Seismic response and fragility analysis of fiber-reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure

为研究在关键部位采用聚乙烯醇纤维增强混凝土材料的结构的地震反应,利用Perform-3D软件对一栋10层的框架 剪力墙结构进行单向罕遇地震（50年超越概率2%）作用下的非线性动力时程反应分析。结果表明,随着结构地震损伤程度的增加,纤维增强混凝土的优良性能发挥更加充分,对结构的抗震性能改善作用也更加明显;结构基本周期对应的加速度反应谱强度S_a(T₁)能较好地反映结构的损伤程度,适合作为地震动强度衡量指标。依据FEMA P695建议的增量动力分析方法,对22对地震动记录进行标准化处理和调幅,并通过结构地震易损性函数,给出结构在不同强度地震作用下达到“防止倒塌”极限状态的失效概率。对于框架-剪力墙结构,建议可采用墙肢塑性铰转角作为其“防止倒塌”极限状态地震易损性分析的结构反应参数。     

考虑多维地震作用的高耸钢筋混凝土烟囱结构易损性分析

竖向地震作用对高耸烟囱结构动力响应有不可忽略的影响。选用240m高的某钢筋混凝土烟囱作为研究对象,考虑结构损伤,通过有限元软件ABAQUS,采用复合壳单元建立相应的非线性有限元分析模型。为考虑地震动的不确定性,根据谱相容性原则,选择20条合理地震动记录,进行增量动力分析。输入的地震动分别为一维、二维、三维。分别以材料应变和地面峰值加速度作为结构地震需求参数和地震动强度参数,结合增量动力分析获得的结构地震响应,采用能力需求比模型的曲线拟合法计算易损性曲线。通过钢筋和混凝土的材料应变定义四个损伤状态限值,最终得到在不同维数地震动输入时高耸钢筋混凝土烟囱结构的地震易损性曲线和倒塌概率曲线。研究结果表明,考虑多维地震作用比只考虑一维地震作用时高耸烟囱的结构易损性和倒塌概率增大。     

Seismic performance of moment resisting steel frame subjected to earthquake excitations

This study presents static and dynamic assessments on the steel structures. Pushover analysis (POA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) were run on moment resisting steel frames. The IDA study involves successive scaling and application of each accelerogram followed by assessment of the maximum response. Steel frames are subjected to nonlinear inelastic time history analysis for 14 different scaled ground motions, 7 near field and 7 far field. The results obtained from POA on the 3, 6 and 9 storey steel frames show consistent results for both uniform and triangular lateral loading. Uniform loading shows that the steel frames exhibits higher base shear than the triangular loading. The IDA results show that the far field ground motions has caused all steel frame design within the research to collapse while near field ground motion only caused some steel frames to collapse. The POA can be used to estimate the performance-based-seismic-design (PBSD) limit states of the steel frames with consistency while the IDA seems to be quite inconsistent. It is concluded that the POA can be consistently used to estimate the limit states of steel frames while limit state estimations from IDA requires carefully selected ground motions with considerations of important parameters.     

On the modal incremental dynamic analysis

In this article a new technique for the dynamic response of structures is investigated. This applied procedure can predict the approximate seismic performance of the structures and it is fast, inexpensive and results are reasonably acceptable. In fact, this novel method logically combines two different techniques, ‘incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)’ and ‘modal pushover analysis (MPA)’, presented by other researchers. This method will take advantage of both methodical ideas such as equivalent single degree of freedom of multi‐degree structures and the implementation of different scaled level of an earthquake record to the provided equivalent SDF structure. Using this procedure, simple approximate curves that present a realistic linear and non‐linear seismic behaviour of the structure due to the applied scaled level of earthquakes can easily be extracted. In this investigation, several four‐, eight‐ and 12‐storey structures are specified as the example models and are dynamically analysed. Next, three different scaled earthquakes, El Centro, Northridge and San Fernando, are applied to each example problem. The results of the presented technique, modal incremental dynamic analysis (MIDA), are then compared with the IDA method. Comparison of the results reveals good accuracy in building seismic demands evaluation. Finally, it is also shown that the MIDA method is simple enough to be carried out on most personal computers and the authors believe this technique will serve design engineers working in real design conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incremental dynamic collapse analysis of RC core‐wall tall buildings considering spatial seismic response distributions

Despite wide‐ranging studies on fragility analysis and collapse safety assessment of short to medium‐rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures, a new interest in the topic is still valuable and even necessary for tall RC buildings. This study aims at establishing fragility relationships as well as collapse probability of high‐rise RC core‐wall buildings under maximum considered earthquake ground motions. This study is carried out in a probabilistic framework on a case study of a fully 3‐dimensional numerical model developed to simulate seismic behavior of a 42‐story building having a RC core‐wall system. Proposing planar and vertical distributions of ductility and damage indices, the incremental dynamic analysis, and the multi‐direction nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were employed to reach the research goal. Median collapse‐level capacities were defined in terms of seismic responses (e.g., ductility/damage indices) as well as several intensity measures by employing statistical analyses and cumulative density functions. Available and acceptable collapse margin ratios were next estimated to quantify collapse safety at maximum considered earthquake shaking level. On an average basis, the statistics indicated 9%–10% and 5%–6% collapse probability of the building subjected to near‐ and far‐field ground motions, respectively.     

近断层向前方向性地震动作用下RC框架结构易损性研究#br#

向前方向性效应是近断层地震动的重要特征之一，使得在垂直于断层方向上表现出明显的速度脉冲分量，引起结构的严重破坏。为考察该类特殊地震动作用下RC框架结构的损伤程度，基于传统的增量动力分析方法，建立考虑材料不确定性和输入地震动不确定性的结构-地震动样本，对一个12层框架结构进行地震易损性研究。利用易损性分析结果计算出结构的破坏状态概率，结合群体结构震害评估中的震害指数经验值，得到多遇地震、设防地震和罕遇地震的易损性指数。研究结果表明：近断层向前方向性地震动作用下，依据我国抗震规范设计的RC框架结构能够满足小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒的抗震设防目标。尤其在大震作用下，结构仍处于中等破坏水平，表明结构在发生倒塌之前具备充分的富裕度。     

近断层/远场地震动作用下隧道结构易损性研究

以川藏铁路线控制性工程——折多山隧道为研究对象,建立隧道动力时程分析模型。结合场地地震动设计反应谱,选取近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动记录,用于增量动力分析隧道工程结构的抗震性能水平。初步探讨适用于隧道结构的地震动强度指标IM,分析不同特征部位隧道结构易损性,对比分析近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动作用下隧道结构的地震易损性概率,并进一步给出在2种不同地震动作用下隧道结构在三级设防要求下的失效概率。结果表明:对于隧道结构,PGA为合适的IM指标;隧道左右边墙处衬砌为震害易损部位,可视作抗震设计的薄弱部位;在Ⅷ度多遇地震水平作用下,隧道结构仅发生轻微损伤甚至保持完好无损伤状态的概率较大,而在Ⅷ度罕遇与极罕遇地震水平作用下,隧道结构发生危及生命安全的严重损伤的概率较大;在相同强度的地震动作用下,近断层脉冲型地震动导致隧道结构发生更为严重破坏的可能性更大,具有更强的破坏性,在隧道抗震设计中,不可忽视近断层地震动的速度脉冲效应对隧道结构抗震性能的影响。     

地震动速度脉冲对不同高宽比基础隔震结构抗震性能的影响

为研究近断层地震动的速度脉冲对基础隔震结构地震反应的影响,建立了不同高宽比的传统抗震及基础隔震框架结构有限元模型,选取了6条具有向前方向性效应和滑冲效应速度脉冲的实际近断层强震记录作为结构基础输入地震动,对8个模型进行了非线性动力时程分析,对比分析了传统抗震及基础隔震框架结构模型的层间位移角、支座位移和基底剪力等反应。结果表明：在近断层速度脉冲型地震动作用下,随着结构高宽比的增加,基础隔震结构的层间位移角和基底最大剪力逐渐增加,而隔震支座位移有先增大后减小的趋势,且随着地震动峰值速度与峰值加速度比值的增大,隔震支座位移也逐步增大;基础隔震对高宽比小于3的结构具有较好的减震效果,且高宽比越小其减震效果越好,但是当结构高宽比为4时,基础隔震效果较差;近断层地震动的速度脉冲对基础隔震结构底部楼层的不利影响会导致结构出现倒塌破坏。     

三维地震动输入对IDA倒塌易损性分析的影响

地震作用下建筑结构抗倒塌能力是性能化抗震设计的核心目标,基于IDA的倒塌易损性分析能够定量评价结构的抗地震倒塌安全性.本文通过一个8层RC框架结构和一个20层RC框架-核心筒结构的算例,指出仅考虑地震动单一水平分量的IDA分析会高估结构抗地震倒塌安全性;而三维地震动输入下结构可能出现更多的倒塌模式,可更全面地体现整体结...     

Seismic fragility assessment of effectiveness of viscous dampers in R/C buildings under scenario earthquakes

Fragility curves are used to represent the probabilities that the structural damages, under various level of seismic excitation, exceed specified damage states by means of earthquake intensity–damage relations. In this study, the fragility curves have been developed for comparative seismic evaluation of several retrofitting measures by incorporation of fluid viscous (VS) dampers applied to a representative high-rise reinforced concrete (R/C) office building located in Istanbul. In the retrofitting strategies considered, similar type of VS dampers was used and designed to provide the structure with three different effective damping ratios of 10%, 15%, and 20%. In the fragility analysis, a set of 240 artificially generated earthquake ground motions compatible with the design spectrum selected to represent the variability in ground motion was employed to study nonlinear dynamic responses of the structures before and after retrofit. Four damage states: slight, moderate, major, and collapse were defined to express the condition of damage. The fragility curves in this study are represented by lognormal distribution functions with two parameters and developed as a function of peak ground acceleration (PGA), spectral acceleration (S_a), spectral displacement (S_d). Comparison of the fragility curves indicated that the VS dampers were very effective in attenuating seismic structural response under various earthquake ground motions. It was also found that a two-fold reduction in the probability of exceeding damage states might be achieved by introducing passive VS damper systems.     

基于材料非线性的结构抗震性能评价方法

利用基于材料非线性的精细化有限元模型,根据混凝土损伤和钢材等效塑性变形得到了结构材料、构件、楼层、整体结构的损坏等级并研究了将其作为抗震性能指标的合理性。为进一步丰富结构抗震性能评价指标,给出了楼层非线性耗能、整体结构的非线附加阻尼比、刚度退化系数的计算方法。将上述计算和评价方法在完全自主研发的非线性显式动力有限元分析软件SAUSAGE中完成开发。利用SAUSAGE分析了某超高层框架-剪力墙结构在7组地震动不同强度作用下的非线性动力响应。讨论了材料应力、截面内力、损伤、等效塑性应变作为抗震性能评价的可行性。对比了不同强度地震作用下结构层间位移角、层间剪力退化系数、楼层非线性耗能、楼层损坏等级作为楼层抗震性能指标并判断结构薄弱楼层的差异。研究了最大层间位移角、基底剪力退化系数、非线性附加阻尼比、刚度退化系数、损坏等级作为结构整体评价指标的合理性及对地震动的离散性;从统计意义上分析了最大层间位移角和其他指标的相互关系。     

Fragility assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete buildings considering the effects of shear wall contributions

The effect of shear wall configurations on seismic responses of high‐rise RC buildings is investigated in this paper using fragility analysis method. Four lower high‐rise RC buildings that have the same plan dimensions and height but are different in configurations in lateral force resisting systems, were firstly designed following the standard code procedure. To consider uncertainties in earthquake motions, 16 real ground motion pairs were selected and scaled, then applied orthogonally to the four RC building models during the Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). Fragility relationships were therefore derived based on the IDA results for the three limit states including slight damage, moderate damage and collapse to show the probabilistic comparison of seismic responses among the four buildings in both x and y‐directions. It was observed that generally adding shear walls will improve buildings' seismic performance at all limit states. However, shear wall configuration also plays a significant role in seismic behavior of the lower high‐rise regular RC buildings' and internal shear walls are generally more effective than external shear walls in improving building's seismic resistance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-linear FEM analysis of earthquake-induced pounding between the main building and the stairway tower of the Olive View Hospital

The reports after major ground motions indicate that earthquake-induced pounding between buildings may lead to substantial damage or even collapse of colliding structures. The research on structural pounding during earthquakes has been recently much advanced, although most of the studies were conducted on much simplified discrete lumped mass models of buildings. In the present paper, a detailed three-dimensional pounding-involved response analysis of two adjacent structures has been conducted using the FEM with the non-linear model of material behaviour, including stiffness degradation of concrete under cyclic loading. The study concerns pounding between the Olive View Hospital main building and one of its independently standing stairway towers, which was observed during the San Fernando earthquake of 1971. The results of the study show that collisions may lead to a significant increase of the response of the lighter stairway tower as well as may result in a substantial increase of the range and intensity of damage at the base of the structure, whereas the behaviour of the heavier main building has been found to be only slightly influenced by structural interactions. The results clearly confirm that special attention should be paid to appropriate design of a weaker building, for which earthquake-induced structural pounding can be catastrophic.     

地震作用下相邻建筑结构碰撞反应分析

地震作用下,相邻建筑结构由于不同动力特性的差异,并且没有足够的间距,容易遭受碰撞破坏。相邻结构间的碰撞作用是导致结构破坏甚至倒塌的重要原因之一。将相邻结构简化为多自由度楼层处碰撞模型,采用简化的Hertz-Damp模型,以相邻15层与8层钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,研究结构在地震作用下的碰撞反应,分析两相邻结构间不设置防震缝及按规范设置防震缝时,在不同加速度峰值情况下,碰撞作用对结构层间位移角和层间剪力的影响。研究表明,碰撞作用显著放大较高结构碰撞层及以上楼层的层间位移角和剪力,对较低结构具有总体抑制作用,但对顶层可能会产生不利影响;按规范设置防震缝时,7度设防结构在遭受7度罕遇地震时无碰撞发生,但遭遇8度和9度罕遇地震时发生碰撞,碰撞作用对结构反映的抑制作用比结构间无防震缝时明显降低。     

增量动力分析方法的改进及其在高层混合结构地震危害性评估中的应用

在基于性能的地震工程中,增量动力分析(IDA)常被用于计算结构的动力反应、损伤性能及可能的经济损失。这种定量的危险性分析方法主要包括:选择一组地震波并完成结构非线性模型的IDA,总结得到各种分位值对应的IDA曲线及相关状态性能限值,将IDA结果与地震危险性分析结果结合起来形成结构地震危害性评估的计算格式。本文介绍了IDA的基本原理与过程,提出了改进IDA曲线统计的方法。通过对一栋25层高层混合结构进行IDA分析,得到该结构概率分位值为16%,50%和84%的IDA曲线及其对应的极限状态值,结合上海市概率地震危险性分析曲线,对该高层混合结构的地震危害性进行评估,同时对这种评估方法在高层混合结构中应用的可靠性与可行性进行论证。     

框架式地铁车站结构大地震近场地震反应特性的三维精细化非线性分析

基于 ABAQUS 软件的 32CPU 显式有限元并行计算集群平台,建立了深软地基土–框架式地铁地下车站结构体系三维精细化非线性地震反应分析的有限元模型,数值模拟了汶川大地震清平波、卧龙波和 100 a 超越概率 3% 的南京人工地震波作用下深软地基上三层三跨框架式地铁地下车站结构地震反应特性的差异。结果表明：大地震近场强地震动将对深软地基上地下车站结构造成严重损伤,甚至发生塑性破坏或坍塌,柱、楼板、侧墙的结合部位是抗震的不利位置,中柱为抗震最薄弱构件,输入近场地震动的峰值加速度和频谱特性对地下车站结构的地震反应均有很大影响;地下车站结构的地震反应具有明显的空间效应,且在大地震近场强地震动作用下地下结构会产生单向累积的永久位移;清平波、卧龙波作用下地下车站结构的地震反应远大于 100 a 超越概率 3% 的南京人工地震波作用下的地震反应;结构浅埋部分的地震损伤比深埋部分更大。     

近断层地震动向前方向性效应和滑冲效应对高层钢结构地震反应的影响

为考察近断层地震动向前方向性效应和滑冲效应引起的两种速度脉冲运动对高层钢框架结构地震反应的影响,选择具有向前方向性效应、滑冲效应和无速度脉冲的近断层地震动作为输入,利用SAP2000软件对一座20层平面钢框架进行非线性时程分析。计算结果表明,含滑冲效应和向前方向性效应的脉冲地震动主要激发结构基本振型反应,而无速度脉冲的地震动能够激起结构的高阶振型反应,而且,脉冲型地震动的结构破坏作用远强于无速度脉冲地震动。最后,引入了单自由度体系的能量耗散系数,从能量耗散和高阶振型影响的角度对钢结构动力反应计算结果和损伤破坏状态给出了合理解释。     

考虑结构不确定性的地震倒塌易损性分析

传统的地震倒塌易损性分析中通常只考虑地震动不确定性的影响。在结构临近倒塌时,通常处于高度非线性状态,会出现结构不确定性与地震动不确定性的耦合放大现象。针对这一问题,将平均值一次二阶矩方法（MVFOSM）与逐步增量动力分析（IDA）相结合,提出了一种可以考虑结构不确定性的基于MVFOSM的随机IDA方法。以五层三跨钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,采用基于MVFOSM的随机IDA方法对其进行了地震倒塌易损性分析,并利用“龙卷风图”方法对结构抗地震倒塌能力的灵敏度进行了分析。研究表明：结构不确定性的存在使得结构抗地震倒塌能力的对数标准差增加了70%,因此有必要在地震倒塌易损性分析中考虑结构不确定性的影响。     

Seismic fragility assessment of a tall reinforced concrete chimney

In China, a considerable proportion of reinforced concrete (RC) industrial chimneys in operation was designed and constructed in accordance with less rigorous outdated seismic criteria during the end of 19th and early 20th century. However, few research works have been reported till date on a realistic overall assessment of the seismic performance of these existing aging RC chimney structures. Therefore, in this study, fragilities of existing RC chimney were studied. For this purpose, an existing 240 m tall RC chimney was selected and structurally modeled with a lumped mass beam (stick) model by means of the OpenSees analysis program. In order to capture the uncertainties in ground motion realizations, a series of 21 ground motions are selected from the Next Generation Attenuation database as the input motions. To develop the analytical fragility curves, nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis of the studied RC chimney was then carried out using the selected input motions, which were normalized to different excitation levels. The section curvature ductility ratio was considered as the damage index. Based on material strain and sectional analysis, four limit states (LSs) were defined for five damage state. The seismic responses of the all sections were utilized to evaluate the likelihood of exceeding the LSs. Then the peak ground acceleration (PGA)‐based seismic fragility curves of the structure were constructed assuming a lognormal distribution. Finally, under the light of these fragility curves, the damage risks in existing RC chimney were discussed. The analytical results indicated that for design level earthquake of PGA = 0.1 g (g is the gravitational acceleration) and the maximum considered earthquake of PGA = 0.22 g, the probabilities of exceeding the light damage state were around 1.5% and 44%, respectively, while the exceedance probabilities corresponding to moderate, extensive and complete damage states were approximately zero in both cases. On the other hand, fragility analysis revealed that the RC chimney structure had considerable ductility capacity and was capable to withstand a strong earthquake with some structural damages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

网壳结构基于性能的抗震设计方法研究

基于性能的抗震设计是结构抗震设计的发展趋势,该文在考虑材料损伤及损伤累积的基础上,建立网壳结构的数值模型,通过基于IDA的全过程分析方法,考察网壳结构强震下的抗震性能;建立了分别基于多项特征响应和变形能量的结构损伤模型,对比两种损伤模型的精度,实现结构不同损伤状态的量化,并利用此模型量化结构的分级性能水准;通过多组地震动的IDA分析,实现结构分级性能水准易损性分析和综合易损性分析;确定结构性能目标,初步实现结构的优化设计,从而为建立网壳结构完整的基于性能的抗震设计方法奠定了基础。