岭南庭园夏季室外热舒适阈值研究

本文针对岭南庭园夏季热舒适状况进行研究。首先,使用现场实测及问卷调研的方法,获得各气象要素(空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速)的逐时数据及庭园室外热舒适状况;然后,借助Ray Man模型,计算生理等效温度,综合评析庭园不同景观要素组合空间的热环境情况;最后,采用回归分析法建立岭南庭园室外空间人体热感觉与热环境指标之间的关联并获得PET热中性温度及阈值上限,初步建立岭南庭园室外热舒适评价模型。     

上海创智天地广场热舒适分析与评价

主要通过上海创智天地广场夏秋冬三季小气候实测与问卷调查,探讨广场空间形态、热环境和使用者心理感知之间的关系,10个测试日共获得问卷870份。结果表明:1)SVF与广场热环境关系紧密,夏季需要更小的SVF,冬季需要更大的SVF;2)热中性与热舒适范围随季节发生变化,热感觉、热舒适与空气温度、PET显著相关,就相关系数而言,热感觉更高;3)人们的热感觉和热认知较为一致的是广场夏季热环境更为严峻;4)空间开阔是人们在秋冬两季来广场的主要原因,它影响了人们对广场各区的热认知;5)创智广场的热中性范围低于国歌广场,空间形态与行为活动的耦合可能影响了人们的热中性范围。本研究成果可为上海高密度环境广场热环境设计及优化提供依据。     

基于微气候模拟的城市综合公园活动空间热舒适评价研究 ——以沈阳市万柳塘公园为例

随着城市化和新型城镇化的发展，城 市热岛效应不断加剧。城市绿地空间微气候环 境的热舒适性是影响人们户外活动的重要因 素，而综合公园是市民在城市绿色空间中进行不 同活动的集中选择。为了深入探讨综合公园不 同空间类型对居民热舒适性的调节作用，研究 以沈阳市万柳塘公园为研究对象，通过问卷调 查、现场实测和微气候模拟相结合的方式，评估 公园不同活动类型空间的热舒适度，校准居民 对热环境感知的中性温度和不同热等级的感知 范围。结果表明：不同类型活动空间的热舒适感知存在差异；研究基于MATLAB对微气候实测数据和模拟数据进行拟合，得到各类活动空间更 为准确的热舒适评价结果；通过研究确定了四类空间的生理等效温度（PET）等级及中性温度范 围，并基于此对各类空间的热舒适性进行评价。研究结果对城市公园景观设计具有重要意义，可 以帮助城市规划者和景观设计师在未来城市建设中科学地改善城市室外热环境。     

夏季襄阳唐城影视基地热舒适对游客场所感知影响及优化措施研究

全球气候变暖与极端高温天气频发对行人夏季出行造成不便。夏季是游客旅行高峰,其高温环境会显著影响游客景区旅行体验。先前热舒适研究主要集中在自然景观类景区,缺少以建筑、硬质为主的人文建筑类景区热舒适改善研究。通过对襄阳唐城影视基地典型宫殿空间与街巷空间两个测点的春夏小气候实测与问卷调研,分析春夏影视基地热环境。结合场所感知问卷,分析影视基地游客场所感知状况,探析影视基地热舒适与游客场所感知的影响作用。宫殿空间热舒适整体优于街巷空间,影视基地夏季热中性温度及中性温度范围分别为29.17℃、26.26~32.08℃。气象因子与游客场所感知相关性较弱,热舒适是影响游客场所感知的最主要因素;游客场所感知与热舒适存在相互影响,其中个体情绪是影响游客热舒适与热接受度的主要因素。影视基地夏季热舒适与游客场所感知存在相互影响作用,从景区规划设计与景区管理两方面提出夏季景区热舒适改善、游客场所感知提升优化建议。     

寒冷地区过渡季节下室外环境热舒适研究

室外热舒适性一直是城市环境研究的热点问题。针对室外微气候环境利用主客观现场调查研究,明确影响人体室外热感觉的影响因素。为确定户外环境的设计策略、营造具有吸引力的良好公共空间提供重要研究基础。文中研究通过对寒冷地区过渡季节的确定,利用热舒适主观问卷调查和同步微气候数据现场调查,获取了1050份有效主观问卷及相对应气象参数。通过主客观拟合分析获取了基于通用热气候指数UTCI(Universal Thermal Climate Index)的热中性温度为20.7℃。同时对室外三种不同环境分别探究其热舒适性变化规律,在阳光直射下的人体热感觉较为敏感,而在树荫和建筑阴影下较不敏感。建筑阴影下热舒适更容易受到影响。明确了空气温度与平均辐射温度是影响过渡季节下人体室外热感觉的主要因素。研究结果为寒冷地区城市的室外公共空间的场地规划和环境设计提供了参考依据。     

上海国歌广场热舒适研究

主要讨论上海国歌广场夏秋冬三季物理环境及广场使用者的热感知和偏好。现场进行小气候实测和问卷调查,21个测试日共获得问卷878份。研究采用主观评价与客观评价结合的形式评价热舒适。客观评价指标采用预测平均投票(PMV)、生理等效温度(PET)和标准有效温度(SET*)3个指标。结果表明:1)广场夏季热舒适问题相较秋冬两季更为突出;夏季,80%受访者期望空气温度降低、风速升高;秋冬两季,近半数的人希望温度升高、风速降低、太阳辐射增强;夏季,居民太阳辐射偏好与空气温度值呈显著负相关;秋冬两季,居民风速偏好与空气温度呈正相关,与太阳辐射呈负相关;2)预测PMV不适合评估上海广场户外热舒适;使用PET计算的热中性温度为16.2℃,热舒适范围为7~25℃;使用SET*计算的热中性温度为17.1℃,热舒适范围为10~24℃。本研究成果可为风景园林师优化上海高密度环境下的户外热环境提供评判依据。     

西安城市街道“单拱”型林荫街谷 空间冬季微气候测试分析

城市街道空间是城市重要的户外公共生活空间。由行道树和街谷构成的林荫街谷空间对改善街道空间微气候和调控冬夏两季热舒适环境起着重要作用。通过对西安2组城市“单拱”型林荫街谷空间进行冬季微气候实态测试，分析归纳林荫街谷冬季动态热环境的气温变化特征，将“相对热舒适”区域划分为“冷区”(不舒适区)、“暖区”(舒适区)、“日晒区”(愉悦区)，并建立2种热环境动态变化模式，同时基于人体热健康“动态热适应”原理，提出冬季面向健康热环境的街道空间调控策略，对以西安为代表的建筑气候区划中的寒冷地区街道空间气候适应性设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值研究

旨在探索湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值。以课题示范工程、样本量集中的广州市老人院为研究案例,结合现场实测与问卷调研,获得各气象要素（空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速）的逐时数据及老年人室外热舒适状况;借助Rayman模型,计算生理等效温度PET,运用SPSS进行回归分析建立老年人室外热舒适评价模型;并评析不同类型测点空间的热环境情况与特点。结论如下：（1）湿热地区夏季老年人室外热环境中性PET值为25.60℃;台湾、香港、广州等湿热气候地区,老年人与混合年龄层中性PET值接近,人群中性PET值具有一定普适性;（2）老年人热感觉中性范围为23.79℃~27.41℃,较混合年龄层窄;老年人室外环境热舒适PET范围为22.70℃~32.53℃,老年人对偏凉感觉（PET=23.10℃）更感舒适;老年人达到90%可接受率的PET范围是22.62℃~31.15℃;（3）老年人夏季热敏感度为3.62PET（℃）/TSV,夏季老年人对室外热环境敏感度明显高于混合年龄层,因此室外热环境设计对老年人具有更大影响;（4）在适当遮荫条件（植物或建筑）下,老年人在夏季依然乐于接受室外阳光辐射;但需综合运用遮阳、通风、降温等设计策略才能满足老年人对热环境的舒适需求。以期为湿热地区室外环境适老设计提供研究方法和设计目标的参考。     

偏热环境下睡眠热舒适研究综述

热环境与睡眠之间的联动有生理基础,不恰当的睡眠热环境对睡眠质量的影响显著。在偏热环境下,清醒人体可直接表达热感觉和热舒适度并且能够自行调节热环境,对于睡眠人体的热舒适状态而言则更多地是通过测量客观生理指标来表达,睡眠人体对热环境的调控也较为被动。由于睡眠人体与清醒人体的生理状态不同,两者对同样的偏热环境的感知有一定的差异。随着热舒适和睡眠学科的研究方法趋于成熟,研究者于过去20年间对偏热环境下睡眠热舒适的相关课题进行了研究,包括人体热调节系统和睡眠控制系统的关系、人体各热生理参数在睡眠过程中的变化趋势、睡眠热舒适的评价方法、夏季睡眠热中性的温度范围、床褥热阻和湿度对夏季睡眠热中性温度的影响、气流在偏热环境下对睡眠质量的改善作用,以及可用于综合评价热环境对睡眠热舒适影响的数学模型。     

传统岭南庭园水体周边热环境模拟研究以余荫山房为例

“水”作为重要的造园要素之一,对调节庭园微气候起着不可忽视的作用。本次研究期冀通过现代方法尽量真实的描述岭南庭园空间环境特征,探索岭南传统庭园中水体的微气候效应,传承蕴藏其中的生态智慧。以广东四大名园之一余荫山房为研究对象,借助微气候模拟软件ENVI—met,对其夏季热环境进行数值模拟,分析温度、湿度、风速、平均辐射温度等气候要素的空间分布特征和时间变化规律,在此基础上选用标准有效温度综合评价夏季庭园室外热环境质量。研究表明,水体在白天对庭园中近地面空气有一定的降温增湿作用,园中水体与植物相结合的空间室外热环境质量最高。故在庭园设计中重视理水的作用,可以更有效的改善夏季庭园热环境,营造舒适的室外活动场所。     

Field study of human thermal comfort and thermal adaptability during the summer and winter in Beijing

This study was conducted during the summer and winter in Beijing. Classrooms and offices in a university were used to conduct the survey. The respondents’ thermal sensation and thermal adaptability in both seasons were analyzed. During the study, indoor environmental parameters including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were measured. The respondents’ thermal sensation was determined by questionnaire.A relationship between indoor temperature and thermal sensation was found. In the summer study, the “scissors difference” between TSV and PMV was observed in the air-conditioned environments if the temperature was out of the neutral zone. People had higher tolerance in the hot environment than PMV predicted. During winter, the outdoor temperature had a prominent influence on thermal adaptability. The low outdoor temperature made people adapt to the cold environment. When the indoor temperature was heated to a high temperature by space heating facilities, respondents felt uncomfortable since their adaptability to the cold environment was nullified.Furthermore, the differences in thermal responses between respondents from North and South China showed that the different climates of people's native regions also affected their thermal comfort and adaptability.     

北京地区冬季室内人体热舒适性及热适应性调查

测试了室内环境参数,同时调查了受试者的热感觉。结果显示,室外温度对人的热适应性有显著影响。在冬季,寒冷的气候条件使人们形成对偏冷环境的适应性,此时如果室内温度过高,人们对低温的适应性将被破坏,反而感觉不舒适。     

Thermal perception,adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions

Highly relevant to an individual's thermal perception, the thermal environment in outdoor public spaces impacts the use of such spaces. Thermal adaptation, which involves physiological, psychological and behavioral factors, also plays an important role in assessment of thermal environments by users. Given that these issues have rarely been addressed for outdoor environments in hot and humid regions, this study examines user thermal comfort in a public square in Taiwan. Physical measurements were taken and a questionnaire survey was used to assess the thermal comfort of subjects. The number of people visiting the square was also counted. Analytical results indicate that the thermal comfort range and neutral temperature of subjects was higher than those of people in a temperate region. Additionally, local subjects preferred a cool temperature and weak sunlight, and adapted to thermal environments by seeking shelter outdoors. Analytical results confirm the existence of thermal adaptation and illustrate the characteristics of, and variances in, thermal adaptation. During the cool season, the number of people visiting the square increased as the thermal index value increased. However, the number of people frequenting the square decreased as the thermal index increased during the hot season. These experimental results were compared with those for temperate regions, indicating that the human energy balance model cannot fully explain the influence of climate on use of public spaces; that is, psychological and behavioral factors also play important roles in outdoor thermal comfort. Study findings also elucidate design of outdoor public spaces in hot and humid regions.     

Adaptive comfort model for tree-shaded outdoors in Taiwan

Tree-shaded outdoors can reduce the heat effect by ameliorating the microclimate and enhancing the human thermal comfort outdoors; for this reason, they are main places for rest, recreation and social activity in Taiwan's cities. Field comfort surveys of 3839 interviewees were conducted in tree-shaded spaces throughout a year. The aims were to obtain a better understanding of human thermal comfort response outdoors and to propose an adaptive comfort model for tree-shaded spaces. A comfort zone, centering on neutral operative temperature which is an empirically derived linear function of mean monthly outdoor temperature, of 6 °C for 90% acceptability and 8 °C for 80% acceptability was suggested for tree-shaded spaces from surveyed data, adding that a non-linear function of the temperature difference between actual operative temperature and neutral operative temperature was established that aims to predict the percentage of heat or cold discomfort at a particular outdoor thermal condition. An application of the established adaptive comfort model on an actual tree-shaded space was demonstrated to show its practicality in long-term evaluation of a particular thermal environment.     

校园行道树对夏季室外行人热舒适的 影响研究

道路绿地作为城市绿地的重要组成部分,在缓解城市热岛和改善行人热舒适等方面起着重要作用。通过监测大学校园内7种典型行道树树荫和阳光下的空气温度(T_a)、相对湿度(RH)、风速(V_a)、黑球温度(T_g)和太阳辐射(G)等气象参数以及行道树的叶表面温度(T_(1s),运用通用热气候指数(Universal Thermal Climate Index,UTCI)分析不同行道树对道路空间热环境的影响和行人热舒适的改善效果。结论如下:1)行道树改善道路空间行人热舒适作用明显,对T_a和平均辐射温度(Mean Radiant Temperature,T_(mrt)降低能力最强的树种分别为悬铃木和银杏;2)天空可视因子(Sky View Factor,SVF)是影响道路空间行人热舒适的主要因素;3)T_(1s)与UTCI呈强线性正相关(R~2=0.8083),夏季T_(1s)越高,道路空间行人热舒适度越差。研究结果从室外热舒适评价的角度为行道树设计提供了理论基础和量化指导。     

基于遮阴率的湿热地区慢行道热舒适 特征研究

慢行道设计对景观、空间尺度及与环境的协调都有 相应的要求，各景观构成要素对微气候环境，如太阳辐射遮 挡、温湿度分布及风场都有一定的影响，其中行道树遮阴是影 响慢行道热环境的主要因素。依据遮阴率指标选取典型慢行 道，对其微气候要素进行连续观测，同时向步行和骑行人群发 放问卷调研，获取慢行道的热环境水平及人群的热特征，采用 标准有效温度(SET* )指标结合SPSS软件的回归分析方法对慢 行道的热舒适进行量化评价，得出影响人群的微气候因素偏 好、热舒适区域及出行时的热期望，构建以“遮阴率－热环 境－热期望”的慢行道微气候环境评价策略。最后，以广州市 一处实际室外场地为例，采用ENVI-met 4.0 CFD模拟耦 合RayMan软件的方法，探讨建立在热环境、热舒适量化实 证基础上的慢行道热环境评价方法。     

对热舒适、空气感觉质量及能耗的模拟研究

室内空调设计温度和新风量对热舒适，室内空气质量及能耗量有重要影响，然而对它们之间相互关系进行研究的文献却较少。通过计算机模拟空调系统在7种室内设计温度和7种新风量条件下的运行情况，得到不同的设计条件组合对热舒适、人体感觉空气质量及建筑能耗量的影响。基于这项分析，提出了此办公建筑合理的室内设计温度和新风量取值。     

The distorted power of medical surgical masks for changing the human thermal psychology of indoor personnel in summer

The medical surgical mask (MSM) has been the essential protective equipment in people's daily work. The experimental purpose is to explore the effects of wearing MSM on human thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort in office buildings in summer. A total of 30 healthy college students were recruited for the testing. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber, which can simulate the office buildings in summer. The experiment collects the subjects’ skin temperature, microclimate in the mask, and subjective votes, including thermal sensory votes (TSV), thermal comfort votes (TCV), and respiratory comfort votes (BCV). Experimental results show that wearing MSM has no significant effect on the skin temperature of the human body. The microclimate temperature inside the MSM reaches over 34℃, and the relative humidity reaches over 70%. The high-temperature and high-humidity microclimate put human beings in an uneven thermal environment, which leads to poor human tolerance to the thermal environment and becomes the main reason for destroying human thermal comfort. Wearing MSM has a significant impact on the subjective thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort of the human body, and the impact becomes more significant as the environmental temperature increases. Once the mask is taken off, the human body will enter an extremely comfortable environment, resulting in an excessively high vote value. The difference in voting values before and after removing the mask becomes larger with the environmental temperature. By fitting the voting results and perform data processing, it can be found that wearing MSM will reduce the neutral temperature by 1.5°C, and the environmental temperature with the optimal thermal comfort by 1.4°C, and as the temperature increases, the respiratory discomfort will become more and more intense. Regardless of whether wearing a MSM, the subjects preferred a slight warmer environment. In conclusion, with the increase of ambient temperature, wearing MSM can cause the human worse tolerance to the thermal environment, and this disturbance will become more and more intense.