上海现代建筑设计(集团)建筑协同设计平台研究与应用

本文首先分析了建筑CAD协同设计发展过程中存在的问题,指出建筑CAD协同设计的发展需要经过二维协同设计向三维协同设计的过渡。接着对适合于大型建筑设计企业的建筑CAD协同设计平台的关键问题进行了阐述。通过上海现代建筑设计集团一个实际工程项目,详细描述了建筑工程协同设计的方法与过程。然后对建筑协同设计的标准统一、工种协同等特点和高效沟通及超大项目的应用优势进行了讨论,最后对本研究采用的协同设计平台进行了总结,指出了尚待完善的问题,并对建筑协同设计平台的发展方向进行了展望。     

Two design patterns for facilitating Building Information Model-based synchronous collaboration

The traditional fragmented nature of the construction industry along with the ad hoc matter in which investments in ICT have been made has resulted in a key cause of the poor performance and inefficiencies of the industry being attributed to the communication and exchange of information. The concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) emerged to address the seamless exchange of information throughout the life of a facility following early modelling efforts focused on providing a solution to data exchange problems between several CAD and analysis systems. On the other hand, ICT supported collaborative teamwork has been an important aspect of building lifecycle management over the years in order to address the problems related to the fragmented nature of the industry. In parallel, recent studies in the field have demonstrated that BIMs will play an important role in facilitating collaboration. Most of the studies related to collaborative computing in construction have focused on facilitating the coordination and communication aspects of collaboration. In contrast, this paper proposes a system level and BIM-based approach for facilitating collaboration through the entire lifecycle of the building. In this context, the paper presents two design patterns that can be used as a foundation in formulating the design of information systems for BIM-based synchronous collaboration. The proposed patterns will help the system analysts/designers to focus on a system level picture when tackling recurring problems in the design of collaborative environments. Following a brief summary on the history of information modelling in the construction industry, this paper reviews the storage and exchange mechanisms of BIMs and then proposes two design patterns as a means to facilitating model-based synchronous collaboration.     

Integrated system for BIM-based collaborative design

For effective collaboration among construction project participants, the use of Building Information Model (BIM) has become more common throughout the building life cycle. However, due to the use of different BIM-based software among collaborators during the design, a variety of problems have occurred, including loss of data, difficulty in communication, and poor work efficiency. Hence, this study proposes an integrated design system for the improvement of BIM-based collaborative design. For this purpose, problems are derived based on an analysis of conventional BIM-based collaborative design. In addition, a concept for the development of the BIM-based integrated design system is established from integration methodologies. Based on ‘functional integration,’ ‘integrated information management’ and ‘integrated process support,’ the integrated design system is implemented through the combination of three modules: BIM Modeler, BIM Checker and BIM Server. To test the integrated design system, a case study on a hospital building design is reviewed, and improvements compared to the conventional system are examined. It appears that the proposed system can enhance design quality and productivity by providing necessary support for collaborative design in an integrated manner.     

Multidisciplinary collaborative design in virtual environments

Design projects in the AEC domain involve collaboration among a number of design disciplines, usually in separate locations. There has been an increase in the interest in synchronous collaborative virtual environments as an alternative or extension to collaborating using CAD systems. This paper puts forward a 3D virtual world environment which provides real-time multi-user collaboration for designers in different locations and allows for the different design disciplines to model their view of a building as different representations. This 3D world is extended to provide a more complete collaborative environment. Relationships between the objects in the different models are seen as central to the maintenance of consistency and control while changing the design. Agent technology is used to manage the different views, the creation and modification of objects in the 3D virtual world and the necessary relationships with the database(s) belonging to each discipline.     

基于文化性与生态性互动视野下的当代文教建筑协同设计策略研究

文章围绕树立建筑文化性与生态性的协同设计理念及目标,提炼出以“空间形态塑造”为引导的基本原则,并通过相关理论总结与案例分析,最终形成具有“总体布局—单体构成—细部表达”特点的层级化策略体系,凸显出研究的本体性和切实性;同时,也彰显出对于本土建筑文化发展方向的批判性思考。     

BIM环境下如何实现高效的建筑协同设计

研究BIM环境下高效率的建筑协同设计实现方法,可以提高建筑设计的效率与质量,从而避免在二维建筑设计环境下常出现的不同专业以及不同设计视图之间信息不一致和冲突现象。采用REVIT系列和Navisworks Manage 2013软件,以沈阳建筑大学中德节能示范项目为例,结合BIM执行计划书,研究建筑、结构和机电等多专业在BIM设计环境中的协同技术。通过RVT标准格式将Revit模型导入NavisWorks Manage 2013等软件中进行碰撞检查,实现专业间在BIM环境下的协同设计。与二维协同设计方式相比,在BIM环境下的协同设计增强了信息的传递和共享,实现了不同专业以及上下游企业在同一个模型中工作,减少甚至避免了因设计、施工人员缺乏协同工作所导致的设计变更和工程返工,从而实现建筑设计的高效率和高质量,有效降低工程造价。     

建筑工程三维协同设计流程形式研究

BIM(Building Information Modeling)即建筑信息模型[1]。业界对于BIM在管理、技术和应用方面的探索方兴未艾,BIM的本质是实现建筑行业各个专业之间的信息充分互用,提高建筑信息的复用率,从而达到降低建筑成本, 提高生产效率的目的。我们结合实际工程,对BIM的概念及实施做了初步的研究和实践,并从设计院的工作内容和角度,对三维协同设计的工作流程进行了初步探索,对在三维设计模式下,各专业间及专业内的协同工作方法作了总结。     

Visualisation of impact of time on the internal lighting of a building

With the increasing realisation of the importance of information and elicitation of knowledge, the need for improved methods of extraction and abstraction of information and knowledge has gained equal attention. To this end, visualisation methods have been viewed an effective way of abstracting information. Over the past three decades, these methods have undergone a rapid revolutionary progress, supported by sophisticated visualisation tools, analytical and simulation methodologies and techniques.During this period, the visualisation of an object, such as a building, 'in time' - viewing it from different perspectives - has gained significant attention and developments have been underpinned by sophisticated software technology. However, visualisation of a building 'through time' - viewing it as it degrades through aging - has received limited attention. Indeed, the ability to visualise the behaviour of a building, through time, has the potential to yield significant advantages: at the design phase, the informed choice of different building materials enables the architect to meet the client's technical, aesthetic and economical objectives. Extending the same capabilities to the maintenance phase can result in the development of just-in-time schedules which can prevent wastages without compromising the service to the users of the building. With advances in the BIM technology and the promised paradigm shift in the manner stakeholders collaborate and interact, the ability to simulate and visualise the time-based behaviour of building elements can assist decisions relating to both design and scheduling.In this paper, the overall model of the visual building design and maintenance is proposed and its practicality is demonstrated through its application to the building lighting system. The overall process is modelled and generalised and the lighting system is introduced as an example where the research work can be applied: the time-related behaviour of different light sources under the impact of intrinsic and environmental factors is modelled and expressed in a mathematical form which facilitates visualisation through the use of Visual User Interface.     

Analytic target cascading in simulation-based building design

This article presents a rigorous simulation-based optimization framework that enables concurrent and consistent decision-making in building design. Analytical Target Cascading (ATC), a multi-level engineering design optimization framework, is extended to thermal and HVAC design in buildings. The framework facilitates computational decision support for meeting building performance goals, allows autonomy of specialized design tasks with timely and efficient use of analysis tools, and preserves dependencies between possibly competing building performance goals. A pilot application demonstrates how ATC functions in the context of building design. Relevance and benefits of this hierarchical optimization approach to multi-criteria building performance problems are also discussed.     

Designing energy efficient commercial buildings—A systems framework

This paper provides a means for improving the effectiveness of energy related decision-making during the design phase of a building. A review of the literature and discussions with experts revealed that several approaches for an Integrated Design Process for energy efficient buildings exist. However, most of these approaches are relatively abstract and philosophical in nature, and do not prescribe procedures that enable energy efficient design.This paper attempts to address this gap by proposing a comprehensive design process titled the ‘Integrated Energy-Efficient Building Design Process’ (IEBDP). This process provides a framework based on systems theory that facilitates the integration of various facets of the energy-efficient alternatives selection process. In addition, the proposed framework seeks to integrate state-of-the-art analysis tools and methods, to aid designers in performing holistic building design. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-attribute decision-making technique is used to resolve conflicts amongst diverging design goals.The proposed IEBDP framework was then used to design an office building, taken as a case study, in the composite climate of New Delhi, India. It was found that considerable energy savings could be achieved by following the IEBDP process. The benefits of this framework vis-a-vis traditional energy efficient design approaches were evaluated by comparing the design done through the IEBDP process with designs submitted by a group of practicing architects. The various designs were evaluated in terms of strategies adopted, the level of exploration as well as design integration, in order to validate the applicability and use of the IEBDP framework.     

福州元洪大厦三层地下室的工程实践

本文介绍了福州首例３层地下室的设计和施工情况，并对该结构的特点、施工中产生的问题和处理手段等作了阐述。     

A Framework for Risk-Informed Performance-Based Fire Protection Design for the Built Environment

Performance-based fire protection design (PBFPD) approaches have now been in use for more than 20 years. One might be tempted to conclude that the current ‘state of the art’ is working well. However, application of PBFPD remains limited, several shortcomings exist, and an increasing number of countries are moving toward ‘prescribed performance’ to address the gaps. There are many factors contributing to these problems with PBFPD. Research has been carried out in two principal problem areas: the relationship between occupants and fire safety measures in the context of holistic building performance expectations during everyday use of the building, and also the lack of specifics within current PBFPD approaches. To address these concerns, a new framework for risk-informed PBFPD has been developed, centered on the study of systems formed by specific building types and their associated occupants. This framework replaces generic guidance with a more in-depth and targeted “building-occupant” system approach. This article focuses on how a successful implementation of the new risk-informed PBFPD approach will require acceptance of the need for a paradigm shift from one in which fire is the center of the problem to one in which building performance metrics are evaluated in case of fire events. This article also details the different steps of the new PBFPD process and how this process differs from the current ones, notably in separating technical steps from political steps related to decision making and policy. Finally, this article presents how the new approach is practically applied to a project, focusing on a proof of concept of the new PBFPD process.     

Geometric Modeling Approaches for Civil Engineering and Building Design

Abstract: The paper examines constraint strategies appropriate for modeling three-dimensional geometry in civil engineering design. Despite potential advantages, computer based geometric models are seldom used from the early stages of design since they are difficult to modify; this is because conventional models describe the results of design decisions rather than the intent. To support powerful modification operations, a model must incorporate constraints describing geometric intent; this allows geometric modifications to be propagated through an assembly so that the constraints are maintained. During the past decade, there has been significant research in geometric constraints. The paper reviews this research and identifies three basic constraint approaches: (1) the algebraic approach, which represents constraints as equations; (2) the deductive approach, which represents constraints as logical predicates; and (3) the constructive approach, which represents constraints as geometric operations. Since much of this research is oriented toward machine design, the paper compares modeling issues in machine design and civil engineering design in order to identify important research areas. These areas include the following two aspects of constraint organization: (1) hierarchical constraints, creating and manipulating constraints in meaningful groups; and (2) assembly constraints, defining constraints on the overall geometry of an assembly.     

Integrating Environmental and Economic Sustainability in New Building Construction and Retrofits

The aim of this paper is to grow the literature on methodological approaches directed to find out the most preferable retrofit design solutions for Energy-Efficient Buildings, sustainable from both an environmental and economic point of view. The paper proposes a methodology based on the integration of two existing approaches and finalized to support designers, constructors, developers, and public authorities in the decision-making process. The first approach is based on a joint application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC). The outputs are proposed as an input to the second approach, the Strategic Choice Approach (SCA), considered as a preliminary “platform” in which information deriving from three specific disciplines (“Materials Science and Technology”, “Environmental Technology” and “Real Estate Market Evaluation”) could be structured, shared and accessed by stakeholders, in order to facilitate the decision-making process. First findings are illustrated through an application of the proposed methodology on a case study in the city of Turin (Northern Italy). The selected case study constitutes a reference building for the Turin area because it represents the building construction techniques that mostly need to be refurbished in order to reduce energy consumptions at building level and, as a consequence, at urban level.     

PassivBIM: Enhancing interoperability between BIM and low energy design software

The process of building design is currently undergoing some major changes. In an attempt to mitigate climate change, the design of more sustainable buildings is advocated by the UK government. Furthermore, standalone design methods are being replaced with the concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM). The adoption of BIM has been documented to result in many benefits, which range from time to cost savings. During the initial planning stages, building performance simulation (BPS) can be used to inform design decisions. Data can be exchanged between BIM and BPS tools using data transfer schemas such as the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The IFC schema lacks an energy domain, and as a result, an extension is proposed in this paper. This contains energy concepts from a BPS tool called Passive House Planning Package (PHPP). The extended schema was developed by way of an externally coupled Java tool, which facilitates the transfer of data, and informs the building design decision-making process. The process of geometry extraction has been validated with several case studies, which are based on certified Passivhaus buildings in Hannover Kronsberg, Germany and Ebbw Vale, Wales. The amount of error is acceptable, and it is mostly due to differences in the initial BIM model setup, not due to the processing of IFC files.     

基于IFC标准的BIM数据共享与交换

BIM技术正在全球范围内推动传统建筑行业产生重大变革。对比过去建筑项目采用分散的图纸开展工作的习惯,BIM技术运用面向对象的方法,采用相互关联的建筑对象信息,能够实现建筑工程项目的协同设计、施工和运维管理。由于建筑项目具有多专业多部门的特点,各专业分工不可避免地使用不同的BIM软件。然而,目前不同的BIM软件主要采用自身的内部数据格式,不同的数据格式导致建筑项目BIM应用过程中普遍存在数据交互效率低的问题。鉴于此,该文提出基于IFC标准的BIM数据共享与交换技术路线,并自主研发基于IFC的结构模型服务器IFC-SMS与基于IFC的BIM协同平台SJTUBIM,为解决建筑项目过程中的不可避免的数据交互问题提供一条有效的途径。最后,以上海交大日上江村项目为分析案例,验证该技术路线的可行性。     

方案设计阶段的 BIM 协同造价管理模式

传统模式下的造价管理表现为阶段式管理,由此导致的造价被动性和滞后性影响了决策质量,削弱了建筑价值。以方案设计阶段为研究范围,构建了方案设计阶段 BIM 协同造价管理模式,提出了具体技术实现方法,包括设计与造价动态链接的实现技术及建立与 BIM 设计模型相匹配的造价数据库的管理方法。通过对比分析研究方法,结合某市立医院案例的分析与设计,阐明了协同工作模式的优越性及 BIM 技术应用于前期造价管理的可行性。传统模式转变为与 BIM 相匹配的造价管理模式,是提高效率并提升建筑价值的重要渠道,为设计阶段造价管理模式的应用提供了思路和技术方案     

传统文化符号在现代建筑设计中的应用探析

首先阐释了现代中国建筑设计存在的问题,然后分析了传统文化符号与现代建筑设计的关系,把现代建筑视为由建筑形态符号、色彩符号、材质符号、空间符号等元素组成,并深刻阐释了将传统文化符号应用到现代建筑设计中的方法与途径,从而实践一种新的现代建筑设计理念。     

建筑电气与智能化专业多校联合毕业设计实践与研究

毕业设计对培养建筑电气与智能化专业学生综合运用所学基础理论、基本知识、基本技能解决实际问题具有十分重要的作用。联合毕业设计不仅能促进高校之间的交流，而且能夯实专业建设，扩大专业影响力。通过对建筑电气与智能化专业联合毕业设计8年实践教学模式进行分析，探讨高校与高校、高校与企业等主体与各协同体互动式实践教学模式，针对存在的问题提出相应的建议，以落实教育资源共享共用理念，推动教学相长，实现多方互惠共赢，推进协同育人多维度实践教学模式的创新。