装配式梁桥概率地震需求分析

装配式梁桥在公路桥梁系统中应用广泛,其概率地震需求分析对实现桥梁基于性能的抗震设计与评估至关重要。采用增量动力分析(IDA)方法,选择阻尼比为5%、与结构基本周期对应的谱加速度作为地震动强度指标,选择墩顶侧移率作为工程需求参数,提出装配式梁桥概率地震需求模型建立方法。利用典型装配式梁桥为计算实例,通过有限元软件OpenSees建立了分析模型。根据场地类型,选取20条地震波进行非线性时程分析,通过调幅得到380个计算工况。利用回归分析建立工程需求参数和地震动强度指标关系,并获得给定地震动强度指标下地震需求易损性。     

浅埋地铁车站地下框架结构抗震设计的最优地震动强度指标

本文旨在研究浅埋地铁车站地下框架结构概率地震需求分析中的最优地震动强度指标。基于ABAQUS/Standard软件平台，建立地下框架结构土-结构相互作用分析的二维模型，采用非线性动力时程分析方法获得了3种断面的地铁车站框架结构在22条远场地震动记录激励下的非线性地震反应数据。以峰值层间位移角作为结构损伤参数，基于效率性、实用性、有益性及充分性对15种地震动强度指标进行了检验分析。结果表明：PGA最适合作为地震动强度指标进行浅埋地铁车站地下框架结构的概率地震需求分析，速度反应谱与PGV可作为备选强度指标；PGD、位移均方根、速度平方积分，与位移平方积分等强度指标均未能满足充分性检验，不适用于浅埋地铁车站地下框架结构概率地震需求分析。上述结论可对指导浅埋地下结构基于性能的抗震设计、发展和完善现有地下结构概率地震需求模型地震动强度指标的确定方法提供有价值的参考。     

粘滞阻尼减震SDOF体系的地震响应与地震动强度指标相关性研究

为了准确预测和分析粘滞阻尼减震结构的地震响应特性,需选用合适的地震动强度指标控制地震动的输入。本文建立了粘滞阻尼减震双线型SDOF体系的计算模型,选取了22条远场地震波,通过非线性时程分析计算了结构的地震响应,详细分析了粘滞阻尼减震SDOF体系的地震响应与18种地震动强度指标的相关性,提出了计算结构的综合地震响应与地震动强度指标相关性的理论公式。研究表明,在0.1sT0.6s周期段,结构的综合地震响应与地震动的峰值加速度PGA相关性较高,建议选用地震动的峰值加速度PGA作为粘滞阻尼减震结构抗震分析用地震动强度指标;在T=0.6~2s周期段,结构的综合地震响应与地震动的峰值速度PGV相关性较高,建议选用地震动的峰值速度PGV作为粘滞阻尼减震结构抗震分析用地震动强度指标;在2sT6s周期段,结构的综合地震响应与地震动的第一周期谱速度Sa相关性较高,建议选用地震动的第一周期谱速度Sa作为粘滞阻尼减震结构抗震分析用地震动强度指标。     

结构需求概率危险性分析中强震记录选取研究#br#

目前结构性态地震工程中易损性曲线传统计算流程对强震记录选取不够重视,鲜有对目标场址地震概率危险性的考虑,因而以同时考虑地震概率危险性和结构自振周期特性的条件均值谱作为记录选取依据,将结果应用到IDA方法和条带法中,并与地震事件随机散布的传统云图法进行对比。以某八层平面框架作为算例,将云图法与IDA方法以及条带法在四种极限状态下的结构需求易损性曲线以及结构需求概率危险性曲线进行对比分析。其中,随机选取两组地震事件（M,R）分布范围相仿的强震记录进行云图法计算,二者结果由于不可控的地震动不确定性而存在显著差异,但IDA方法与条带法由于采用条件均值谱对地震动进行了控制,彼此结果基本一致,更符合实际工程场址的危险性需求,同时为后期不同区域的结构性态分析损失评估提供了依据。     

结构需求概率危险性分析中强震记录选取研究

目前结构性态地震工程中易损性曲线传统计算流程对强震记录选取不够重视,鲜有对目标场址地震概率危险性的考虑,因而以同时考虑地震概率危险性和结构自振周期特性的条件均值谱作为记录选取依据,将结果应用到IDA方法和条带法中,并与地震事件随机散布的传统云图法进行对比。以某八层平面框架作为算例,将云图法与IDA方法以及条带法在四种极限状态下的结构需求易损性曲线以及结构需求概率危险性曲线进行对比分析。其中,随机选取两组地震事件(M,R)分布范围相仿的强震记录进行云图法计算,二者结果由于不可控的地震动不确定性而存在显著差异,但IDA方法与条带法由于采用条件均值谱对地震动进行了控制,彼此结果基本一致,更符合实际工程场址的危险性需求,同时为后期不同区域的结构性态分析损失评估提供了依据。     

基于条件谱记录选取的工程需求概率危险性计算方法

传统云图法和条带法计算工程需求概率危险性曲线(EDHC)时,存在地震危险性水平不可控、理想假设过多和计算成本较大等弊端。在第三代性态地震工程的框架思路下,对现有条带法进行改进,以条件目标谱作为记录选取依据,得到了考虑场址地震危险性特征的EDHC改进计算方法。采用自振周期约为1.0s的10层钢筋混凝土平面框架作为结构算例进行验证。以中国某场址地震安全性评价实例为设定地震解耦依据,构建不同场址地震动危险性水平下条件周期T=1.0s的条件目标谱簇。在进行多危险性水平下的记录选取后,采用改进条带法计算目标结构最大层间位移角和顶层位移的EDHC曲线。与传统云图法的计算结果对比表明,云图法的诸多假设在高地震动输入水平下并不严格成立,最终导致EDHC曲线在年超越概率不大于2%时被显著高估。而采用改进条带法的计算结果表明,即使采用与结构自振周期相关性较弱的0.01s作为条件周期进行后续调幅和选波,与基于Sa(T=1.0s)的EDHC计算结果依然可以保持较好一致性。研究结果证明：该方法可以控制各调幅条带下记录的地震危险性水平一致,且与选择的地震动强度指标无关,可以在计算工程需求概率危险性时合理考虑目标场址的地震危险性特性。     

结构的弹塑性位移比及R-μ-T关系的分析

在估计已知强度或延性的现有结构在不同地震动强度下的最大地震弹塑性反应时,弹塑性位移比谱和等延性强度谱是十分准确有效的.通过对342条地震记录进行单自由度体系的弹塑性时程分析,研究了三个特征周期设计分组在不同延性系数下的弹塑性位移比谱特性以及等延性强度谱的特性,通过非线性回归分析建立了等延性位移比谱和等延性强度谱,给出了回归计算公式.研究表明:(1)弹塑性位移比谱在周期为0~1.0 s时谱值随周期的增加急剧下降,下降区间的终点与地震分组有关,之后谱曲线转入平缓,且延性系数对平缓段的曲线影响较小;(2)延性系数μ＞1时,等延性强度谱在周期区间为0~1.0 s时谱值随周期的增加急剧增长,上升区间的终点与地震分组有关,之后谱曲线增长较为平缓,等延性强度谱随延性系数增加而增加;(3)等延性位移比谱和等延性强度谱的回归计算公式能反映延性位移比和折减系数的统计规律,可应用于实际工程.     

地震动记录选择与调整对RC框架结构地震响应影响研究

合理的地震动记录选择与调整是影响结构非线性时程分析结果可靠度的重要因素之一。选择7组地震动记录分别运用谱匹配方法和按结构基本周期对应谱加速度Sa(T1)调整方法进行调整,并分别对5层和11层钢筋混凝土平面框架输入调整后的地震动记录,进行单一强度水准下的非线性时程分析,提取结构最大层间位移角和最大残余层间位移角为工程需求参数进行了离散性分析和偏差研究。分析结果表明,选择合理的地震动记录进行调整和对目标谱的匹配可以减小结构地震响应分析结果的离散性,且响应分析结果不会出现较大程度的偏差|相同强度Sa(T1)下,结构地震响应分析结果随条件谱谱形参数ε的增大而减小。     

超高层结构地震响应与地震动强度指标相关性研究

作为性能化抗震设计方法中的重要内容,地震动强度指标将地面运动的各项特性与结构地震响应紧密地联系起来。在总结分析地震动强度指标研究现状及问题的基础上,针对框架-核心筒结构,本文探究了地震作用下结构的多种地震响应与不同地震动强度指标之间的相关性及其变化规律。通过分析给出了不同周期段超高层建筑在抗震分析中地震动强度指标的选取建议。     

建筑结构弹塑性时程分析中地震动记录选取方法的比较研究

选择合适的地震动记录是采用弹塑性时程分析预测建筑结构地震响应的基础。列举了现有针对不同分析目的的三种地震动记录选取方法,比较了按不同方法建立的地震动记录选择集的地面运动峰值和反应谱特性,并通过分析两个不同初始周期框架结构的弹塑性地震响应,对不同地震动记录选取方法的分析结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,基于设计反应谱和基于最不利地震动的选取方法均与结构的初始周期相关,当结构在地震作用下刚度退化比较明显时,这些方法有可能难以达到预期的目标;而当地震动强度指标恰当、且选取的地震动记录数量较多时,基于台站和地震信息的选取方法不会造成过大的结构弹塑性地震响应的离散性,同时这种方法不依赖于结构的动力特性,操作简便,适用性强,适于在研究不同结构类型和不同动力特性建筑结构的抗震性能时应用。     

Effects of near-fault ground motions and equivalent pulses on multi-story structures

The focus of this paper is the structural response of multi-story structures to near-fault ground motions, and whether structural response is dominated by the ground motion pulses present in forward-directivity ground motions. Also considered is whether simplified pulses are capable of representing the effects of these pulses on structural response. Incremental Dynamic Analysis was employed to assess the effects of forward-directivity pulses on the response of near-fault multi-story structures. Three different generic multi-story shear buildings were subjected to fifty four near-fault ground motions including ordinary and forward-directivity records. The Maximum Story Displacement Ductility Demand was selected as the Engineering Demand Parameter. Results showed that pulse-like forward-directivity ground motions impose a larger ductility demand to the structure compared to ordinary ground motions. Moreover, the response of the structures to forward-directivity motions shows higher scatter than the response to ordinary ground motions when correlated with simple intensity measures such as PGA or spectral acceleration at the first mode period. The only intensity measure that appears to be valid for both ordinary and forward-directivity ground motions is the peak ground velocity. The structural response to the forward directivity ground motions was reproduced using an equivalent pulse model based on the modified Gabor Wavelet pulse. It is shown that when the ratio of pulse period to the fundamental structural period falls in a range of 0.5-2.5, the equivalent pulse model appropriately represents the structural response to forward-directivity ground motions. The simplified pulse parameters can be predicted using existing relationships and can be incorporated into probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to develop a seismic reliability analysis. Finally, the effects of damping ratio and P-Δ were investigated for forward-directivity ground motions. The effect of variations in the damping ratio on the ductility demand was insignificant while P-Δ-effects on the ductility demand are significant.     

Seismic performance of viaducts with probabilistic method

Due to the uncertainty of both ground motions and structural capacity, it is necessary to consider the seismic performance of viaduct structures using the probabilistic method. The risk is quantified by a procedure on the basis of a numerical determination of the fragility curves. A group of ground motions, Large Magnitude-Short Distance Bin (LMSR-N), selected specially due to its response spectra, is accorded well with the corresponding spectra of the Chinese code for seismic design. The characteristic values of the curvature ductility factors for the serviceability and the damage control limit states are obtained, and two equations for estimating the characteristic values of the curvature ductility factors are developed through regression analysis. Then, the serviceability and damage control limit states were proposed. Three damage states were constituted according the results of the experiment by Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center. The analytical fragility curves were obtained specifically, using both Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) (non-linear static) analysis and Ineremental Dynamic Method (IDM) (non-linear dynamic) analysis, respectively, in this paper. The structural fragility curves developed by CSM method can help make the structural analysis simple and quick, avoiding the implementation of the dynamic response history analysis (RHA). Although the dynamic RHA requires a lot of complicated analysis for the structure, the results from RHA are reliable and accurate. Fragility curves are powerful tools for use in performance-based seismic bridge design.     

反应谱离散性对梁桥概率地震需求预计的影响

以一座三跨非规则钢筋混凝土连续梁桥为例,选择2组实际地震波作为输入地面运动,通过IDA分析探讨地震波反应谱的离散度对于梁桥结构概率地震需求预计的影响,得到以下结论：实际地震波的反应谱离散度与桥梁结构概率地震需求预计的离散度密切相关;针对基于概率理论的PBEE和PBSD,合理的选择实际地震波进行动力分析,可以使地震需求的概率分布更加符合实际情况,提高概率地震需求预计、易损性曲线等计算结果的精确性和计算效率。     

基于增量动力分析的大型地下洞室群性能化地震动力稳定性评估

 基于现有研究成果,将增量动力分析引入大型地下洞室群地震动力稳定性评价领域,形成大型地下洞室群的性能化地震动力稳定性评价方法。首先讨论基于PEER-NGA数据库的强震记录选取方法,根据具体工程的地震地质特性针对性地搜索合适的强震记录,为开展增量动力分析提供最优的输入地震动。然后讨论适用于大型地下洞室群的结构损伤性能参数、地震强度因子的选取,为增量动力分析提供合适的地震强度指标和抗震性能表征。继而立足于现有规范,形成了适用于大型地下洞室群性能化地震动力稳定性评估的2级地震动水平和2级抗震性能水平。最后采用本文的方法及步骤对大岗山水电工程地下洞室群进行地震动力稳定性评估。结果表明,该方法较好地考虑了地震动的随机性,给出洞室群的抗震性能,并可进一步对地震动力稳定性进行概率分析,为大型地下洞室群地震动力灾变失稳提供准则。     

Determination of optimal probabilistic seismic demand models for pile-supported wharves

One of the basic components of the Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework of Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center is the probabilistic seismic demand model (PSDM). PSDM is based upon a representative relation between ground motion intensity measures (IMs) and engineering demand parameters (EDPs). This research aims to develop an optimal PSDM for typical pile-supported wharf structures in western US ports by using probabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA). In this study, 4 bins with 20 non-near-field ground motions and 7 typical pile-supported wharf structures are used to determine an optimal PSDM by PSDA. The model geometry used in this study has a hybrid configuration incorporating many common field conditions. The optimal PSDM should be practical, sufficient, effective and efficient – all tested through several IM–EDP pairs derived by PSDA. The ground motion IMs used in this study include characteristics such as spectral quantities, duration, energy-related quantities and frequency content. Different EDPs are considered for local, intermediate and global response quantities. The considered optimal PSDM comprises a spectral IM, such as spectral acceleration and one of several EDPs. The EDPs of moment curvature ductility factor, displacement ductility factor and horizontal displacement of embankment and differential settlement between deck and behind land are considered for local, intermediate and global response quantities, respectively. Optimal PSDMs are used within PEER–PBEE framework, where they are coupled with both ground motion intensity and structural element fragility models to yield probabilities of exceeding structural performance levels under certain seismic hazard.     

The effect of joint ductility on the seismic fragility of a regular moment resisting steel frame designed to EC8 provisions

In order to evaluate the seismic reliability of moment resisting frames at performance levels associated with highly nonlinear structural responses, structural modelling of the rotational capacity of the joints needs to address potential failure modes. This paper begins by reviewing European experimental studies on the cyclic behaviour of steel joints. A linear regression equation, which relates the joint plastic rotation capacity to the beam depth, is proposed based on an analysis of the test data. Thus, the effect of joint ductility and failure on structural response is quantified, within a probabilistic context, through seismic fragility analysis of a mid-rise steel frame designed to Eurocode 8. The variability in structural demand is estimated at increasing ground shaking intensity levels, and fragility curves, conditional on a given ground motion record, are derived for two different performance levels. The inherent randomness in ground motion is taken into account by using an ensemble of recorded accelerograms. The effect of joint rotation capacity is noticeable in mean fragility curves corresponding to high seismic demand and response levels.     

Seismic fragility of short period reinforced concrete structural walls under near-source ground motions

The Bayesian parameter estimation technique is used to develop probabilistic displacement and strength capacity and demand models for reinforced concrete structural walls. Experimental data are used to develop the capacity models, and nonlinear dynamic analysis is employed to develop the demand models. Both flexural and shear failures are accounted for. These models are used to assess the seismic fragility of an example RC structural wall. As a new measure of the ground motion intensity, the significant peak ground acceleration is defined and incorporated in the probabilistic demand models and fragility assessment. It is shown that, for short period structures, this measure better correlates with the inelastic response than the elastic response spectrum.     

Lifecycle cost–benefit analysis of isolated buildings

Seismic isolation is effective in reducing seismic demand to buildings and mitigating seismic damage costs. To corroborate this fact quantitatively by taking all possible seismic events that occur during the service period of a building into account, this study investigates probabilistic characteristics of the peak ductility demand of inelastic superstructures with linear/bilinear base isolators subject to hundreds of strong ground motion records, and then assesses the cost-effectiveness of seismic isolation technology from the lifecycle cost–benefit perspective. Based on results from nonlinear dynamic analyses of two-degree-of-freedom systems with the Bouc–Wen hysteretic model, a prediction model for the peak ductility demand of isolated structures is developed and used in lifecycle cost analysis to assess the cost-effectiveness of seismic isolation systems. The analysis results show that seismic isolation reduces vibration in superstructures significantly and can be cost-effective in mitigating seismic risk.     

近场与远场地震动作用下单层柱面网壳结构易损性分析

与远场地震动不同,近场速度脉冲型地震动具有瞬时能量大、幅值大、脉冲周期长等特点,但目前少有学者关注其对网壳结构的影响。以三向网格型单层柱面网壳为研究对象,采用40条近场速度脉冲型地震动及40条远场地震动作为输入,对9例网壳结构进行增量动力分析,基于分析结果建立网壳结构的概率地震需求模型及抗震能力模型,获得网壳结构的易损性曲线,并对比研究两组地震动作用下网壳结构的极限状态失效概率。结果表明：与远场地震动相比,近场速度脉冲型地震动会造成单层柱面网壳结构更为严重的损伤,且损伤指数的离散性更大;近场速度脉冲型地震动作用下单层柱面网壳结构的极限状态失效概率要显著大于远场地震动作用下的极限状态失效概率。     

近断层地震动空间分布特征对斜拉桥地震响应影响

为研究近断层地震动空间分布特征对斜拉桥地震响应的影响规律,以台湾集集地震近断层地震动为研究对象,根据台站与断层的空间相对位置,将 近场波分为破裂前方区域(Forward District,FD)、破裂区域(Middle District,MD)和破裂后方区域(Backward District,BD)三类波,对其进行频谱分析 表明,MD区域和FD区域地震动低频成分显著而BD区域高频成分显著。以某主跨为406m的斜拉桥为依托工程,对三个区域地震动作用下地震响应规律进行对比 研究,计算结果表明三个区域地震响应规律和量值均有显著差异,不同区域结构动力响应与地震动特征参数相关程度迥异。MD区域塔顶纵向位移较BD区域增 加3.03倍,塔底弯矩和剪力增加1.0倍;FD区域塔顶纵向位移较BD区域增加1.06倍,塔底弯矩和剪力较BD区域却分别下降了35.5%和32.2%。基于上述结果, 建议对于位于破裂区域的结构进行抗震设计时,须同时提高强度与变形需求,采用PGV及PGA作为结构动力响应参数的评估指标,还应选择合理地震动方向; 对于破裂前方区域,结构动力响应受输入能和PGA影响显著,须重点控制结构的变形;对于破裂后方区域,应着重提高结构的强度需求,首选断层距及PGV作 为地震动输入的控制参数。