裂隙岩体渗流模拟的三维离散裂隙网络数值模型(Ⅰ)：裂隙网络的随机生成

对于裂隙岩体中的渗流来说，离散裂隙网络模型比等效连续体模型更能刻画其基本规律。发展了用于模拟裂隙岩体渗流的三维离散裂隙网络数值模型，并编制了裂隙岩体渗流模拟程序FracFlow。该模型可以利用野外露头上采集到的裂隙的观测数据，通过计算机处理最终形成三维裂隙网络的人工几何模型，然后用边界元法求解所生成的裂隙网络中的渗流问题。在此第一部分中，介绍了利用计算机随机生成三维裂隙网络的详细过程，然后利用算例校核了程序的正确性。     

基于界面元的岩体裂隙网络渗流模型中 不稳定块体预测

 以野外不连续面现场地质调查所获得的真实裂隙展布为基础,以随机不连续面三维网络计算机模拟技术为指导,建立岩体不连续面空间分布概率统计数值模型;在此基础上,将裂隙网络和界面元相结合,用水力学和几何参数来表征裂隙岩体内渗透空间结构的具体布局,建立基于界面元与裂隙网络耦合的裂隙网络渗流模型,该模型可以通过界面元法对渗流场的模拟获得岩体网络裂隙渗流的渗径,而且可以计算出水头分布的情况,进而可以搜索出所有在临空面上出露的有限块体,确定其空间几何形态和几何参数,实现不稳定关键块体自动搜索,对于评价及预测关键块体的稳定性具有重要意义。     

非连续裂隙网络管状渗流模型及其校正

模拟一个野外实际入渗试验的岩体裂隙网络的渗流。在建立渗流模型时，首先产生圆盘形三维裂隙网络，然后令圆盘形裂隙网络退化为三维空间上的管状网络。管元的直径通过模型校正的办法确定，即通过优化方法寻找适当的管元直径，使计算的渗流试验排泄流值能够满意地拟合实测值。由于不可能校正每个管元直径，所以假设在一组裂隙内管元直径服从对数正态分布，这样渗流模型校正参数为每组裂隙管元直径的平均值和标准差。为验证模型的稳定性，通过重复实现产生20个裂隙网络，这20个随机裂隙网络的平均流量与实测值之间的误差为6％。     

二维裂隙网络溶质运移仿真模拟

将裂隙岩体渗流视为裂隙网络流,示踪剂质点在裂隙网络中运动。以岩体裂隙网络水流模型为基础,应用仿真模拟技术模拟裂隙网络中的溶质运移规律。提出了裂隙网络中质点的转移概率和运移时间的计算方法,编制了相应的仿真模拟程序。将已有的实验结果和仿真模拟结果进行了比较,结果表明:该方法具有较高的可靠性和广阔的应用前景,是解决裂隙网络中溶质运移模拟的有效方法。     

空间岩体裂隙网络灌浆数值模拟研究

为提高和评估岩体灌浆效果,研究和预测浆液在空间岩体裂隙网络内的渗透规律,结合宾汉流体在单一光滑倾斜裂隙内的流动公式,建立了空间岩体裂隙网络的宾汉浆液渗流和裂隙变形耦合模型。在此模型上对灌浆进行实时模拟。另外还研究了灌浆过程中裂隙变形及对灌浆的影响。计算结果表明,通过该模型可预测浆液在岩体中渗透状态,改进灌浆参数。     

裂隙岩质边坡渗流与非连续变形耦合过程分析

 裂隙岩体中的渗流–应力耦合作用是岩质边坡失稳的重要因素之一。离散裂隙网络(DFN)模型用于研究裂隙岩体渗流,具有概念简单、效率高、适用性强的优点,是研究裂隙岩体渗流问题最为有效的手段之一。非连续变形分析(DDA)方法是专门针对裂隙岩体的非连续特性提出的一种变形场求解方法,能够更加真实地刻画工程岩体。将DFN模拟和DDA方法结合起来,提出基于DDA-DFN的渗流–应力耦合模型,给出考虑裂隙渗流情况下岩体块体系统的瞬时平衡方程,用于研究裂隙岩体变形对渗流的影响和渗流–应力耦合作用下裂隙岩体的变形破坏特征。利用该耦合模型,对一大型水利水电工程边坡稳定性进行分析。结果表明,水库蓄水后,地下水大幅度抬升,渗流–应力耦合作用加剧,导致边坡裂隙岩体中的关键部位发生大变形甚至破坏,进而触发边坡的进一步失稳。实例分析验证了这种方法用于边坡稳定性分析的有效性。     

裂隙岩体渗流溶质运移耦合离散裂隙模型数值计算方法

研究裂隙岩体渗流溶质运移问题对于岩土工程地下水污染物预测控制具有重要意义。基于离散裂隙网络模型,采用实体单元模拟基质岩块、无厚度单元模拟复杂裂隙网络,提出了裂隙岩体渗流溶质运移耦合的三维数值计算方法。针对无反应项和含反应项两种情况,通过算例分析了单裂隙中溶质迁移行为,并与精细模拟方法、解析方法的结果进行对比验证;进一步将该法应用于预测大规模裂隙岩体溶质浓度分布规律及发展趋势,并评价了主要影响因素。结果表明,该法可有效模拟裂隙网络、基质岩块中水分溶质传输行为;由于贯通裂隙网络的优势流影响,溶质羽主要受控于裂隙水的对流作用,出现了高度非均匀分布现象;通过参数敏感性分析发现,相较于岩块基质的扩散作用,裂隙开度产生的对流作用是影响浓度场分布的主控因素。在保证精度的前提下,该法可大幅减小计算量和计算时长,对于解决含复杂裂隙网络岩体渗流传质的三维数值模拟问题具有明显优势。     

三维复杂裂隙岩体渗流传热耦合的数值研究

将复杂裂隙岩体视为由离散裂隙网络和岩石基质两部分组成,采用四面体单元离散岩石基质,无厚度三角形单元离散复杂三维离散裂隙网络,考虑温度对流体密度和动力粘度的影响,建立了描述三维裂隙网络的裂隙岩体渗流-传热耦合模型。通过与二维单裂隙渗流-传热耦合问题的解析解对比,验证了该模型的可靠性。随后,利用该模型对复杂三维随机裂隙岩体的渗流-传热耦合过程进行了研究,研究发现:裂隙网络是主要的导水通道,在贯通裂隙簇中出现了明显的优势流,大量的流体在流经基岩的途中与会周围的高温岩体进行热量交换,导致在裂隙网络贯通区域的岩体首先温度下降,形成一条低温带,然后由于岩体的热传导作用,低温带再向四周进行扩散。     

裂隙岩体表征方法及岩体水力学特性研究

 岩体中裂隙展布的多样性和随机性是裂隙岩体工程特性研究的关键问题。考虑岩体裂隙几何形态(走向、倾角、迹长、间距、隙宽等)的随机性,利用Monte Carlo模拟技术,编制裂隙网络生成程序RFNM2D和RFNM3D。利用RFNM,不但能够生成可以描述和表征岩体及其裂隙结构信息的虚拟裂隙网络岩体,还能够将生成的裂隙网络岩体进行数值离散化,从而可以直接和多种数值计算方法(有限元法、离散元法等)相结合来解决实际工程问题。因此,RFNM生成的裂隙网络岩体实际上是一种数字随机裂隙岩体模型。基于渗流力学理论,应用有限元方法编制软件GeoCAAS,研究裂隙岩体的水力学特性,探讨裂隙几何形态对渗流性状的影响。     

裂隙岩体渗流场与卸荷应力场耦合作用

通过对目前裂隙岩体渗流与应力耦合现状研究资料的查阅分析 ,采用现场数据采集 ,整理分析与模拟试验三者相结合的研究方法 ,建立裂隙岩体渗流场 -卸荷应力场的耦合作用模型 ,并通过现场数据与模拟试验对模型进行验证     

Interactive roles of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks in fluid flow through fractured geological media

In this study,the combined effects of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks on fluid flow through fractured geological media are investigated numerically.We consider a finite-sized model domain in which the geometry of fracture systems follows a power-law length scaling.The geomechanical response of the fractured rock is simulated using a hybrid finitediscrete element model,which can capture the deformation of intact rocks,the interaction of matrix blocks,the displacement of discrete fractures and the propagation of new cracks.Under far-field stress loading,the locally variable stress distribution in the fractured rock leads to a stress-dependent variable aperture field controlled by compression-induced closure and shear-induced dilatancy of rough fractures.The equivalent permeability of the deformed fractured rock is calculated by solving for the fracture-matrix flow considering the cubic relationship between fracture aperture and flow rate at each local fracture segment.We report that the geometrical connectivity of fracture networks plays a critical role in the hydromechanical processes in fractured rocks.A well-connected fracture system under a high stress ratio condition exhibits intense frictional sliding and large fracture dilation/opening,leading to greater rock mass permeability.However,a disconnected fracture network accommodates much less fracture shearing and opening,and has much lower bulk permeability.We further propose an analytical solution for the relationship between the equivalent permeability of fractured rocks and the connectivity metric(i.e.percolation parameter) of fracture networks,which yields an excellent match to the numerical results.We infer that fluid flow through a well-connected system is governed by traversing channels(forming an"in parallel" architecture) and thus equivalent permeability is sensitive to stress loading(due to stress-dependent fracture permeability),whilst fluid flow through a disconnected system is more ruled by matrix(linking isolated clusters"in series") and has much less stress dependency.     

Hydro-mechanical interaction effects and channelling in three-dimensional fracture networks undergoing growth and nucleation

The flow properties of geo mechanically generated discrete fracture networks are examined in the context of channelling.Fracture networks are generated by growing fractures in tension,modelling the low permeability rock as a linear elastic material.Fractures are modelled as discrete surfaces which grow quasi-statically within a three-dimensional(3 D) volume.Fractures may have their locations specified as a simulation input,or be generated as a function of damage,quantified using the local variation in equivalent strain.The properties of the grown networks are shown to be a product of in situ stress,relative orientation of initial flaws,and competitive process of fracture interaction and growth.Fractures grow preferentially in the direction perpendicular to the direction of maximum tension and may deviate from this path due to mechanical fracture interaction.Flow is significantly channelled through a subset of the fractures in the full domain,consiste nt with observations of other real and simulated fractures.As the fracture networks grow,small changes in the geometry of the fractures lead to large changes in the locations and scale of primary flow channels.The flow variability and formation of channels are examined for two growing networks,one with a fixed amount of fractures,and another with nucleating fractures.The interaction between fractures is shown to modify the local stress field,and in turn the aperture of the fractures.Pathways for single-phase flow are the results of hydro-mechanical effects in fracture networks during growth.These are the results of changes to the topology of the network as well as the result of mechanical self-organisation which occurs during interaction leading to growth and intersection.     

裂隙单元修正等效渗透率模型及其验证

 采用裂隙单元表征裂隙网络,引入裂隙单元等效渗透率的概念,按照流量等效的原则计算其大小,然而阶梯状裂隙单元造成渗流流程的增加,同时压差不变导致流量的减少,为解决这一问题,用裂隙在网格中的实际流程长度与裂隙迹长之比来修正裂隙单元等效渗透率,并且针对复杂裂隙网络,对其进行预处理--删除孤立裂隙、死端裂隙、孤立裂隙簇等非连通裂隙。用此修正模型对单裂隙、相交裂隙、复杂裂隙网络进行渗流数值模拟,并与理论解及离散裂隙网络模型方法渗流结果进行比较,结果显示：研究区域下游出口总流量及出口处流量分布均取得较好一致性;同时,此裂隙单元修正等效渗透率模型也能反映出裂隙岩体渗流的非均质和各向异性。     

Stress-dependent permeability of fractured rock masses: a numerical study

We investigate the stress-dependent permeability issue in fractured rock masses considering the effects of nonlinear normal deformation and shear dilation of fractures using a two-dimensional distinct element method program, UDEC, based on a realistic discrete fracture network realization. A series of “numerical” experiments were conducted to calculate changes in the permeability of simulated fractured rock masses under various loading conditions. Numerical experiments were conducted in two ways: (1) increasing the overall stresses with a fixed ratio of horizontal to vertical stresses components; and (2) increasing the differential stresses (i.e., the difference between the horizontal and vertical stresses) while keeping the magnitude of vertical stress constant.These numerical experiments show that the permeability of fractured rocks decreases with increased stress magnitudes when the stress ratio is not large enough to cause shear dilation of fractures, whereas permeability increases with increased stress when the stress ratio is large enough. Permeability changes at low stress levels are more sensitive than at high stress levels due to the nonlinear fracture normal stress-displacement relation. Significant stress-induced channeling is observed as the shear dilation causes the concentration of fluid flow along connected shear fractures. Anisotropy of permeability emerges with the increase of differential stresses, and this anisotropy can become more prominent with the influence of shear dilation and localized flow paths. A set of empirical equations in closed-form, accounting for both normal closure and shear dilation of the fractures, is proposed to model the stress-dependent permeability. These equations prove to be in good agreement with the results obtained from our numerical experiments.     

裂隙岩体稳定/非稳定渗流数值模拟

 发展裂隙岩体稳定/非稳定的渗流数值模型,一方面,依照裂隙面的密度、产状、位置、大小和开度的统计分布规律,使用蒙特卡罗模拟技术将完整岩石切割为三维不规则块体集合。根据相邻块体单元间产生的裂隙单元,构建三维裂隙网络系统,并附加各裂隙单元的水力特性;另一方面,对裂隙单元进行三角形单元的有限元网格划分,运用变分原理导出裂隙单元的渗流有限元求解方程。采用离散元方法中的动态松驰技术,在无须组装整体渗透矩阵的情况下求解裂隙网格各结点的水头值。最后,通过典型算例验证程序的可靠性及适用性。     

Using the migration of the induced seismicity as a constraint for fractured Hot Dry Rock reservoir modelling

The challenge for Hot Dry Rock technology is to develop a heat exchanger in deep hot rock masses and to circulate a fluid in order to extract its energy to be used at the ground surface. The present day strategy is to take advantage of natural fractures that pre-exist at these depths and to improve their hydraulic properties. The extension of the area with enhanced properties must then be evaluated so that the best locations for further boreholes can be proposed. To date, this development procedure is based on fluid injection at high rates, forcing hydro-mechanical interactions to take place along pressurised fractures. These pore-pressure-driven mechanisms are accompanied by seismic activity. Assuming the validity of poro-elastic theory in the fractured host rock, some authors have derived the virgin hydraulic diffusivity of the fractured reservoir from the analysis of the spatio-temporal growth of the induced seismicity. The present work is aimed at verifying this approach using a numerical code to solve directly for hydro-mechanical interactions in random fracture networks. Our approach assumes that the seismic activity is controlled by a Coulomb shear criterion and we show how the interpretation of spreading rate of the modelled shear activity in a given network coincides with the upscaled virgin hydraulic diffusivity of the same fracture network, calculated from an independent numerical procedure at the reservoir scale. Therefore, it is shown that the direct analysis of the seismicity migration is appropriate to give reliable estimates of virgin hydraulic and mechanic parameters. These parameters can then be used for performing any further quantitative analysis of a reservoir open to the far field. This is of importance, as fluid mass-balance in multi-well exploitation systems will include the contribution from areas surrounding the stimulated zone.     

含复杂裂隙网络岩体渗流特性研究的复合单元法

研究含复杂裂隙网络岩体渗流特性的复合单元法，该方法首先利用蒙特卡罗方法随机生成符合给定概率分布特征的复杂裂隙网络；然后通过叟切和拓扑运算将各裂隙段置于常舰有限单元内部，形成内含由多个裂隙段分划而成的子单元的复合单元，根据推导的公式计算渗流场进而分析岩体的渗透特性。该方法具有以下几个主要特点：（1）可与传统的有限冗法融合;（2）可考虑每条裂隙的具体位置、产状、开度、长度和渗透性质；（3）可考虑岩石的渗透性及其与裂隙间的流量交换；（4）可计入不连通裂隙对渗流场的影响；（5）复合单元的拓扑信息由裂隙网络与常规有限单元边界的交切及其单元内部裂隙段的相互交切面生成，由于先没有考虑裂隙，故复合单元前处理简单。用复合单元法分析含复杂裂隙嘲络岩体的渗流行为及其渗流特性是一种新的数值模拟手段。算例分析表明该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Effectiveness analysis of water-sealing for underground LPG storage

With the developed transient UPNM, numerical simulations are carried out to analyse the seepage field of the underground petroleum storage project in Jingzhou, China. The 3D discrete fracture pipe network model is adopted to systematically analyse the effects of the water curtain system (different water curtain states, water curtain pressure, length and spacing and the angles of the horizontal water curtain system) on the water-sealing effectiveness of the rock caverns in the fractured rock mass in both construction phase and storage phase. Water-sealing performances of different water curtain system schemes with various fracture networks are also discussed. It is found that the effect of the horizontal water curtain is more important than the vertical water curtain. The reducing of the pressure of the water curtain, the length of the water curtain boreholes and the increase of the spacing of the water curtain borehole can deteriorate the seal effect of the water curtain, increase of angles of horizontal water curtain can’t improve water seal. And effective connectivity of fractures is found to be dominant factor to determine water-sealing results. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the fracture network is highly irregular in the flow domain, which greatly influence the seepage field, and the failure of the water seal effect can occur locally. The locally connected unsaturated flow paths have been observed in the study, which cannot be found by using the continuous simulation model. Finally, optimal water curtain system design is recommended. Furthermore, one connectivity evaluation criteria is developed to determine the effectiveness of water-sealing system in the field, according to Lugeon, effectiveness and TEM site test.