国土空间规划体系中 景观设计学科与行业的困惑及机遇

A true understanding of Ecological Civilization Construction is key to comprehend the connotation and goals of China’s territorial spatial planning, which echoes the ideological keynote of the country’s upgrade of socio-economic development mode. Missioned as a means to public policy making, territorial spatial planning develops roadmaps for Ecological Civilization Construction by addressing macro spatial governance problems such as the shortage of resources, severe environmental pollution, and ecosystem degradation. Furthermore, the author interprets the relationship between ecological restoration and territorial spatial planning system, and argues that the territorial spatial planning system should employ a macro-medium-micro hierarchy in scale while focusing on life-circle ecological restoration planning and implementation. In addition to the necessity of developing crossadministrative border plans, the author emphasizes the importance of multi-disciplinary cooperation. Then, he points out that "The Two Assessment Standards" should value regional characteristics and avoid to indiscriminately apply planning and design patterns in different cases. Finally, the author puts forward suggestions to practitioners in Landscape Architecture and other allied professions to prepare themselves by selfretraining with new concepts, methodologies, and technologies to be more competent for the contemporary needs of territorial spatial planning.     

国土空间规划体系中 控制性规划的生态拓展——以北京市门头沟区为例

The current reform of China’s territorial spatial planning system is with profound expectation. Key to the implementation of spatial plans, regulatory detailed planning needs an improvement in preparation methods, indicator systems, coordination, and feasibility, etc. More work is urgently needed to make up the deficiencies of land use regulation and ecological restoration of territorial spaces. This paper devises methods for the ecological extension of regulatory planning with the theory of ecological security pattern. With Mentougou District in Beijing as a case study, this paper demonstrates the methods and roadmaps for ecological extension through land use control and community control and management. By analyzing the conflicts of ecological security and construction activities with a balancing mechanism, this study improves ecological control zoning and formulates regulatory principles and indicators. A thoughtful paradigm of preparation methods for the ecological extension of regulatory planning thus comes into being, which would offer references for the implementation and precise regulation of territorial spatial planning in China’s era of Ecological Civilization.     

主编寄语

Through his recent visits to three cities facing severe and challenging living environment, the author had a deeper insight into the symbiosis between human and nature. In Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, urban construction practices against floods and for water supply encroach on natural ecological infrastructure, resulting in the exhaustion of local water resource, city sinking, and erased indigenous cultural landscape of floating gardens. In Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, where water bodies are heavily polluted, scarce urban parks become the only refuge for citizens. Finally in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, estuary gates built to block floods invade the once prosperous canals, accelerating the decline of floating communities and markets and exacerbating traffic congestion and air pollution. Learning from these cases, cities must become better at territorial spatial planning and have the foresight to develop and grow while preserving and improving existing ecosystems. Essentially, territorial spatial planning and ecological restoration is to work with and by nature that would provide generous ecosystem services for humans, and, eventually, to increase people’s well-being and enhance cities’ development of sustainability.     

Review of Ecological Infrastructure Planning Practices Based on the Ecological Security Pattern Theory in China (1997 ~ 2019)

This paper reviews the ecological infrastructure planning practices by LA PKU and Turenscape over the past two decades, discussing the application and development of the ecological security pattern theory in different types of ecoregions and typical habitats, and that of ecological process analysis methods in practice. Nearly 100 studied projects employed this theory to address different local ecological problems. But similarities could be found regarding the key ecological issues among similar habitats. Far from mainly addressing habitat protection issues at its early stage, the ESP theory by now has expanded its application to all important ecological processes and sub-processes. This paper focuses on related application at urban and regional scales, attempting to summarize 1) approaches to solving local ecological problems via ecological infrastructure planning in a wider geographic range, and differences concerning the application modes in varied ecoregions; 2) ways to harmonize man–land relations and to achieve synergic development in typical habitats; and 3) influence brought by the wider spatial range to the application on the understanding of ecological processes, the establishment of sub-security-patterns, and the renewal of analysis techniques. The empirical analysis in this study suggests that both the methodology and application of the ESP theory contribute to China’s ecological civilization construction, providing valuable technical support and theoretical basis for territorial spatial planning.     

国土空间规划中蓝绿空间模式与指标体系研究

在国土空间规划中,蓝绿空间是生态优先战略实施过程中的重要议题,其规划和设计策略指向了生态结构与格局的合理建构,也是城市水灾害治理与生态保护等技术性议题的重要基础。本文首先基于生态系统服务体系提出了蓝绿空间耦合框架,并在此基础上建立了与国土空间规划体系相对应的多尺度蓝绿空间规划设计体系与空间模式:宏观尺度上重点关注全域蓝绿空间格局的构建,中观尺度上着重城镇集中建设区蓝绿空间网络构建并指向城市生态空间品质提升,微观尺度上重点关注详细设计层面对水体及水岸蓝绿空间的设计引导。同时,基于蓝绿空间规划与建设管控的目标,对蓝绿空间包括水面率控制、蓝线控制和连通度指标控制在内的控制体系进行了梳理与构建。     

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN LA NDSCAPE PLANNING

Landscape planning adjusts spatial structures and functions by altering the types of land use / land cover and the patterns of landscapes, and thus further impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines the impacts of landscape planning on ecosystem services and draws the conclusion that the control over the types of land use / land cover, the altering of landscape patterns, and the adjustment of landscape functional characteristics could change the type, quality, and performance of ecosystem services, respectively. Through an overall review on the application of ecosystem service evaluation, spatial mapping, and scenario simulation, this paper further concludes their roles in landscape planning: ecosystem service evaluation provides means to ensure scientific landscape planning; spatial mapping serves as a basis to the decision making; and scenario simulation visualizes all kinds of possibilities for an optimal choice. At the same time, such applications in landscape planning practices, ranging from green space planning, ecological conservation redline planning, land use planning to biodiversity protection planning, are exemplified. Finally, this paper summarizes existing research findings and limitations and proposes that future research is expected to study the relationship between landscape planning and ecosystem services, to build a dynamic composite planning framework that can improve ecosystem services, and to propel the research on the tradeoff-and-synergy among ecosystem services in landscape planning.     

德国景观规划的价值逻辑、法律框架及启示

German landscape planning has gathered many experiences and become an outstandingly working system of the nation’s territorial spatial planning. By reviewing its history, values, and legal framework, this paper summarizes the experience of German landscape planning and draws conclusions for its success into four logics: 1) the normative basis for the evaluation and deduction of objectives is transparent and stems primarily from ethical and cultural values; 2) social development needs are considered in the overall spatial planning and local participation processes; 3) planning methods include ways to effective implementation; and 4) the principle of subsidiary and the scale effect of landscape processes are considered. These logics are reflected and guaranteed by the German legislation. With a profound understanding of China’s reality, the authors argue that China needs more efforts to further separate the right to use and the revenues from the ownership of the spatial resources, and build a balancing mechanism for public-private interest negotiation to ensure the fairness of planning; In addition to enriching the evaluation standards and methodological standards for territorial spatial planning, a greater attention should be given to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of public participation at lower planning levels by establishing respective routines of bottom up initiatives and processes; Within the “Five- Level and Three-Type Framework,” China should introduce cross-level and cross-regional planning coordination mechanism that facilitates the paid supply and compensation mechanism of ecological public goods like ecosystem services.     

基于生态保护的海岛型乡镇多情景规划探讨 ——以福州市琅岐镇为例

海岛是陆海交界的特殊生态区域，随 着城市化进程的推进，海岛面临的生态风险日 益增加。基于福建省海岛的调查研究，针对海岛 发展存在较大不确定性的现实背景，以海岛型 乡镇为切入点，提出了“生态问题识别—情景预 设—情景模拟—动态兼容”的多情景海岛空间 规划方法，从而适应不同生态水平的海岛开发 利用要求，避免城镇发展造成海岛生态环境的 严重破坏。并以位于河口的海岛型乡镇——琅岐 镇为例进行实证研究。在此基础上，从规划修 改与调整、规划衔接与传导以及规划弹性与时 序等方面，探讨了基于生态保护的多情景动态兼 容规划的具体应用。     

NATURAL RESOURCE ASSET MANAGEMENT AND LAND AND SPATIAL PLANNING

At the beginning, the author examines the concepts of natural environment, natural resource, and natural resource asset and the ecological services what natural resources could provide as ecosystems, including supporting services, provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services. The author stresses that, in China, the survey and assessment of resource assets face many difficulties in defining ownerships and tenures, rights and responsibilities, and valuation, and extensive exploitation and utilization still dominates the country’s natural resource management. He argues that ecological damage and environmental degradation often resulted from overexploitation of resources; on the whole, China’s recent ecological restoration has not seen a substantial improvement, largely resulting from the separate and inconsistent practice, ill enforcement, and the weak public awareness of ecological remediation and restoration in the country. He highlights that China’s new reform of a Super-Ministry System (including the establishments of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment), as well as the implementation of the Integrated Planning policy, has facilitated an integrated management on natural resource conservation. Finally, the author underscores that, in the future, the Chinese government ought to coordinate its land and spatial planning with domestic socio-economic planning, and urban planning professionals are expected to go beyond engineering and technical explorations and realize planning approaches as tools that would truly and efficiently cope with societal challenges and improve the quality of development.     

人工橡胶林的蜕变 ——西双版纳三达山热带雨林生态修复规划

Tropical rainforest, a unique forest ecosystem with the richest biodiversity on the earth, is now suffering from rapid biodiversity loss and ecological degradation. Xishuangbanna is such a typical example in China, where the ecosystem of Sanda Mountain is fragmented by agricultural practices and rubber plantation, and the vegetation productivity decreases sharply, threatening its role in the regional ecological security pattern. For an overall ecological improvement of the study area, since 2017, the project team has examined the existing habitat conditions in Sanda Mountain and proposed a thirty-year planning scheme for the ecological restoration by introducing constructive and pioneer plant species, employing a mixedspecies planting mode, and facilitating the natural regeneration of vegetation community to recover natural succession through ecological restoration planning at patch-, corridor-, and regionalscales. The team simulated the changes in carbon storage, habitat quality, and ecosystem service value before and after planning via the InVEST model to guide the dynamic adjustment of the tropical rainforest restoration. This exploratory ecological restoration planning for such a largescale tropical rainforest may provide research and practical references for other studies in China and abroad.     

增量规划、存量规划与政策规划

比较分析了增量规划、存量规划和政策规划三类不同规划的概念内涵、品种特征、编制思路和工作重点。增量规划由于面对的利益关系相对简单而以空间形态设计为重点,存量规划的重点是处理复杂的既存利益格局调整问题,政策规划则是上述两类规划实施必不可缺的支持手段。针对上述规划类型的特点,选取了深圳的三个典型案例进行了介绍。     

城市—区域尺度的生物多样性保护规划途径研究简

本文研究探讨了空间尺度与生物多样性保护层次的对应关系,认为在城市一区域这一特定尺度上,景观多样性是生物多样性宏观保护的关键层次,基于城市一区域整体环境的系统性和差异性以及生物流与过程,建立城市一区域框架内的生物多样性保护格局。寻找“最优景观格局”就是生物多样性保护规划的核心任务之一,并藉此总结出城市一区域尺度的两种空间类型及其生物多样性保护规划的两种途径：第一种是针对城市基质的区域空间类型提出了“城乡景观格局优化途径”,该途径包括有“集聚间有离析”、“景观安全格局”,“绿色基础设施”3大模式及5大格局优化策略;第二种是针对自然基质的区域空间类型提出的“自然保护区途径”,该途径包含有“保护区圈层”与“保护区网”2大模式以及6大保护区设计原则。     

基于三线划定的哈尔滨生态安全格局构建研究

随着国土空间规划编制和生态文明建设工作的展开,着力保护生态系统已经成为全民共识,构建科学有效的生态安全格局对保护生态系统稳定和区域可持续发展具有重要意义。基于多规合一的内涵,本着“一张蓝图”的原则,将城镇开发边界线、耕地保护红线和生态环境保护红线的划定与生态安全格局构建方法融合,构建哈尔滨的生态安全格局。研究应用三线划定的研究方法来综合识别生态空间,以期为哈尔滨空间规划和生态文明建设提供参考及决策支持。     

生态导向的城市空间规划实践探讨——以绍兴袍江新区两湖区域空间发展规划为例

本文以绍兴袍江新区两湖区域空间发展规划为例,回顾了生态导向的空间规划历程,针对规划区的自然环境特色,提出了生态优先的规划理念,探讨了两湖区域空间发展规划方案的规划技术框架、规划构思、空间布局及生态规划技术手法,并对方案进行了规划效益评价,以期检验规划效果。     

国土空间治理视角下浙江传统村落与 自然景观耦合的地方性特征研究

国土空间规划是中国新时代发展和生态文明建设背景下规划领域的重大变革，乡村规划是其中的基础和关键，而传统村落是乡村规划中传承自然乡土文化的主要载体，需从生态文明和地方性的视角进行科学规划。以浙江省传统村落为例，运用ArcGIS等空间分析方法，分析了村落的空间分布类型及与山、水、林、田、海等自然要素的关联特征，从聚落与自然的格局关系视角，发现了浙江传统村落空间分布数量与自然要素丰度双聚集、山形水势结构清晰、自然要素叠加关系明显等地方性空间特质。在此基础上提出乡镇级国土空间规划中传统村落全域全要素的保护理念和以地方性为依据的“重点连片、次类带状、单一点状”的分类规划路径，探索集中连片保护理念下进一步提升传统村落自然风貌特色的规划方法，为新时代国土空间规划体系下传统村落的保护与发展提供参考。     

都市圈的概念、特征及其规划探讨

以江苏省开展的三个都市圈规划为例 ,探讨了都市圈的概念和特征 ,分析了都市圈规划的背景、地位、类型 ,提出了都市圈规划的主要内容。指出都市圈是当前我国城市化发达地区的重要城镇空间组织形式之一 ,是当前新城市区域规划的主要代表。规划的主要内容包括地域空间结构、基础设施网络、生态建设与环境保护、重点区域协调管治、协调措施和政策研究五个方面     

从改革到构建:二战后台湾地区的空间规划体系发展

空间规划体系构建是国家指导空间布局的系统性前提。本文系统梳理台湾地区空间规划体系的几次重大变动,重点解析其中体系改革和体系构建两阶段法律体系、层级体系和空间管制的转变趋势。研究指出,二战后台湾地区的空间规划发展是从建设空间向全域空间、从城乡分治向城乡统筹进行的全盘整合过程,表现为城市规划-区域规划-"国土"规划的循序发展。最后,文章基于台湾地区经验,从观念树立、法理保障、体系完善三方面对大陆深化空间规划改革提出建议。     

国土空间规划体系下的绿地系统规划 创新趋势

党的十九大报告强调,建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的"千年大计",同时将包括"绿色发展"在内的"五大发展理念"提升到了国家治理的战略高度。继而,《中共中央国务院关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》也延续了"山水林田湖草生命共同体"理念,明确要求"保护生态屏障,构建生态廊道和生态网络"。在此背景下,与以上工作内容密切相关的绿地系统规划,必须及时在国土空间规划体系下进行重新审视,自身地位和作用是否发生了变化?并以此为出发点,思考绿地系统规划在编制过程中,如何支撑国土空间规划以优化国土空间开发保护格局,如何通过绿地布局以实现游憩、生态等产品有效供给,如何协同其他专项规划以形成国土空间开发保护一张图。从解读2019年颁布的《城市绿地规划标准》(GB/T51346-2019)的角度,就管控思维、体系地位和编制创新3个方面对全新规划体系下的绿地系统规划进行剖析。     

上海市基本生态网络规划及实施研究

生态文明建设在城市发展中的作用越来越明显,上海市城市规划设计研究院编制完成了《上海市基本生态网络规划》,2012年5月中旬市政府批复该规划。规划从生物多样性保护的角度,以人为本的思路,提出了上海生态的总体格局。并从规划体系、政策法规以及管控方法方面进行思考,以落实生态网络规划,加强生态环境的建设。     

Incorporating ecological sustainability into landscape planning

The ecological component is crucial in landscape planning according to the principles of sustainable development. We define “ecologically sustainable landscape” and develop a tool to measure how ecological sustainability is incorporated in landscape plans. This method acknowledges the critical role of spatial scale and pattern to the conservation of biodiversity. The metapopulation concept is used as a spatially explicit ecological theory, appropriate to describe the relation between biodiversity and the pattern of ecosystem patches (“ecosystem network”) in intensively used regions. We propose that ecological sustainability is achieved if quality, area and configuration of the ecosystem network permit target species to persist. A simple decision-making model represents a theoretical framework for a tool comprising two sets of ecological indicators. One set indicates the awareness of actors to consider ecological principles of sustainable planning. The other set indicates their performance to apply these principles quantitatively in designing the ecosystem pattern. The method is applied on a sample of reports on Dutch landscape development plans. A majority of the reports shows awareness of the importance of spatial conditions for achieving planning goals, but perform inadequately on the quantitative indicators. We conclude that the tool could be developed as a guideline and assessment method for the ecological sustainability of landscape plans.