original models to reflect the steel fracture and concrete crushing when the structure is undergoing progressive collapse. In addition, to overcome the computational difficulties arisen from progressive collapse behavior, two enhanced nonlinear solutions , that is, the consistent quasi‐Newton algorithm and the explicit KR‐α algorithm, are employed, respectively, for static and dynamic analysis. A 10‐storey prototype precast RC structures is designed to verify the developed numerical framework, and the progressive collapse resisting mechanism of the structures is investigated through both static pushdown analysis and dynamic column‐removal analysis. Finally, influences of some typical parameters in precast RC structures on their progressive collapse performance are studied.     

Dynamic amplification factor for progressive collapse resistance analysis of an RC building

Linear static (LS), nonlinear static (NS) and nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted to estimate the progressive collapse resistance of a reinforced concrete building. The step‐by‐step procedure recommended by the US General Service Administration was used for the LS analysis. Load‐displacement response curves were compared to investigate the force‐based dynamic amplification factor (DAF), which was defined in this study. It was observed that a constant DAF equal to 2·0 was conservative for estimating the collapse resistance of a ductile column‐removed building. However, the LS procedure may fail to appropriately simulate the inelastic response of the building. A capacity curve, constructed from the NS load‐displacement response, may be applied to prediction of the collapse resistance and DAF for a column‐removed building. An analytical method was proposed to demonstrate the dependency of the DAF on hinge model parameters. The proposed method was capable of predicting the collapse resistance and the force‐based DAF of an inelastic structure under vertical downward loadings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构连续倒塌的竖向非线性动力分析

结构的连续倒塌分析（PCA）是结构抗连续倒塌能力定量评定和抗连续倒塌设计的基础,已成为当前国内外土木工程界的热点研究领域。本文基于备用荷载路径原理,采用考虑构件失效时长的竖向非线性动力分析方法,对钢筋混凝土平面框架结构进行了竖向连续倒塌分析,根据损伤结构的反应判断剩余结构能否抵抗连续倒塌,分析中考虑了将同一轴线不同楼层的框架柱逐根移除和将同一轴线所有楼层的框架柱同时移除这两种情况对结构倒塌失效模式的影响,探讨了失效时长对结构动力响应的影响,发现构件失效时长对剩余结构的响应有重大影响。研究表明,竖向非线性动力分析方法是结构抗连续倒塌设计与抗连续倒塌能力分析的一种有效方法。