寻回广场的人性与公民性:成都都江堰广场案例

论述了城市广场的含义，指出它应是人性与公民性的体现，是人与人的交流场所，是每个人参与社会、获得认同并以之为归属的场所，本质上是一种政治景观。然而，城市广场的人性与公民性早在欧洲巴洛克时代就已丧失，而在当今中国“城市化妆运动”中更是如此，一元化的社会意识使广场的人性与公民性只能在一些乡土景观中尚有遗存。随着中国日益走向民主政治和平民化时代，城市设计，特别是广场设计应首先召回其人性与公民性，用进步的物质环境积极推动社会意识的进步。以成都都江堰广场为例，探讨如何通过多元化的空间设计、可参与交流和聚会场所的设计、人，陛化的设计、亲水性设计，以及增强认同感与归属感的设计，来实现广场的人性与公民性的回归。     

Emerging Workplaces in Post-Functionalist Cities

ABSTRACT

This paper explores new types of workplaces that are emerging due to the growing flexibility in work arrangements and the use of information and communication technologies. In addition to home and office, third places, such as libraries and coffee shops, are increasingly used as temporary workplaces. Moreover, there is a proliferation of co-working spaces that are designed as temporary working locations. Thus, the boundaries between traditional urban functions have become blurred; different functions co-exist in the same spaces, and new functionalities emerge as people take spaces into new uses. We may call our cities “post-functionalist,” ones that are no longer based only on predetermined and designed functions. However, there has been little research on the spatial characteristics of these new workplaces as well as on the social features within these places. These phenomena have been empirically studied through observational studies, interviews, and spatial analyses of three such sites: Café Köket, Meetingpoint, and Helsinki Think Company in the city center of Helsinki. The results reveal new forms of appropriation of public and semi-public spaces for working purposes that have not yet been analyzed in the context of existing urban policies and practices. The findings provide input for future visions and the planning of new workplaces.     

Urban Acupuncture: Hybrid Social and Technological Practices for Hyperlocal Placemaking

Abstract

This paper considers an emerging planning practice that uses networked connections to interact with urban places and re-create enlivened cities. The paper presents “urban acupuncture” as a new planning approach that broadens communication and strategically targets interventions across the city. Defined as an approach, which, through the use of digital social networks and interactions, involves citizens and planners in place activations in order to stimulate and reinvigorate place, thus creating meaningful relationships between citizens and their urban settings. This paper uses the UR[BNE] Brisbane Festival 2012 as a qualitative case study of urban acupuncture, best defined as a hyper-localized healing treatment through place activation to enliven and recreate cities. It examines the challenges faced and opportunities embraced by a network of urban professionals. Their aim was to activate the underused urban spaces of central Brisbane through the festival's activities and events. The findings identify the key elements required to design public spaces using socially and technologically networked interactions.     

The Mixed-Use Sidewalk

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Around the globe, streets and sidewalks in cities are being contested as spaces that should be used for more than transportation. This article challenges our understanding of both property rights and public space by applying a property rights framework to situate sidewalk use debates. It analyzes and maps the sidewalk property regimes of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, through a novel integration of surveying and ethnography. The case illuminates the feasibility of a mixed-use sidewalk that can be shared between various kinds of uses and users. A mixed-use sidewalk that is both cooperative and livable is possible if planners incorporate time into planning space in order to expand the sidewalk's flexibility and if local society can renarrate and enforce new legitimacies on the sidewalk.

Takeaway for practice: Sidewalk space deserves more attention as an important public space. In our era of historic urbanization, we should reconceive sidewalks as a mixed-use space rather than an exclusively pedestrian zone. Moreover, North American planners would benefit from engaging with public space experiments happening in cities in the developing world.

Research support: This research was supported by MIT's School of Architecture and Planning, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, and the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.     

寻回广场的人性与公民性:以都江堰广场为例

本文论述了城市广场的含义,指出它本来是人性与公民性的体现,是人与人的交流场所,是每个人参与社会获得认同并以之为归属的场所,本质上是一种政治景观.然而,城市广场的人性与公民性早在欧洲巴洛克时代就已丧失,而在当今中国“城市化教运动“中更是如此,一元化的社会意识使广场的人性与公民性只能在一些乡土景观中尚有遗存.文章因此呼吁,随着中国日益走向民主政治和平民化时代,城市设计,特别是广场设计应首先召回其人性与公民性,用进步的物质环境,积极推动社会意识的进步.文章用经历三年实施完成的四川都江堰广场为例,探讨如何通过多元化的空间的设计,可参与交流和聚会场所的设计、人性化的设计、亲水性设计、增强认同感与归属感的设计,来实现广场的人性与公民性的回归.     

Planning and designing for the multiple use role of habitats in urban/suburban landscapes in the Great Basin

Most researchers agree that preserving, creating, and restoring urban wildlife habitats has to be an interdisciplinary undertaking if it is to succeed. Ecologists and wildlife biologists must be key participants. The culturally modified context of most urban habitats suggests that landscape architects also have a primary role to play.Open space in the urban/suburban environment is a scarce and valuable resource. Private and public sector pressure to convert these spaces to commercial or intensive recreational uses are immediate and intense. Presenting arguments to preserve or restore urban open space solely as habitat for wildlife is seldom successful. Decision makers are more likely to support urban wildlife habitat programs if other uses are also accommodated.There is a growing body of research data that suggests that wildlife are being adversely impacted by multiple uses of urban habitats. The challenge for planners and designers is to minimize adverse impacts and capitalize on those attributes of other uses that enhance habitat value. Planning for the temporal as well as spatial dimensions of site uses is required if the needs of wildlife are to be met.The paper presents three general areas in which landscape architects have traditionally contributed to an interdisciplinary approach to urban wildlife habitat planning: contextual perspective, problem solving process, and design/technical execution.Reflecting back on his past 10 years of experience as a landscape architect planning urban wildlife habitats, the author presents several case study projects in which: (A) accommodation of multiple use objectives, including wildlife habitat, was required; (B) interdisciplinary teams participated in the planning and design process; (C) key principles from the fields of landscape ecology, conservation biology and wildlife biology were applied to facility and activity location, habitat configuration, and management.Plans of completed projects are used to illustrate how habitat values were preserved or enhanced and multiple uses accommodated in public open spaces. The paper concludes with a brief summary of keys to success common to each project.     

Social needs of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal

Urban renewal districts have a relatively high concentration of elderly people. Open spaces are important for the elderly for enhancing social interaction and active aging. However, planning and design of open spaces tend to stress on the physical and safety needs of the elderly, while social needs are not frequently addressed. This study intends to identify whether the social needs of the elderly regarding the use of public open spaces in urban renewal districts are addressed in the standard planning and design guidelines which newly planned development and districts are often based upon. Eight focus groups were conducted in elderly community centers in two urban renewal districts in Hong Kong. The results indicate that elderly people consider ‘social and physical activities’, ‘community life facilities and services’ and ‘social network’, as well as a ‘clean and pleasant environment’ to be their most important needs. Thus, planners and designers should take into consideration these criteria for enhancing the social well-being of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal. Furthermore, it stresses that urban renewal districts are part of the elderly's past living experiences and established social networks, which is not the case in new developments and areas. As such, the users' actual needs should be elicited rather than perceived by planners and designers.     

景观细部控制的作用与启发——以厦门中山路历史街区为例

景观细部控制通常在空间景观控制中处于次要地位,并不被设计工作者重视。本文旨在从厦门中山路公共空间中的街道景观以及广场空间两方面的实例说明,通过一些弹性的方法及措施,规划设计与实施可以更有机的结合,同时历史街区保护性开发的实施可以更有建设性。     

南通市居住区公共空间风环境研究

城市气候的相关研究在高密度城市已广泛开展,但对中国的发展中城市而言尚缺乏相关研究。另一方面,居住区公共空间的风环境在很大程度上受到居住区的规划以及居住区内住宅类型的影响,并且居住区外部风环境质量对城市居民生活环境质量的影响尤其直接。研究选取南通市不同类型居住区的公共空间作为研究对象,对其风环境运用CFD技术进行相关模拟。在模拟的基础上进行合理分析与评估,并给出建设性的建议与意见。相关结果可用于今后对发展中城市的设计及规划实践,以期营造更为合理与宜居的居住区公共空间。     

电厂广场空间的探索与启示

本文针对全国近四十个电厂广场的调查研究,通过对电厂中广场存在的“模式化”、“缺乏人情味”、“广而非场”、“面积超大”等现象的分析,在广场的空间意识上得到了一些启示,提出了电厂中广场应掌握的一般尺度,并对淡化广场观念、扩展视野、灵活处理厂区各个外部空间(不一定都是广场) 的规划问题进行了探讨。     

走向多维弹性:深圳市弹性规划演进脉络研究

深圳市在探索能够适应外部环境变化的弹性规划方法,增强城市规划实效方面积累了大量的经验,现以深圳市城市规划实践为研究对象,从中提取弹性规划的技术方法,按照时间脉络将其划分为"外向"弹性规划、"外向+内向"弹性规划与"内向+过程"弹性规划三大发展阶段,从行动、内容与方法等方面梳理了弹性规划从静态蓝图式弹性规划到动态控制性弹性规划、从"最大值域"到"有限值域"、从具体弹性规划技术到总体弹性规划思路等发展演进特征,最终指出,走向多维弹性是当今城市规划发展的大势所趋     

Public space and the challenge of urban transformation in cities of emerging economies: Jeddah case study

Urban planning, design guidelines and new management practices have radically transformed public spaces in many countries. With fresh development decisions, urban spaces change spatially. This may improve places, increasing prosperity and extending expectations of modernization in many cities. However, widespread public disillusion and failures to produce environments reflecting local values can collectively shape public areas. This article contributes to debate about dynamism in such spaces. It explores how modernist approaches to planning and design alongside fractures in management practices in emerging cities have shaped the quality urban space. We use Jeddah as a radically re-planned city in a rapidly developing economy, but one where largely unusable public spaces have failed to meet people's everyday needs and aspirations. Our investigation – based on extensive literature reviews, documentary analyses, morphological survey, photographic and qualitative surveys – provides a better understanding of the role of a proactive urban design for promoting environmental quality. This helps resolve the multiple challenges confronting public space provision.     

Culture Change as Identity Regulation: The Micro-Politics of Producing Spatial Planners in England

Attempts to reform planning systems often draw into question the attitudes and commitments of the planners charged with realising change. Since 2001 the English planning system has been subject to a complex series of reforms designed to modernise its workings. Central to this have been calls for a culture change, focusing on professional planners in the public sector. The discourse of culture change is rooted in the managerialist thinking that has been central to long-term processes of state restructuring. Du Gay describes this as a project designed to change the identities of public servants. This article therefore explores the messy ways in which reform has sought to re-regulate the identities of English planners, and the response from planners themselves as they have begun to negotiate these changes to their identities and practices. It is argued that attentiveness to the lived experience of change can help to inform a more critical and nuanced account of the normative promises of planning reform.     

室内环境中甲醛含量检测的不确定度评定

采用《公共场所空气中甲醛测定方法》（GB/T18204．26—2000）的规定对室内空气中甲醛含量进行检测。利用最小二乘法建立回归曲线和数学模型,对影响不确定的各个要素进行计算,从而最终得到检测值的不确定度。     

Retrofitting business suburbia: competition,transformation, and challenges in metropolitan Boston’s suburban office parks

This paper examines the retrofitting and redevelopment of suburban office parks, and in particular, the planning, design, and policy issues and challenges associated with this redevelopment. Recent literature indicates a shift of suburban business development in favor of increasingly competitive central cities, a dilemma for planners charged with revitalizing aging suburban business parks. To understand the nature and causality of suburban office park retrofitting and redevelopment, we conducted 13 qualitative, semi-structured interviews with planners, developers, and officials in the inner Boston metropolitan region. Interviews indicated increasing obsolescence, with widespread redevelopment as a coping strategy. Strategies included densification, mixed uses, enhanced public spaces, and attempts to enhance transit. We examine two case studies: Northwest Park in Burlington, MA, and Needham Crossing, in Needham, MA: both are former office parks redeveloped as mixed-use developments. Our research clarifies the nature and types of physical redevelopment, as well as the specific motivations behind redevelopment as a planning strategy for enhancing the viability of aging suburban office developments.     

城市经营理念下的规划职能转变与体系重构

城市经营理念的引入为规划价值观的更新提供了契机，促成了城市规划体系从传统的刚性控制规划到积极的柔性引导规划的变革。城市经营理念要求规划师将理性与理想相结合，以策划的方式对城市发展提出合理的建议，最大程度地实现城市公共服务的有效性。     

A hybrid knowledge-based method for pipe renewal planning in Water Distribution Systems with limited data: Application to Iran

This study uses a hybrid knowledge-based method for pipe renewal planning in Water Distribution Systems (WDSs), which is useful when data are limited. The method is applied to eight Iranian WDSs to demonstrate its effectiveness. An evolutionary systems design negotiation method was used to identify planning criteria for pipe renewal by a 17-member team of expert planners. A group of 48 experienced system operators then ranked the criteria by a nominal group technique. The results indicate when accurate operational data are limited, it is possible to use the combined expertise of knowledgeable planners and experienced operators for planning pipe renewal.     

15分钟社区生活圈视角的单元规划公共服务设施布局评估:以上海市黄浦区为例

为落实“上海2035”总体规划,突出以人为本的发展内涵,以15分钟社区生活圈作为载体,打造“宜居、宜业、宜学、宜游”的社区。上海市新一轮单元规划要求向上承接总体规划,向下指导控制性详细规划编制和调整,重点统筹协调生态空间、公益性设施和文化风貌等底线型内容,落实15分钟社区生活圈。选取上海市黄浦区为研究区域,基于15分钟社区生活圈理念,采用步行指数方法,试图揭示单元规划公共服务设施布局的可步行性和合理性,以及与城市居住空间结构布局的关系,结果表明,整体上新一轮单元规划公共服务设施布局合理,可步行性较高的街坊主要分布在老西门街道和半淞园路街道;单元规划居住用地空间布局与15分钟社区生活圈格局具有高度相关性。研究结果可为研究区单元规划公共服务设施的规划编制与优化布局提供参考,并可为其他地区公共服务设施的评估提供一定的借鉴意义。     

人本规划体系的建构及意义

以人的全面发展为价值基础的科学发展观的建立,为城市规划奠定了理论基础,为我们重新认识和实践城市规划提供了一个全新视角和行为方式。基于此,通过人的活动探讨城市空间的生成,以城市规划在城市空间融合中的作用为出发点建构城市规划体系,具有重要的现实意义,不仅有利于城市规划科学性地位的确立,有利于建立人与城市规划之间的有机联系,还有利于城市规划为和谐社会建立基础,为创新城市创造条件。     

Reality check: Planning education in the African urban century

Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa owes much to the colonial legacies that inform the shape and composition of African urban spaces and places. This applies to legislation, institutional systems and planning education. In 2008, the Association of African Planning Schools AAPSs embarked on a 3-year initiative on the revitalisation of planning education in Africa, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. The aim of the project was to propose ways through which the training of urban planners can be more responsive to the special circumstances of African urbanisation. This paper reflects on this initiative.