Planning The Expo

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Many cities have adopted minimum parking requirements, but there is relatively poor information about how parking infrastructure has grown. We estimate how parking has grown in Los Angeles County (CA) from 1900 to 2010 and how parking infrastructure evolves, affects urban form, and relates to changes in automobile travel using building and roadway growth models. We find that since 1975 the ratio of residential off-street parking spaces to automobiles in Los Angeles County is close to 1.0 and the greatest density of parking spaces is in the urban core, while most new growth in parking occurs outside of the core. In total, 14% of Los Angeles County's incorporated land is committed to parking. Uncertainty in our space inventory is attributed to our building growth model, on-street space length, and the assumption that parking spaces were created as per the requirements.

Takeaway for practice: The continued use of minimum parking requirements is likely to encourage automobile use at a time when metropolitan areas are actively seeking to manage congestion and increase transit use, biking, and walking. Widely discussed ways to reform parking policies may be less than effective if planners do not consider the remaining incentives to auto use created by the existing parking infrastructure. Planners should encourage the conversion of existing parking facilities to alternative uses.     

Off-street parking policy surprises in Asian cities

This paper provides an international comparative perspective on non-residential, off-street parking policy in 14 large metropolitan areas in East, Southeast and South Asia. These are regions where parking challenges are widespread and acute. It utilises a new typology which groups parking policy approaches into ‘conventional’, ‘parking management’ and ‘market-oriented’ categories. Several distinct parking policy orientations are identified among the cities studied. Given their characteristics (most have relatively low car-ownership, high-density development and high usage of public transport) Asian cities might be expected to have off-street parking policies akin to those of many older areas in western cities. Yet, most of the Southeast and South Asian cities studied have parking policies that are surprisingly conventional and promoting of automobile-dependence. It is less surprising that a number of cities, mostly in East Asia, do not have such an auto-centric conventional approach. However, it is a surprise that their parking policies still involve minimum parking requirements and have generally not adopted the most common alternative to the conventional approach (parking management).     

Growth of metro cities in India: trends,patterns and determinants

Using city-level census data this paper examines the trends, patterns and determinants of metro city growth in India and finds that the post-economic reforms period has heralded a rapid pace of metropolitan development, causing a dispersed pattern of metropolitan growth in the last two decades. The empirical results show that metro cities located along a riverbank and situated in the northern, eastern and southern regions of India; cities with better quality public services and those which are state capitals are revealed to grow faster than others. A proximity to a large city also spurs on nearby urban centres to become larger, highlighting agglomeration effects. In contrast, initial city size has a negative impact on metro growth, reflecting some conditional convergence in population growth across cities. It is also found that the older cities have not grown at a rapid pace, with many of them flagging remarkably low demographic growth, suggesting a process of population drift towards the periphery from the core city areas, thereby leading to an ‘agglomerated trend’ of metropolitan development in India. Finally, we argue that diverting investment and development projects towards regressive regions as well as to secondary cities for strengthening their infrastructure and economic bases may herald sustainable and balanced metropolitan development.     

Conception of an underground parking system

Because of daily traffic congestion and/or frequent traffic accidents, roads in Japan's urban areas do not necessarily meet the basic requirements of providing safe and smooth traffic functions. In addition, chronic illegal on-street parking exacerbates an already difficult situation. In Tokyo, the lack of sufficient parking facilities already is causing severe social problems. This problem must be solved by building more parking areas; however, the increasing urbanization and high urban land prices make this difficult to do. Therefore, future parking facilities will need to integrate various uses of urban space and should be identified as a part of the traffic infrastructure. This paper proposes a tunnel-type parking system that can be constructed in underground space that is not utilized efficiently under present circumstances.     

Using car parking requirements to promote sustainable transport development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The aims of this paper are to review the current practices of car parking standards in the UK, the USA, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA); to draw the main lessons learned from experiences of the UK and the USA; and to suggest suitable improvements in the standards of car parking requirements in the KSA. The paper follows a comparative approach in reviewing car parking standard requirements according to different types of land use in the UK, the USA, and the KSA. The article illustrates that transportation planners in the UK and the USA use parking policies, especially the application of car parking standards, along with other planning and transport measures to promote sustainable transport choices, to reduce reliance on cars, and to reduce traffic and air pollution. Local authorities in the UK and the USA have moved from requiring minimum standards for car parking to maximum standards. The aim of maximum parking standards is to decrease the number of trips made by private cars whilst seeking to maintain and enhance the viability of economic centres and support sustainable development. In the KSA, authorities still adhere to minimum car parking standards. Moreover, the car parking requirements are not correlated with city zoning systems. The paper concludes with some thoughts on how to improve the current parking requirements in KSA cities.     

Parking Policies in China’s Metropolises: Rationales,Consequences, and Implications

Metropolises in China, a rapidly motorizing nation, are confronted with the challenge of managing parking pressures. Given the generally increased affordability of cars, most local authorities are making efforts to provide more parking spaces to accommodate additional cars. Although the worldwide paradigm of managing parking is shifting from a supply-focused approach to a restraint mind-set, China has been slow to follow this trend. To untangle the factors that contribute to delays implementing desirable parking policy reforms, this paper examines the development of parking policies in China. This paper characterizes the challenge of parking in Chinese cities as a spatio-temporal mismatch. In the context of rapid motorization, local authorities are subject to political pressure to cater to the increased parking demand by increasing the minimum parking requirements. However, this approach fails to mitigate parking shortages and results in unintended consequences, including relatively high parking density in central and transit-rich areas and imbalanced parking across neighbourhoods. This paper suggests four strategies, including market-based pricing, geographically differentiated supply regulations, and district-based parking management (“Parking management is referred to as various policies and programs that result in more efficient use of parking resources”). These strategies represent policy-reform targets to establish more efficient parking systems in rapidly motorizing urban settings worldwide.     

Repealing minimum parking requirements in Buffalo: new directions for land use and development

Minimum parking requirements, which mandate off-street parking and have been a staple of American zoning codes for more than 80 years, are slowly falling out of favor due to incompatibility with sustainable urbanism, equity, and social responsibility. A new zoning ordinance in Buffalo, New York completely removes minimum parking requirements citywide, relieving developers and property owners from the mandate to provide off-street parking. This article performs a comparative analysis of guidelines in the zoning code before and after reform and examines the public engagement process that produced the change in parking control. Strong support for and little opposition to this zoning change suggest less resistance than anticipated to policies that formalize a reduction in off-street parking facilities. Findings suggest that removing minimum parking requirements is easiest where off-street parking requirements are least needed, and that the planning team in Buffalo proposed a bold idea after it detected, from special interest groups and the public, initial support for removing parking requirements. The article provides direction for future research to evaluate the repeal of minimum parking requirement and its effects on transport, the environment, and the economy.     

城市居住区停车问题研究

针对目前我国各城市居住区停车日益突出的问题，探讨了我国城市居庄区存在的主要停车问题，并对其产生的原因进行了剖析，从居住区配建停车指标和停车方式两方面，提出了如何解决居住区停车问题。     

特大城市公园出行可持续性调研——上海实例研究

中国城市的绿地系统建设在当前快速的城市化进程巾获得迅速发展,但其对于城市可持续发展的实际成效有待进一步评价研究.针对当前中国特大城市面临的日益严峻的交通问题,通过对上海公园绿地建设发展过程的总结回顾,探讨其快速城市化导致的城市公园绿地的系统重构特征;并通过调研11处样本公园的游人出行方式,探讨这种重构对于居民游憩出行方式选择的实际影响,以评价当前中国特大城市的绿地建设模式是否有助于发展其城市交通的可持续性,从而指导其进一步的规划、建设和管理.     

大城市职住空间匹配及其与轨道交通的协调发展研究:以深圳市为例

轨道交通将高密度职住空间串联,主要是从客流生成的角度促进人们更多地使用轨道交通和减少小汽车的使用,还需要从客流流动的角度考虑职住空间匹配的需求以及其与轨道交通的协调关系.以深圳市作为研究案例,采用建筑普查数据、社保信息数据、居住人口数据和轨道交通刷卡数据等多源信息数据,通过分析深圳市的职住空间分布特征及其与轨道交通的关系,探讨职住空间匹配问题及其与城市轨道交通的互动协调.研究提出:发展轨道型职住匹配,关注低生活成本居住空间的供给,但不能以轨道型职住匹配替代近域型职住匹配;弱化轨道交通的长距离通勤功能,基于就业中心的集聚构建生活通勤圈,形成客流流动的多中心城市格局.     

谈城市停车场的规划与设计

鉴于合理规划城市停车场的重要性,对当前城市中存在的停车问题和对策进行了分析,提出了停车场规划与设计需遵循的原则、技术准则及注意事项,并给出了几点完善城市停车场规划设计的建议。     

城市公共空间停车问题分析与对策

针对城市停车泊位短缺、利用率低、“停车难,乱停车”的问题,选取济南市作为案例,从问题总结、成因分析等方面进行了论述,继而提出了解决城市公共空间停车问题的具体对策与建议,以期解决城市公共空间的停车问题。     

Intelligent transportation systems and parking management: implementation potential in a Brazilian city

The problems arising from the gap between demand and supply of parking spaces are becoming increasingly acute in most towns and cities. These difficulties are noted mainly in more densely populated areas that are poorly served by public transportation facilities and where the planning and use of existing areas is inadequate. The importance of controlling parking spaces as an integral element of the traffic and trip demand management process, together with the need to ensure a close-linked conceptual approach, has been defined and defended for quite some time. This paper presents a methodological procedure that underpins the feasibility of implementing an integrated parking system based on telematics resources. This procedure includes the development of a logic architecture for processing and transferring data and information. In order to test the proposed procedure, a medium-sized Brazilian town in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region—Niterói—was considered. A specific survey area covering some two square kilometres with a significant number of parking facilities was selected for the analysis. The results expected through the implementation of the proposed system indicate that the resulting benefits would include possibly lower levels of traffic congestion in the area under consideration, while also reducing air pollution.     

A network traffic assignment model for autonomous vehicles with parking choices

This article is the first in the literature to investigate the network traffic equilibrium for traveling and parking with autonomous vehicles (AVs) under a fully automated traffic environment. Given that AVs can drop off the travelers at their destinations and then drive to the parking spaces by themselves, we introduce the joint equilibrium of AV route choice and parking location choice, and develop a variational inequality (VI)‐based formulation for the proposed equilibrium. We prove the equivalence between the proposed VI model and the defined equilibrium conditions. We also show that the link flow solution at equilibrium is unique, even though both the route choices and parking choices are endogenous when human‐occupied AV trips (from origin to destination) and empty AV trips (from destination to parking) are interacting with each other on the same network. We then develop a solution methodology based on the parking‐route choice structure, where we adjust parking choices in the upper level and route choices in the lower level. Numerical analysis is conducted to explore insights from the introduced modeling framework for AV network equilibrium. The results reveal the significant difference in network equilibrium flows between the AV and non‐AV situations. The results also indicate the sensitivity of the AV traffic pattern to different factors, such as value of time, parking pricing, and supply. The proposed approach provides a critical modeling device for studying the traffic equilibrium under AV behavior patterns, which can be used for the assessment of parking policies and infrastructure development in the future era of AVs.     

城市住宅小区停车问题及解决对策研究——以苏州市为例

随着我国城市汽车保有量的快速增长,住宅小区停车服务相对滞后,停车问题日益突出。在对苏州市住宅小区停车的实际调研及理论研究基础上,分析城市住宅小区停车存在的问题,如停车位供需矛盾、管理及规划不足、设施建设标准偏低、所有权归属多样、物业管理欠缺等问题。借鉴国内外典型地区城市住宅小区停车的做法,提出合理控制居民民用汽车保有率、科学规划、市场化刺激、拓展停车方式、加强物业管理等措施,以助苏州乃至全国城市住宅小区提升停车管理水平、解决停车问题。     

Urban Industrial Land Loss and Foreign Direct Investment-Related Manufacturing Job Sprawl: An Atlanta,Georgia MSA Case Study

Using longitudinal data from the National Establishment Time-Series dataset, this paper presents research on intra-metropolitan spatial patterns of manufacturing employment created by foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. A panel regression analysis reveals that the loss of urban industrial land in the central metro area is associated with the suburbanization of FDI manufacturing jobs over time. Based on the key findings of the analyses, the paper discusses the policy implications of job losses in urban manufacturing and some strategies for attracting and retaining these jobs.     

What is Driving the Growth of New “Sunbelt” Metropolises? Quality of Life and Urban Regimes in Greater Phoenix and Brisbane-South East Queensland Region

In this paper we explore the conditions leading to the evolution and eventual weakening of urban regimes by comparing two sunbelt metropolitan areas in two continents. While Greater Phoenix is selected to represent the US case, the Brisbane-South East Queensland region provides a similar representative case in Australia. Both Greater Phoenix and Brisbane-SEQ have been the top or close to the top performers in population growth and economic growth compared to other metropolitan regions in their respective countries. In both cases coalitions of development interests and public officials created conditions for increasing rates of population growth and expansion of metropolitan territories. As growth pressures mounted over time leading to a deterioration of quality of life, local politics began to revolve around local issues of congestion, pollution, and better urban services. This paper explores the changing nature of urban growth coalitions and discusses their implications for the respective metropolitan futures.     

Modelling 3D spatial enclosure of urban open spaces

Existing urban open space typologies within dense urban fabrics cannot meet society’s open space requirements in developing countries’ metropolitan cities, such as Istanbul. Because of high building densities, it is a challenging task to create new open spaces within urban cores. Developing new tools that work with the existing built environment is crucial to reveal ‘opportunity spaces’ that can act as breathing points within dense urban fabrics. In this research, a new model is developed to evaluate the 3D spatial enclosure of open spaces using basic geometrical properties and geographic information system (GIS) tools. As a case study, Istanbul’s changing spatial organization is analyzed using this model.     

香港轨道交通车辆基地综合利用的经验及对上海的启示

从综合利用的条件、相关机制及城市管理等方面分析香港轨交车辆基地综合利用的规划经验,同时梳理上海轨交车辆基地的基本情况,本着节约集约和可持续发展的原则,在科学统筹、系统研究、保障基地基本功能需求的前提下,从总体层面探索上海市轨道交通车辆基地的综合利用。