关于用ISO 9705评价材料的火焰传播

虽然性能化规范尚未达到通用的程度．但中国香港建筑业消防安全条款已用于“工程方法”设计中，在回顾了四个标准试验，即ASTM E1321-97a、BS476：Part：1997、ASTM E84-99／NFPA 255和ISO 9705：1993(E)之后，介绍了ISO9705．供地方政府评估各种材料的火焰传播。为妥善处理新的建筑材料，应将材料和构件的火焰传播试验列入说明中。     

屋面材料阻燃性能标准及防水材料阻燃技术

介绍了建筑材料燃烧性能试验方法及其分级标准;国外屋面材料外部火阻燃标准,包括ASTM E108、EN13501—5、EN 1187I、SO12468—1;以及我国相关标准规范GB 8624关于屋面材料燃烧性能的分级及试验方法。指出只有完善屋面系统构造及施工方式,调整屋面产品结构,才能满足屋面外露材料的防火要求。     

掺入CES膨胀型阻燃涂料的试验研究

研究蛋壳（CES）废料作为环保生物填料的膨胀型阻燃涂料的性能。将聚磷酸铵II、季戊四醇和三聚氰胺与阻燃填料和丙烯酸树脂黏合剂混合,制成膨胀型阻燃涂料,进行火焰表面扩散试验、火焰蔓延试验、热重分析试验、粘结强度试验等测试涂料的防火性能。结果表明,试件B、C、D、E在火焰下暴露时均未显示出火焰表面扩散。在涂料B、E中添加质量分数为5.0％、2.5％的蛋壳生物填料,由于炭化而改善了防火性能。试件D、E的总火焰传播指数分别为4.5、5.0,显示出优良的阻燃性能。防火涂料具有良好的耐水性、热稳定性和粘结强度,具有良好的防火性能。     

姚燕院长应邀出席第五届国际材料与试验发展高端论坛并作主题报告

正2018年10月16-18日,第五届国际材料与试验高端论坛在北京国家会议中心隆重召开。在"标准与制造业变革"分论坛上,国际标准化组织(ISO)、德国标准化学会(DIN)、美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)、美国机械工程师学会(ASME)、中国材料与试验团体标准委员会(CSTM)等标准化组织的中外专家围绕"合作、共享、共赢"的国际标准化合作发展理念、共同讨论了制造业变革中的国际标准作用、国际标准化合作及标准化成果转化     

普通硅酸盐水泥砂浆抗压强度试验标准 美国国家标准 ANSI/ASTM C396-76

1.适用范围 1-1 这个方法适用于确定普通硅酸盐水泥砂浆的抗压强度。 2.应用的文件 2-1 ASTM标准: C-109水工水泥砂浆抗压强度试验(用2英寸或50毫米立方体试块)。 E-4试验机的校验. 3.仪器设备 3-1 试验机——要适合C109和E4所述方法的需要。     

全天候道路标线逆反射性能测试方法研究进展

全天候道路标线,通过面撒逆反射材料和结构设计,在干燥、潮湿和连续降雨的状态下具有良好的逆反射效果,满足驾驶人员在潮湿和连续降雨的路况下看清道路轮廓和车道边界,提高道路行驶的安全性。全天候道路标线在干燥、潮湿和连续降雨状态下的逆反射性能,是评判全天候道路标线的重要指标。美国材料试验协会(以下简称ASTM)ASTM E1710、ASTM E2177、ASTM E2832和欧洲联盟标准(以下简称EN)EN 1436—2018对全天候道路标线逆反射性能测试方法进行规定和说明。目前,国内尚无国家或行业统一的全天候道路标线干燥、潮湿状态和连续降雨测试方法的标准。以国外全天候道路标线的应用原理及测试方法为例,综述国内、外的研究进展,便于国内行业开展试验研究,参考制定属地化相关标准,提高道路标线质量。     

水工水泥砂浆的抗压强度(用2英寸或50毫米立方体)(节录) 美国国家标准ANSI/ASTM C109-77

1.适用范围 1-1 这个方法适用于确定水工水泥砂浆的抗压强度。 2.应用文件 2-1 ASTM标准:C184、C230、C305、C349、C670、E11. 3.仪器 3-1 磅秤(略)。 3-2 砝码(略). 3-3 筛子(略). 3-4 量杯(略)。 3-5 试模——试模用硬金属制作,金属的硬     

ASTM水泥砂浆和混凝土环式限制收缩开裂测试标准方法

介绍了水泥砂浆和混凝土环式限制收缩开裂测试标准方法ASTM C1581-04及其评定指标制定的依据.并在实验室用此方法对不同配合比的混凝土进行了测试和评估.试验过程和结果表明ASTM C1581-04试验方法有很高的可行性,能较准确的评价混凝土材料的抗开裂性能.     

美,英等国消防检验机构

一、美国1.保险商实验室(UL)通信地址:333PfingstenRoad,Northbrook,IL.WWW.ul.com.保险商实验室是一个非盈利性试验和研究机构,提供第三方产品检验和认证,全球合格评估和ISO9000、QS9000、ISO14001注册。该实验室提供的注册和分类服务有性能基耐火试验、现场工程、评价、调查和检查。该实验室提供的试验服务包括产品和系统的起火原因和特点。该实验室提供的认证服务包括灭火、报警产品和系统。该实验室采用NFPA、ASTM、ISO、UBC和其他适用标准。2.工厂互助研究公司(FM)通信地址:1151Boston-providenceTurnpike,Norwood,MA0…     

玻纤干墙接缝带进入ASTM标准

为了反映当今的建筑实践和所用材料，美国材料试验学会(ASTM)经过一系列严格的循环试验，重新编写了关于干墙接缝带的标准。对原ASTM C474标准(石膏板结构接缝处理材料的标准测试方法)和ASTM     

Modeling fire growth in a combustible corner

A fire growth model was developed to predict the flame spread and total heat release rate of a fire in a corner configuration with a combustible lining. Input data for the combustible lining were developed using small-scale test data from the ASTM E1354 cone calorimeter and ASTM E1321 LIFT. The fire growth model includes a flame spread model linked with a two zone compartment fire model, CFAST Version 3.1.2. At a user selected time interval, the flame spread model uses the gas temperature from CFAST to predict the heat release rate of the fire at that time interval, and then provides CFAST with a new heat release rate to predict conditions during the next time step. The flame spread model is an improved version of the flat wall flame spread model previously developed for the US Navy. The model is capable of predicting flame spread in a variety of configurations including a flat wall, a corner with a ceiling, flat wall with a ceiling, unconfined ceiling, and parallel walls. The model has been validated against ISO 9705 test data and was used in this study to simulate conditions that develop in three open corner tests each with a different lining material. The model was able to predict the heat release rate of the fire and provide a reasonable estimate of the flame fronts and flame lengths during the growing fire.     

Ignition,Heat Release Rate and Suppression of Elastomeric Materials

The focus of this paper is to determine flammability characteristics of rubber materials that are common to vehicle tires, conveyor belts, and electrical power cable insulation and to compare the thermal magnitude of cargo quantities of these materials to other fuels that are publicly transported. Although a literature review was performed, very little data was found on this topic. Standard flammability test procedures were used to measure the critical flux for ignition, critical ignition temperature, and heat release rates (HRR) of rubber compounds common to tire tread materials and conveyor belt covers. Both the intermediate scale calorimeter: ISO 14696, ASTM E-1623 (ICAL) and the cone calorimeter: ISO E-5660, ASTM 1354 (Cone) provided the bulk of the data. Critical ignition flux and vertical flame spread data for rubber based electrical insulations were determined using a radiant panel from a modified ASTM flame spread apparatus: ASTM E-162. thermogravimetric analysis was also used to evaluate thermal decomposition progression of selected test materials. Further, suppression tests were conducted on tire piles to evaluate agents to extinguish and control tire fires. Also, the HRR of the tire piles were measured and compared to work performed by others. Results confirm that the area heat release rate of rubber materials is directly proportional to exposure flux intensity. The critical exposure flux for ignition of a variety of rubber-based materials is approximately 20 kW/m² to 30 kW/m² and the critical temperature for piloted and non-piloted ignition were independent of exposure intensity at ~400°C and ~600°C respectively. In large quantities, rubber tire loads have total HRR comparable to the heat released from similar areas of liquid hydrocarbon spills.     

Thermal characteristics of fires in a combustible corner

Three full-scale fire tests were performed with an area initiating fire in a combustible lined corner with a ceiling. In each of the three tests, the mock corner was lined with a different combustible material, plywood and two different composite materials. The area initiating fire was one of the ISO 9705 recommended standard ignition sources, a 0.17 m square propane sand burner with a heat release of 100 kW for 10 min followed by 300 kW for 10 min. Measurements of flame fronts, surface temperature, gas temperature, total heat flux, and total heat release rate were made during each of these tests. Heat flux and gas temperature data were found to be well represented by correlations developed from noncombustible fire tests.     

Testing low-flame-spread wallcoverings on typical construction substrates in ASTM E84

Model building codes currently exempt wallcoverings less than 1/28 inch thick from any form of testing if their surface burning characteristics are no greater than paper wallcovering of the same thickness. However, theLife Safety Code Handbook points out that both the substrate and the air cavity behind the substrate may affect the performance of thin wallcoverings in fire conditions and recommends that wallcoverings less than 1/28 inch thick also be tested as they would be installed in the field. Model building code requirements regulate the surface burning characteristics of building materials by referencing, or basing their own standards on, ASTM E84. To determine whether ASTM E84 could be adapted to produce useable flame spread results when wallcoverings were tested on an actual wall assembly, two ASTM E84 tests were conducted on one low-flame-spread-rated-wallcovering with an FSI of 5 at Underwriters Laboratories' facility in Northbrook, Illinois. Both tests used 5/8-inch Type X gypsum board as the construction substrate on full wall assemblies. Results indicated that the wallcovering performed differently when tested as a wall assembly.     

Fire Performance Properties of Solid Wood and Lignocellulose-Plastic Composite Deck Boards

Traditionally fire performance properties of externally located deck boards have been characterized by their flame spread index (FSI) as determined by UL 723/ASTM E 84. In this test a nominal 0.6 m wide by 7.3 m long array of deck boards is exposed to an approximately 90 kW ignition source fire for 10 min in the Steiner Tunnel. More recently the University of California Forest Products Laboratory developed a new fire test protocol based the principles of oxygen consumption calorimetry, California SFM 12-7A-4, Part A: Under-Deck Flame Test. This protocol addresses the potential ignition of a deck from underneath as may occur during a wildfire. In this protocol a nominal 0.44 square meter deck-system of deck boards mechanically fastened to wood joists is subjected to an 80 kW ignition source fire for 3 min. For this study the fire performance characteristics of more than thirty-five deck board types were evaluated by the above two methods and by a smaller-scale material-based test, ASTM E 1354 cone calorimeter. Deck boards were selected to represent a range of materials (untreated wood, lignocellulose-polymer composite), structures (solid, voided, microcellular foam), and cross-sectional profiles (width, thickness, presence of hidden fastener system longitudinal edge grooves). The results from this study were used to: 1. Develop correlations for deck boards between the material-based cone calorimeter tests and system-based under-deck tests. 2. Develop correlations for deck boards between the small-scale cone calorimeter tests and large-scale Steiner Tunnel tests. 3. Estimate the significance of ASTM D 2898 Method A accelerated weathering on fire performance.     

Benchmarking the Single Item Ignition Prediction Capability of B-RISK Using Furniture Calorimeter and Room-Size Experiments

This paper benchmarks B-RISK’s capability to predict item ignition in multiple object compartment fire simulations. A series of fire experiments have been conducted which measured single item ignition times under the furniture calorimeter and in the ISO 9705 room. These experiments used mock-up armchair, TV and cabinetry furniture items created from three common materials found in most households in New Zealand exposed to a 100 kW gas burner flame. B-RISK uses the flux-time product (FTP) method as the criterion to predict ignition of items, based on radiation received using the point source model (PSM). This paper presents an analysis of the B-RISK predictions compared to the experimental measurements. Due to the mathematical formulation of the PSM and FTP method, it is found that the predicted ignition time is sensitive to the distance between the radiative source and the item. Predicted ignition times of armchairs constructed of polyurethane foam were within 14% of the ISO 9705 room experimental results. However, for the furniture calorimeter experiments it is found that to get reasonable predictions of the ignition times for the mock-up armchair and TV items there is a need to account for the burner flame movement by adjusting the radial distance by 10–30 mm. Direct flame contact was required to ignite the mock-up cabinetry items and B-RISK was unable to successfully predict this ignition time.     

Correlation between the severities of the ASTM E119 and ISO 834 fire exposures

The temperature rise in a castable refractory brick specimen of well-defined thermal properties was used to develop a correlation between the severities of the ASTM E119 and the ISO 834 fire tests. It was found that the ISO fire test is slightly less severe than the ASTM test, but the gain in fire endurance on account of conducting the test according to the ISO standard is usualy five minutes or less.     

Engineering Variables to Replace the Concept of ‘Noncombustibility’

The concept of noncombustibility evolved in the early days of building codes, before quantitative methods of measuring and assessing components of fire hazard were available. ‘Noncombustible’ lacks a technical definition of general scope, but in the US codes, which are the primary focus of this study, it is defined as a material which meets the criteria of the ASTM E136 test. The hazard variables underlying the noncombustibility concept are examined in this study. In view of today’s state of the art, it is shown that noncombustibility requirements, in most cases, constitute a misapplication of fire safety principles and that their use should be discontinued, in preference of using variables that express quantitative fire safety principles. Heat release rate (HRR) is the primary variable which correctly establishes the relevant hazard. In recent years, some regulations have been promulgated which use bench-scale HRR test results directly for this purpose. The ultimate hazard to be addressed, however, is the full-scale HRR behavior. When the hazard involves fires which may spread over surface linings, however, the full-scale HRR is not simply directly scaled to the bench-scale HRR. To quantify this hazard properly, additional properties of the material which govern the flame spread behavior need to be considered. A simple, easy-to-use method for this purpose are described, which is based solely on data obtainable from the Cone Calorimeter (ASTM E1354; ISO 5660) test. Validation of the concept against room-scale data is provided and is shown to be successful.     

不同加载方式SIP墙体的抗剪性能

以3种不同的单向加载方式对以木质OSB覆面的SIP墙体进行侧向加载实验,对比分析3种加载方式下SIP墙体的破坏形式及这3种加载方式对墙体抗剪性能参数的影响,结果表明:3种加载方式得到的墙体的抗剪性能指标有所差异,其中,采用ISO22452加载协议,即对墙体施加持续增加载荷的加载方式所得到的极限承载力最大、极限位移和延性系数居中,分别为46.06kN、71.83mm、3.31;采用ASTM E72-05加载时极限承载力居中、极限位移及延性系数最大,分别为:40.66kN、76.97mm、4.07。采用ASTM E564-06加载,即对墙体施加阶段载荷并使阶段目标载荷持续作用一段时间的方式,所得到的极限承载力、极限位移及延性系数最小,分别为37.73kN、54.92mm、2.91;3种加载方式对墙体破坏形式的影响不大。     

Experimental Study on the Burning Behavior of Pool Fires in Rooms with Different Wall Linings

An experimental test series, comprising 10 experiments with varying pool sizes, lining materials and amounts of liquid burning, was conducted under free burn and room burn conditions. The thermal feedback from the enclosure (ISO 9705 Room Corner Test facility) enhanced the burning rate of the pools and resulted in a thermal runaway in some of the runs. The onset of the thermal runaway, which can be associated with flashover, varied with all the input parameters. The lining with the lowest thermal inertia lead to the fastest increase in the heat release rate (HRR) in the enclosure and caused flashover in the shortest time. Given the profound difference between the enclosure tests and the free burn tests and also between enclosure tests with different linings, it is recommended to show great caution if free burn tests are to be used in design fire scenarios.