基于微观矿物含量的灰岩细观参数标定研究

随着对岩体力学研究的深入,宏微观岩体力学的研究方法发展迅速。但岩体微观性质改变对引起岩体宏观力学各向异性行为的影响研究却较为缺乏,而在离散元分析方法中,岩体宏观力学行为的准确表征不仅需要合理的细观强度参数,也需要考虑岩体中微观矿物的成分和含量。以灰岩为研究对象,制作灰岩薄片标本,用偏光显微镜观察灰岩样本以确定矿物成分及含量,并以此为依据生成基于矿物含量的离散元模型,以接触软化接触模型模拟矿物间的细观力学行为。分别建立与室内试验对应的单轴压缩模型和巴西劈裂模型,使用试错法不断调整细观强度参数,最终使细观模型表现出的宏观力学性质与实际情况一致。研究结果表明,数值模拟得到的宏观参数与室内试验结果相吻合,说明基于微观矿物含量的岩体离散元模型参数标定方法能够很好地标定出颗粒的细观强度参数,同时细观强度参数又能够很好地表征岩体宏观力学强度,以该参数作为岩体力学响应分析的输入参数,能够更准确认识岩体的力学行为。     

陈宗基讲座：岩石流变力学及其工程应用研究的若干进展

讨论岩石流变力学及其工程应用研究近年来的若干进展，主要内容包括：对岩石工程流变学问题的综述性介绍、软岩和节理裂隙发育岩体的流变试验研究、流变模型辨识与参数估计、流变力学手段在收敛约束法及隧道结构设计优化中的应用、高地应力隧洞围岩非线性流变及其对洞室衬护的力学效应，以及岩石流变损伤与断裂研究。此外，还对土力学与土工流变方面的一些进展作了简要介绍，并就今后岩土工程流变研究的展望阐述了一点认识。     

横观各向同性岩石弹塑性本构模型与参数求解方法研究

地层中普遍存在层理状岩石,这些岩石细观结构具有显著的方向性,从而引起了其变形与强度具有横观各向同性。采用弹性力学与广义塑性力学基本理论,建立了岩石横观各向同性弹塑性本构模型:弹性部分采用广义胡克定律描述,塑性部分采用基于广义八面体剪应力的屈服准则和势函数、非关联流动法则和应变硬化准则描述。该模型屈服面为外凸的非等截距椭圆截面角锥体,在各向同性条件下可退化为米塞斯屈服准则。提出了模型参数求解方法:弹性参数采用三轴压缩和扭转试验联合求解;塑性参数采用不同层理方向试样的三轴压缩试验求解。以炭质板岩为例,验证了所提出的横观各向同性弹塑性模型和参数求解方法,验证结果表明所提模型较好地反映了岩石的横观各向同性,参数求解方法简单有效。此外,还根据试验数据分析了炭质板岩塑性势方向性和弹塑性参数耦合特征。研究成果将为丰富岩石力学基本理论和解决相关工程问题提供理论基础。     

基于残余强度变形阶段特征的岩石变形全过程统计损伤模拟方法

岩石应变软化变形破坏全过程模拟是岩石力学研究的重要内容。首先在分析岩石应变软化变形全过程不同阶段变形特征基础上,针对现有岩石损伤模型难以反映岩石破坏后仍具残余强度特性的不足,假设受载岩石可抽象为损伤和未损伤两部分材料组成,其所受轴向荷载由这两部分共同承担,且损伤部分所受应力为残余强度,建立出可反映岩石破坏后仍具残余强度特征的新型损伤模型;其次,引进统计损伤理论,在探讨岩石微元强度合理度量方法的基础上,考虑岩石损伤阀值的影响,建立可反映岩石变形全过程特征的岩石统计损伤演化模型;然后,利用上述岩石损伤模型和损伤演化模型建立出可模拟岩石应变软化变形全过程的损伤统计本构模型,并建立其模型参数确定方法,该模型能较好地反映岩石峰后残余强度阶段变形特征;最后,通过实例分析与讨论,并与其他同类模型分析结果进行比较分析,表明本文模型与方法的合理性与优越性。     

基于混合遗传算法岩土抗剪指标参数识别方法

岩土边坡的稳定性取决于边坡的几何形状和岩土材料的抗剪指标参数。由于尺寸效应,根据实验室小尺寸试件获得的参数具有某些局限性,反分析方法为解决这一课题提供了新的途径。根据实验观测岩土边坡滑移面的形状参数,建立了应用混合遗传算法识别岩土材料的抗剪指标参数的方法。遗传算法的特点之一是不需要计算目标函数的导数。为了提高参数识别方法的有效性、收敛速度和鲁棒性,将梯度搜索方法和遗传算法有机地结合在一起,使得所建立的反演策略具有梯度搜索方法和遗传算法的各自特性。研究了观测信息的不确定性对参数反演结果的影响。通过一个数值算例对比,显示了所建立参数识别方法的实用性和有效性。     

Deep weathering of a group of thick argillaceous limestone rocks near Three Gorges Reservoir,Central China

Rock mass characterization is one of the most basic and important tasks in rock mechanics and engineering. Literature review indicates that although there are many publications available on weathered rocks, there are few reports in English on weathered argillaceous limestone rocks and their chemical and mechanical properties. This paper presents a case study of characterizing a group of highly weathered thick argillaceous limestone rocks. Most importantly, they can be easily and quickly decomposed into soils after they are exposed due to excavation. Consequently, they would substantially lose their mechanical strengths. Geohazards such as landslides and sinkholes could occur in uncovered highly weathered argillaceous limestone rocks. The problematic weathered rocks were found during the development of a new town in upper mountains above the Three Gorges Reservoir on Yangtze River in Central China in the past 20 years. The factual data are presented on the changes of chemical compositions and mechanical properties of the weathered argillaceous limestone rocks due to chemical weathering. Some empirical correlations are given to quantify the changes in their uniaxial compressive strength and deformation moduli in terms of their contents of calcium carbonate. The data and findings presented in the paper can be useful to future urban development in geologically poor mountainous environments occupied by highly weathered argillaceous limestone rocks in the world.     

不同围岩级别凝灰熔岩剪切流变 特性的试验研究

 结合深圳莲盐高速公路隧道围岩中的II～V级凝灰熔岩进行了双轴剪切流变试验,通过试验结果分析和模型辨识,得到不同围岩级别凝灰熔岩的剪切流变规律和流变模型。II,III级围岩采用广义Kelvin模型,IV级围岩采用伯格斯模型,V级凝灰熔岩采用非线性流变模型,可以较好地模拟围岩的流变特性;II,III,IV级围岩主要以脆性破坏为主,V级围岩则以塑性破坏为主;试验还得到了II～V级凝灰熔岩的剪切流变参数;并通过对试验结果与不同级别围岩剪切流变模型的对比分析,进一步验证了流变模型的合理性。     

Optimizing the construction sequence of a series of underground openings using dynamic construction mechanics and a rock mass fracture damage model

A constitutive model for a rock mass with intermittent joints and with an evolution equation for the propagation of secondary cracks at joint tips is proposed in this paper using fracture mechanics and damage mechanics. The principle of dynamic construction mechanics of a rock mass is described. The principles of dynamic programming and artificial intelligence techniques, as well as the above mentioned mechanical models, are used to perform optimizing analysis for the construction scheme of a group of chambers for a large water-conservancy project. The results show that the optimizing analysis is effective.     

A thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical formulation for modeling water transport around a ventilated tunnel in an argillaceous rock

Argillaceous rocks are being considered as potential host rocks for deep geological disposal. For the research work in DECOVALEX-2011, 5 participant research teams performed simulations of a laboratory drying test and a ventilation experiment for Mont Terri underground laboratory built in argillaceous rock formation. Our study starts with establishing a coupled thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical (THMC) processes model to simulate water transport in rock around the ventilated tunnel. Especially in this THMC formulation, a three-phase and two-constituent hydraulic model is introduced to simulate the processes which occur during tunnel ventilation, including desaturation/resaturation in the rock, phase change and air/rock interface, and to explore the Opalinus clay parameter set. It can be found that water content evolution is very sensitive to intrinsic permeability, relative permeability and capillary pressure in clay rock. Water loss from surrounding rock is sensitive to the change of permeability in clay which is induced by excavation damaged zone. Chemical solute transport in the rock near ventilation experiment tunnel is simulated based on the coupled THMC formulation. It can be estimated that chemical osmotic flow has little significance on water flow modeling. Comparisons between simulation results from 5 teams and experimental observations show good agreement. It increases the confidence in modeling and indicates that it is a good start for fully THMC understanding of the moisture transportation and mechanical behavior in argillaceous rock.     

应力波斜入射黏弹性节理的传播规律

应力波在岩体中传播规律的研究是岩石动力学的重要课题之一。基于应力和位移皆不连续的假定,针对充填节理的黏弹性特性,建立P波和S波斜入射单个充填节理的频域形式的透反射系数方程组。通过数值计算和参数分析,进而讨论入射角、入射波频率以及节理刚度等参数对应力波斜入射充填节理透反射规律的影响,而入射波参数和充填节理动态特性参数的合理选取是确定透反射系数的关键。     

考虑空隙压密阶段特征的岩石应变软化统计损伤模拟方法

为建立能很好地反映岩石变形破坏全过程模拟方法,针对现有岩石统计损伤本构模型难以反映初始压密阶段变形非线性的局限性与不足,首先,在充分探讨空隙岩石变形机理基础上,采用宏观与微观相结合的分析方法,将空隙岩石抽象为岩石骨架和空隙两部分组成,建立空隙岩石变形分析模型;然后,在探讨空隙部分变形机理基础上,考虑空隙压密引起变形的不可恢复性特征,建立空隙部分变形分析方法,同时,引入统计损伤理论,建立岩石骨架变形分析方法,进而建立模拟空隙岩石变形破坏全过程的统计损伤本构模型,并给出了其参数确定方法。该模型不仅能反映空隙岩石的应变软化特征,而且,还能较好地反映空隙岩石在初始压密阶段的变形非线性特点。最后,通过试验曲线、本文及现有同类模型理论分析曲线的比较,表明了该模型与方法的合理性与优越性。     

Analysis of Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment: Continuous thermo-mechanical model development and calibration

The paper describes an analysis of thermo-mechanical (TM) processes appearing during the Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment (APSE). This analysis is based on finite elements with elasticity, plasticity and damage mechanics models of rock behaviour and some least squares calibration techniques. The main aim is to examine the capability of continuous mechanics models to predict brittle damage behaviour of granite rocks. The performed simulations use an in-house finite element software GEM and self-developed experimental continuum damage MATLAB code. The main contributions are twofold. First, it is an inverse analysis, which is used for (1) verification of an initial stress measurement by back analysis of convergence measurement during construction of the access tunnel and (2) identification of heat transfer rock mass properties by an inverse method based on the known heat sources and temperature measurements. Second, three different hierarchically built models are used to estimate the pillar damage zones, i.e. elastic model with Drucker–Prager strength criterion, elasto-plastic model with the same yield limit and a combination of elasto-plasticity with continuum damage mechanics. The damage mechanics model is also used to simulate uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests on the Äspö granite.     

优化方法在弹性、横观各向同性以及弹塑性围岩变形观测反分析中的应用

本文采用四种最优化方法对地下工程围岩的岩体力学参数和初始地应力进行了优化位移反分析研究工作,编制了一套平面问题直接算法有限元程序,能解决弹性、横观各向同性及弹塑性等多种岩体互层的复杂围岩的优化位移反分析问题。结合两个工程实例进行了计算,结果是令人满意的。     

分形几何及其在岩土力学中的应用

本文介绍了分形几何的基本概念,并建议将其在实际问题中的分析和应用归结为三种方法。然后就分形几何在岩土材料孔隙的几何图形,岩石的破碎、损伤和断裂,以及岩石节理面的粗糙度等问题中的应用进行了详细的讨论,以说明分形几何为岩土材料的复杂力学问题的研究提供了一种崭新的有力工具。     

试验设计法在硬岩PFC~(3D)模型细观参数标定中的应用

利用试验设计法针对硬质岩体颗粒离散元数值研究中的细观参数标定问题进行了研究。首先利用Plackett-Burman试验设计分析了细观参数对宏观响应的敏感性,并建立了宏观力学指标和细观参数之间的线性关系,然后利用响应曲面法考查了显著影响参数之间的相互作用,得到了宏观响应与细观参数之间的非线性关系。最后将问题转化为非线性多目标数学规划问题利用MATLAB软件中FGOALATTAIN函数进行求解。通过和典型硬岩物理试验结果对比发现,利用试验设计法标定参数建立的颗粒离散元模型可以很好地反映单轴和低围压下岩石的破坏过程,但是由于采用了球形颗粒对于高围压下的拟合效果偏弱。利用PB设计、响应曲面法并结合数学规划建立的细观参数标定方法可以反映各细观参数对宏观力学响应的敏感性并给出明确的函数表达式,同时可以通过增加求解过程中的约束条件来体现更多的岩石力学特性。     

某地区花岗石三轴蠕变试验及其损伤分岔特性研究

 以某地区花岗岩为例，在分级加载条件下对岩石的蠕变特性进行三轴压缩蠕变试验研究，试验结果表明：岩石变形从稳态蠕变进入加速蠕变阶段存在一个应力阈值，当应力低于该阈值时，岩石内部的原始裂隙和孔隙在低应力水平下挤压密实，产生微细观的线黏弹性变形，蠕变变形以平缓的速率增长并最终趋于稳定，此时岩石的流变参数保持恒定；当应力超过该阈值时，在较高应力水平的持续作用下，岩石内部有大量细观分布裂纹产生并且迅速发展，损伤急剧演化累积，导致岩石流变参数发生突变。采用FLAC3D对花岗岩三轴蠕变试验进行三维数值模拟，得到岩石蠕变进入加速阶段的应力阈值。最后结合固体力学的分岔理论，从流变参数的角度考虑，对广义开尔文模型引入损伤变量，建立能够反映岩石加速蠕变阶段的损伤演化方程，对岩石进入加速蠕变阶段后由于参数突变引发的分岔力学特性进行分析，确定引起岩石发生分岔行为的流变参数以及岩石蠕变变形的分岔点。计算结果表明，基于考虑损伤影响的有效初始弹性模量得到的计算曲线与试验曲线的吻合情况较为理想。     

Excavation-induced deep hard rock fracturing: Methodology and applications

To analyze and predict the mechanical behaviors of deep hard rocks,some key issues concerning rock fracturing mechanics for deep hard rock excavations are discussed.First,a series of apparatuses and methods have been developed to test the mechanical properties and fracturing behaviors of hard rocks under high true triaxial stress paths.Evolution mechanisms of stress-induced disasters in deep hard rock excavations,such as spalling,deep cracking,massive roof collapse,large deformation and rockbursts,have been recognized.The analytical theory for the fracturing process of hard rock masses,including the three-dimensional failure criterion,stress-induced mechanical model,fracturing degree index,energy release index and numerical method,has been established.The cracking-restraint method is developed for mitigating or controlling rock spalling,deep cracking and massive collapse of deep hard rocks.An energy-controlled method is also proposed for the prevention of rockbursts.Finally,two typical cases are used to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology in the Baihetan caverns and Bayu tunnels of China.     

非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型

非贯通节理岩体是同时含有节理、裂隙等宏观缺陷及微裂隙、微孔洞等细观缺陷的复合损伤地质材料,基于此提出了在非贯通节理岩体动态损伤本构模型中应同时考虑宏、细观缺陷的观点。首先对基于细观动态断裂机理的经典动态损伤本构模型——TCK模型进行了阐述,其次针对目前节理岩体损伤变量定义中仅考虑节理几何参数而未考虑其强度参数的不足,基于能量原理和断裂力学理论推导得出了同时考虑节理几何及强度参数的宏观损伤变量(张量)的计算公式;第三,基于Lemaitre等效应变假设推导了综合考虑宏、细观缺陷的复合损伤变量(张量);第四,借鉴前人基于复合材料力学的观点,考虑了节理法向及切向刚度等变形参数对岩体动态力学特性的影响,进而建立了基于TCK模型的非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型。并利用该模型讨论了载荷应变率、节理内摩擦角、节理厚度、节理法向及切向刚度和节理倾角等对岩体动态力学特性的影响规律。计算结果与目前的理论及试验研究结果比较吻合,从而说明了该模型的合理性。     

A review of techniques, advances and outstanding issues in numerical modelling for rock mechanics and rock engineering

The purpose of this review paper is to present the techniques, advances, problems and likely future developments in numerical modelling for rock mechanics. Such modelling is essential for studying the fundamental processes occurring in rocks and for rock engineering design. The review begins by explaining the special nature of rock masses and the consequential difficulties when attempting to model their inherent characteristics of discontinuousness, anisotropy, inhomogeneity and inelasticity. The rock engineering design backdrop to the review is also presented. The different types of numerical models are outlined in Section 2, together with a discussion on how to obtain the necessary parameters for the models. There is also discussion on the value that is obtained from the modelling, especially the enhanced understanding of those mechanisms initiated by engineering perturbations. In Section 3, the largest section, states-of-the-art and advances associated with the main methods are presented in detail. In many cases, for the model to adequately represent the rock reality, it is necessary to incorporate couplings between the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes. The physical processes and the equations characterizing the coupled behaviour are included in Section 4, with an illustrative example and discussion on the likely future development of coupled models. Finally, in Section 5, the advances and outstanding issues in the subject are listed and in Section 6 there are specific recommendations concerning quality control, enhancing confidence in the models, and the potential future developments.     

泥页岩前期名义固结压力的层理效应研究

在研究盖层封闭性过程中发现,仅针对盖层当前的封闭性是不够的,还应研究地质历史时期盖层的演化特征。在盖层封闭性动态演化研究中,对抬升剥蚀改造阶段可采用OCR(over consolidation ratio,超固结比)法进行定量恢复。在确定OCR值过程中,关键的是获取其前期名义固结压力;同时泥页岩为沉积岩,具有明显的层理结构,因此其封闭性表现出较强的层理效应。以龙马溪组泥页岩为研究对象,采用厚壁钢质套筒约束试样横向变形来模拟单轴应变试验,获取了不同层理角度下泥页岩的前期名义固结压力及侧压系数,并分析其层理效应,探讨层理对泥页岩的脆–延转化的临界围压的影响。研究表明:(1)单轴应变试验曲线大致呈三段变化,剪应力表现出先增大后减小趋势;(2)前期名义固结压力随层理角度的增大呈先减少后增大的趋势;(3)前、中侧压系数均表现出明显的层理效应,而层理面对后侧压系数影响不大;(4)不管对于何种角度的泥页岩,前、中侧压系数均小于1,而后侧压系数均大于1;(5)泥页岩发生脆–延转化的临界围压除了与前期名义固结压力有关外,还受层理面的影响。该研究为评价不同层理角度盖层的封闭性能提供了重要依据,为建立盖层封闭性的静–动评价模型提供参考。