屋顶绿化对室内人体热舒适的影响研究

进行了夏季屋顶绿化对室内热环境影响的实验研究,结果表明：室内空气和维护结构内表面温度均有不同程度的降低,这是有利的;然而房间的相对湿度升高了,这是不利的;综合效果是人感到热改善为基本能接受;当热环境要求高时,仅靠屋顶绿化一个手段还达不到令人满意的效果．还必须采用其它手段比如夜间开窗通风,利用电风扇使室内产生一定的风速以及空调等的综合作用。     

室内热环境对室内人员工作效率影响研究

为探究办公建筑室内人员工作效率与人体热感觉指标PMV的关系,采用了试验测试与主观评价相结合的方法,将季节偏好纳入工作效率的研究范围内,并对试验数据结果进行了二次回归分析.测试结果表明被试者在供暖季和过渡季的热舒适偏好存在一定差异,即在供暖季偏好微暖的室内热环境,在过渡季偏好微凉的室内热环境.分析可为室内热舒适研究和空调...     

粗放式屋顶绿化的热惰性

屋顶绿化的热工性能是进行建筑节能工程设计和评价的依据,但目前对屋顶绿化热工性能的研究很少关注热惰性。以一种粗放式屋顶绿化在自然通风状态下连续5个月的对比测量数据为依据,采用统计分析方法研究了屋顶绿化对气候热作用波动的衰减和延迟特性。结果表明,绿化屋顶与裸屋顶相比,对气候热作用波动的平均衰减倍数提高了1倍以上,延迟时间有所减少。     

基于屋顶绿化热工性能研究节能降温效应

随着建筑能耗比例持续增高,屋顶绿化作为节能设计重点技术之一,具有巨大的节能潜力。通过屋顶绿化的构造及各层参数来分析屋顶绿化的隔热原理,并结合外表面温度、内表面温度和当量热阻3个影响因素阐释屋顶绿化对室内空调能耗的影响。以杭州市某住宅项目为研究对象,运用PHOENICS软件模拟整个住区环境的建筑实况,验证有无屋顶绿化时室内温度差值,来证明屋顶绿化确实减少室内空调运行能耗,一定程度上缓解周围热岛,为夏热冬冷地区隔热节能设计提供理论基础。     

屋顶绿化层对屋顶热环境影响测试研究

为研究屋顶绿化层对住宅楼屋顶热环境的影响效果,对某小区单元住宅楼有无绿化层屋顶进行连续测试。分析测试结果发现,在屋顶隔热板上设置绿化层后,白天,隔热板下表面平均温度、隔热层中空气平均温度、屋顶上表面平均温度分别降低7℃、3.6℃、2.8℃;隔热板下表面、隔热层空气、屋顶上表面最高温度也明显偏低,其中隔热板下表面最高温度昼间降低高达12.2℃,屋顶上表面最高温度昼间降低高达5.1℃。在屋顶设置绿化层能有效缓解阳光直射屋顶造成的屋顶过热现象,从而改善室内热环境,达到较好的建筑节能效果。     

兼顾节能效益的建筑室内热舒适温度调整研究

各气候区居民对室内热舒适的要求随其穿着习惯、对热环境的适应能力等而异,采暖或制冷温度应有所差别,然而现有建筑节能设计标准按统一标准提供室温控制建议。采用ISO7730的PMV热舒适模型分析各气候区的合理参数,计算得到室内热舒适温度,并通过与实测值比较验证理论计算的合理性;在此基础上,分别计算按既有统一室温建议与热舒适温度控温的热舒适性和能耗,提出冬季适当提高采暖温度以提升热舒适度、夏季适当提高制冷温度以实现热舒适度和节能双赢的调整建议。     

自然通风环境热舒适性评价与分析

分析了用于自然通风环境热舒适评价的PMV模型、PMV修正模型和适应性热舒适模型,指出了3种模型的不足之处.对天津地区1栋办公建筑在过渡季节自然通风情况下的室内热环境和CO2浓度进行了测试和主观问卷调查,得到了室内热环境相对室外热环境的变化规律和人们的热评价结果,认为自然通风环境热舒适模型应当综合考虑热环境因素、个人行为因素、空气龄及人们长期的生理适应和心理预期.     

粗放型屋顶绿化隔热效果分析

以自然通风层的屋顶绿化为研究对象,对有无绿化屋顶内表面温度进行比较,采用实测数据统计分析的方法,以全夏季为研究周期,按不同温度区间分析屋顶内表面温度的分布特性,比较2种状态下屋顶内表面温度的分布频率以及总温度,得到绿化屋顶内表面温度<34 ℃出现的频率占总周期的90％,是无绿化屋顶的1.6倍,大于36 ℃高温的频率为无绿化屋顶的4.6%,绿化屋顶内表面大于30 ℃的温度总量约为无绿化屋顶的1/3,且绿化屋顶的隔热性能与室外气温有较强的正向性,随着气温的升高,绿化屋顶的隔热性能体现得更加充分。     

室内热舒适评价方法探讨

从世界各国热舒适现场研究的实际情况出发,对PMV模型和适应性模型（Adaptive Model）的优势和不足之处进行了比较。PMV模型适用于评价装有中央制冷、采暖、通风的室内热舒适,对于自然通风的室内环境,它预测的热感觉比人体实际热感觉高。而适应性模型更强调人的适应性,人体通过适应机制调节自身的热感觉。热适应的累计可以解释不同生活环境下的人们热感觉不同。将ISO7730和Adaptive Comfort Standard（ACS）相结合,编制具有指导意义的标准,是一种很好的选择。     

Thermal sensation of Hong Kong people with increased air speed,temperature and humidity in air-conditioned environment

In the warm and humid climate zone, air-conditioning (AC) is usually provided at working places to enhance human thermal comfort and work productivity. From the building sustainability point of view, to achieve acceptable thermal sensation with the minimum use of energy can be desirable. A new AC design tactic is then to increase the air movement so that the summer temperature setting can be raised. A laboratory-based thermal comfort survey was conducted in Hong Kong with around 300 educated Chinese subjects. Their thermal sensation votes were gathered for a range of controlled thermal environment. The result analysis shows that, like in many other Asian cities, the thermal sensation of the Hong Kong people is sensitive to air temperature and speed, but not much to humidity. With bodily air speed at 0.1–0.2 m/s, clothing level 0.55 clo and metabolic rate 1 met, the neutral temperature was found around 25.4 °C for sedentary working environment. Then recommendations are given to the appropriate controlled AC environment in Hong Kong with higher airflow speeds.     

Thermal comfort in office buildings: Two case studies commented

Air conditioning in offices has become a current practice in North Western Europe. The main reasons for that are high internal loads, solar gains and increased comfort expectations. Hence, the move away from the naturally ventilated cellular office increased thermal comfort complaints.     

The role of measurement accuracy on the thermal environment assessment by means of PMV index

ISO 7730 Standard classifies thermal environments in three categories as a function of the PMV range value, gradually decreasing according to the need of a lower dissatisfied percentage. It is noteworthy that the PMV value is greatly affected by the changes of its independent variables (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, metabolic rate and clothing insulation); therefore the accuracy requirements of sensors for the measurement of environmental quantities as well the assessment of other parameters related to the activity and clothing appear a crucial matter. This work deals with a sensitivity analysis of PMV index to the accuracy of its six independent variables. Obtained results clearly show that the widths of PMV ranges fixed for each class in 7730 are near to the PMV uncertainty related to measuring devices accuracy, making often the environment classification a random operation.     

福建南平高层住宅夏季室内热环境与通风实测分析

通过对福建南平某一高层住宅夏季室内热环境与通风实测,全面评价了该住宅夏季室内热环境的状况,在此基础上讨论了通风对室内热舒适的影响。实测分析结果表明：（1）该住宅在夏季时段室内风速较小,室内风速大于等于0.2m/s（即一般情况下的风感阈值）的情况,无论主卧室或者客厅均达不到50%;（2）该住宅夏季时段在完全自然通风条件下...     

热环境、热舒适与空调节能

本文讨论了热环境、居室人与空调设备的相互作用关系及影响人体热舒适的主要环境参数(温度、风速、相对湿度、平均辐射温度);结合厦门夏季人居热环境实际状况,分析实现空调节能途径。     

Observations of upper-extremity skin temperature and corresponding overall-body thermal sensations and comfort

This paper explores how upper extremity skin temperatures correlate with overall-body thermal sensation. Skin temperature measurements of the finger, hand, and forearm might be useful in monitoring and predicting people's thermal state. Subjective perceptions of overall thermal sensation and comfort were collected by repeated surveys, for subjects in a range of test chamber temperatures. A positive temperature gradient (finger warmer than the forearm) of as much as 2 K was seen when subjects felt warm and hot, while a negative temperature gradient (finger colder than the forearm) as much as 8.5 K was seen for cool and cold subjects. A useful warm/cold boundary of 30 °C was found in finger temperature, for both steady state and transient conditions. When finger temperature was above 30 °C, or finger-forearm skin temperature gradient above 0 K, there was no cool discomfort. When finger temperature was below 30 °C, or the finger-forearm skin temperature gradient less than 0 K, cool discomfort was a possibility. Finger temperature and finger-forearm temperature gradient are very similar in their correlation to overall sensation. We also examine how overall sensation is affected by actively manipulating the hand's temperature.     

基于Airpak的办公室热环境数值模拟分析

建立了基于Airpak的VRV加新风空调系统模型和一次回风空调系统模型,模拟得到夏季两种工况下的室内气流的温度场、速度场分布状况,并采用PMV-PPD及空气龄等指标对室内人员热舒适性及空气品质进行评价,结果表明两种方案工作区的风速均能达到舒适性空调的要求,人员无明显吹风感,一次回风空调系统相比VRV加新风空调系统：气流扰动较小,人员呼吸区温度波动较小,新鲜空气能够及时送达,室内空气品质较好     

Occupant performance and building energy consumption with different philosophies of determining acceptable thermal conditions

Based on building energy and indoor environment simulations, this study uses a recently developed method relying on Bayesian Network theory to estimate and compare the consequences for occupant performance and energy consumption of applying temperature criteria set according to the adaptive model of thermal comfort and the more conventional PMV model. Simulations were carried out for an example building with two configurations (with and without mechanical cooling) located in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climate regions. Even though indoor temperatures differed significantly between building configurations, especially in the tropical climate, the estimated performance differed only modestly between configurations. However, energy consumption was always lower in buildings without mechanical cooling, particularly so in the tropical climate.     

Different glazing systems and their impact on human thermal comfort—Indian scenario

In the present communication, fifteen different glazing systems ranging from 3 mm single glazed clear glass to double glazed with low-e and solar control coating, have been analysed in terms of their human thermal comfort impact. Thermal comfort is measured in term of PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied). Study encompasses all the six climatic zones of India. By using OPTICS 5.0 and WINDOW 5.0, U-values, solar heat gain coefficient, inside glazing surface temperatures and inside solar radiation have been computed. Depending upon different climatic zones, six sets of different design conditions, in terms of ambient temperatures, solar radiation and wind velocity, have been chosen. Typical values of metabolic rate and clothing insulation taken are 1.2 met and 0.5 clo for summer and 1.0 met and 1.0 clo for winter, respectively. Inside room air velocity is taken as 0.15 m s⁻¹ round the year. Room temperature is taken as 20 °C in winter and 25 °C in summer. It is found that for cold station (e.g. Leh) all glazings except solar control glazings, ensure thermal comfort and total PPD is less than 10% (|PMV|?0.5). For warm and hot climates, solar control glazings are thermally suitable. Results for winter night of Delhi shows that all the 15 glazings are inadequate for thermal comfort and PPD, due to cold feeling, varies between 27% and 33% approximately.