Retrospect and Prospect of the Protection and Reconstruction of Old Beijing

Beijing is a famous,cultural and ancient capital inour country and one of the first group of famous,histori-cal and cultural cities proclaimed by the State Council.The Imperial Palace,the Great Wall and the Ape—manCave are listed as the” world cultural heritage”,whichhas further confirmed Beijing’s historical position in theworld.It has always been an important task in the field ofBeijing’s overall planning to protect this historical citywell while carrying out its modernization.At present,itbecome more important to do so for Beijing when the re-form and opennng policy is accelerated,the socialist mar-ket economy is being set up and the development of thecity is speeded up.To protect and reform the old Beijing,a great dealof valuable exploration has been put into practice overthe past more than 40 years.The work is now heing putinto a more scientific course.A few points of view are asfollows:     

iple and Application of

the Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Based on OTDRNI Yu-ting,L Chen-gang,GE Chun-feng,WU Xing(College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China)The current development and trend of distributed optica     

Mobility of Urban and Rural Labour and Urbanization

By defining urbanization, the author approached the mobilityof labour between countryside and cities and pointed out that thismobility was determined by the capacity and repulsive force of agri-culture as well as urban attraction and absorbency. While analysingthe relations between the four determinative factors, the author ex-pounded different channels of labour transfer under conditions ofbalance and imbalance.     

City Model of Guilin and Object of Protection

The city model of Guilin,characterized by the unique integration of hills,rivers and city,is being sabotaged dur-ing the urbanization process.This article makes an analysis of problems facing Guilin and proposes measures fromthe planning point of view.These measures,including regional macrocontrol and microcontrol of the developmentareas,intend to protect the city's integrity,to propose development controls and to retain the local characteristics.     

A Review of “Transport and Ethics: Ethics and the Evaluation of Transport Policies and Projects”

URBAN GROWTH DYNAMICS IN A REGIONAL CLUSTER OF CITIES by F. Stuart Chapin, Ir. and Shirley F. Weirs John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1962. 484 pp. $8.95.

THE COMMUNITY ECONOMIC BASE STUDY by Charles M. Tiebout Committee for Economic Development, New York, N. Y., 1962. 86 pp., 6 figs., 12 tables. $1.50.

INDUSTRIAL RENEWAL by Chester Rapkin and others Bureau of Urban Affairs, New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal, New York, N. Y., 1963. 77 pp., 12 figs., 29 tables.

INTENSITY OF DEVELOPMENT AND LIVABILITY OP MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING PROJECTS: DESIGN QUALITIES OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN HOUSING PROJECTS by Robert D. Katz (F.H.A. Technical Study TS 7.14.) Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1963. v + 115 pp. 79 illustrations, 3 appendices. $2.00.

LAKE EUROPA: A NEW CAPITAL FOR A UNIFIED EUROPE by 1, Marshall Miller New York: Books International, 1963. 114 pp. $3.75.

CONTROLLING LONDON'S GROWTH by Donald L. Foley University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 1963. 224 pp. $5.00.

LONDON 2000 by Peter Hall Faber and Faber Ltd., London, 1963. 220 pp. Illustrated. 55s.     

Do high levels of diffuse and chronic metal pollution in sediments of Rhine and Meuse floodplains affect structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems?

This paper (re)considers the question if chronic and diffuse heavy metal pollution (cadmium, copper, lead and zinc) affects the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems of Biesbosch National Park, the floodplain area of rivers Meuse and Rhine. To reach this aim, we integrated the results of three projects on: 1. the origin, transfer and effects of heavy metals in a soil-plant-snail food chain; 2. the impact of bioavailability on effects of heavy metals on the structure and functioning of detritivorous communities; 3. the risk assessment of heavy metals for an herbivorous and a carnivorous small mammal food chain. Metal pollution levels of the Biesbosch floodplain soils are high. The bioavailability of metals in the soils is low, causing low metal levels in plant leaves. Despite this, metal concentrations in soil dwelling detritivores and in land snails at polluted locations are elevated in comparison to animals from 'non-polluted' reference sites. However, no adverse effects on ecosystem structure (species richness, density, biomass) and functioning (litter decomposition, leaf consumption, reproduction) have been found. Sediment metal pollution may pose a risk to the carnivorous small mammal food chain, in which earthworms with elevated metal concentrations are eaten by the common shrew. Additional measurements near an active metal smelter, however, show reduced leaf consumption rates and reduced reproduction by terrestrial snails, reflecting elevated metal bioavailability at this site. Since future management may also comprise reintroduction of tidal action in the Biesbosch area, changes in metal bioavailability, and as a consequence future ecosystem effects, cannot be excluded.     

Macro Evaluation and Analysis of Development Zones and Urban Growth

ＭａｃｒｏＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＺｏｎｅｓａｎｄＵｒｂａｎＧｒｏｗｔｈ￥ＸｕＪｕｚｈｏｕ（Ｐｒｏｆ．ＣｈｉｎａＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＵｒｂａｎＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｉｓａｒ...     

Research and Discussion Held on the Relationship between Reconstruction of Dangerous and Dilapidated Buildings in Beijing and Preservation of the Style of the Ancient Capital

Form Sept.10 to Sept.12,1990,the of-fice of Beijing planning committee invitedover 50 people to hold discussion on the     

Existing Conditions and Development of the Coastal Townships of Shanghai

Ⅰ.Existing Conditions and Char-acteristics of the Coastal Belt Townshipsof ShanghaiThe coastal belt of Shanghai is com-posed of 6 counties (i.e.the Baoshan,Chuansha,Nanhui,Fengxian,Jinshan andChongming) which have a total area of3,701 km~2(63% of the total suburban area)and have a total population of 3.54 million(63.8% of the total suburban population).Within these 6 counties,there are 5 county     

Review and Exploration of the Development of Planning for the Conservation of the Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China

To comprehend the development of the famous histori-cal and cultural cities in China and their conservation plan-ning, it is necessary to understand, first of all, the back-ground of their history and present condition. This back-ground has taken shape in the historic development of thecities and is influenced by many complicated factors of thepresent time. To discuss these factors in simple way, theycan be summarized as follows:The impact of the historical and cultural ideas;The impact of the physical and environmental condi-tion;The impact of the present socialand economicsituation.The impact of the historical and cultural ideasChina is a country with ancient civilization. TheChinese cultural has been shaped through development, in-heritance and harmony in a history of 5000 years on the ba-sis of the ancient Huaxia Culture with the Yellow River andthe Yangtse River as the main arteries.The rising of ancient cities in China can be traced backto over 3500 years ago. China is a multinational country. Int     

Beautiful and High-PerformanceRoofing Systems and Exterior Wall Systems of Owens Corning

Afamousarchitectoncesaid“Amodernbuildingshouldsymbolizethehumannature.Thebeholdershouldfinditbeautifulandtheownershouldfinditwarmandcomfortableinside.Buildingmaterialsarethebuildingblocksofhumanna-ture.”Theforemosthumannatureidealofbuildingmaterialsisbeauty.Onlybyngbeautifulbuildingmaterialscanthebeholderappreciateuty.Onlybyusinglong-lastingbuildingmaterialscantheerfeelsecure.Long-lastingbeautyisthearchitect’spursuit.It’stheponsibilityofthematerialsmanufacturertodeveloplong-ingproductsth…     

The fascination of glass： 328 pages of aesthetics and technology

The standard work on a spectacular building material The Glass Construction Manual covers the whole spectrum of the use of glass in architecture. It describes the technical principles on which the application of this modern, innovative material is based, and contains a detailed presentation of a range of outstanding projects in which it has been used - from simple window solutions to all-glass buildings.     

The Modernization of Small Town and the Continuation of Historical Context

In the process of criticizing complete westernization,the traditional culture and national culture have gained theirdeserved positions.However.it is still under discussion whether or not all the traditional culture should be encouragedand whether the enhancement of national culture means the advocation of traditional culture or not.It is generally heldthat feudalism dominates the former while the latter is dominated by socialism.In the course of strengthening spiritualcivilization the encouragement of the national culture will not be simply achieved by restoring fragments of ancientways,let alone the issues of rejecting the dross and assimilating the weeding through the old to bring forth the new inthe field of carrying forward the traditional culture.The author points out,through profound study in planning,modernization is not westernization,historical context is not simply the reappearance of the past and continuation isnot carrying on as before.     

An Exploration of the Thinking and Method of the Revision of Beijing''''s Master Planning

This article introduces the new thinking andmethod of the revision of Beijing's master plan.The plannersmade new exploration and breakthroughs in such aspects asthe involvement of the general public in planning,the intro-duction of value concept,unified planning of both urban andrural areas,how to link with the future goals of development,etc.     

‘The beautiful and useful laws of God’: Burnham's Swedenborgianism and the Plan of Chicago

The phrase ‘beautiful and useful laws of God’ comes from a letter the young Daniel H. Burnham wrote to his mother. Knowledge of Burnham's religious beliefs is profoundly important for a deeper, more nuanced understanding of his intentions and motivations for the 1909 Plan of Chicago. This influence is underestimated, in part, because it has no overt, dramatic representation in the plan and is overshadowed by the apparently contradictory but captivating rendered perspectives.     

The effect of client and type and size of construction work on a contractor’s bidding strategy

This paper offers a bidding strategy model for use by contractors as part of a more informed approach in selecting which contracts to bid for, and as a basis for determining the most appropriate mark-up level for various types and sizes of construction work and client types. Regression analysis is used in measuring a contractor’s competitiveness between bids (by using the lowest bid/own bid ratio) and within bids (by using the lowest bid/cost estimate ratio) according to type and size of construction work and client type. The model was tested on a large and reputable Hong Kong contractor. This particular contractor’s bidding behaviour was found to be largely unaffected by the type of construction work, but significantly affected by the client type and the size of the construction work. Three quadratic models (regressing lowest bid/cost estimate on the size of the construction work) are also successfully developed for projects from the private sector, the Hong Kong Government and the Hong Kong Housing Authority, respectively.     

Coagulation and precipitation of a mechanical pulping effluent—I. Removal of carbon,colour and turbidity

This study examined the effects of metal coagulant concentration, effluent dilution and pH on the removal of total carbon, colour and turbidity from a combined bleached chemithermomechanical/thermomechanical (BCTMP/TMP) effluent. Both chloride and sulphate salts of iron and aluminum were effective in treating the mechanical pulping effluent in batch jar screening tests. pH had a pronounced affect on precipitation. In terms of minimizing the total carbon (TC), colour and turbidity levels, the optimum adjusted pH ranges were: 4.0–6.5 for ferric chloride, above 7.4 for ferrous sulphate, 5.0–6.0 for aluminum chloride and 5.8 to 6.8 for aluminum sulphate. Removal of TC, colour and turbidity of up to 88, 90 and 98%, respectively, were observed. The precipitation yielded a supernatant which was virtually clear and colourless.     

Scale,Site Selection and Function of Economic and Technological Development Zones

This article analyses different characteristics of scale,site selection and function of the current economic andtehnological development zones in our country.It further proposes that it is inappropriate for the economic andtechnological development zones to follow the“pattern of the special zones”,but a new pattern of“small scale,unitaryfunction and closeness to old city”should be adopted to fit in with the practical conditions in our country.The scale,landuse structure and the relations between the development zone and the old city are the basic issues in planning forthe development zones.These three essential elements constitute the pattern of planning which determines to a certainextent the success or failure of the development zones.