城镇污水处理厂尾水中氮磷形态及光谱特征分析

为了进一步探究污水厂尾水排放对受纳水体的潜在影响,选取巢湖流域采用3种典型处理工艺(氧化沟、SBR、A²/O工艺)的7座污水厂为研究对象,分析了尾水中氮、磷的形态及水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特征。结果表明,不同工艺对TN、TP、COD等指标均具有很好的去除效果且无明显差异。尾水中颗粒态总氮(PN)占比在13.4%以下,主要以溶解态总氮(DTN)形式存在,其中溶解态无机氮(DIN)占比高于溶解态有机氮(DON)。尾水中颗粒态总磷(PP)占比在10.1%~66.7%,磷主要以溶解态总磷(DTP)形式存在,其中溶解态无机磷(DIP)占比在60%以上。DOM的三维荧光光谱显示,不同工艺尾水中的DOM均具有4类荧光特征峰,其中腐殖酸类物质C峰与紫外区类富里酸物质A峰较为明显。根据DOM的荧光特性参数(HIX值<4、FI值>1.9、BIX值>1.0),各污水厂出水中的DOM主要为自生来源。由此表明,污水处理厂削减了大量的入河碳、氮、磷等负荷,其尾水可用于城市河道生态补水水源,实现城市污水资源再生利用。     

Measurement of protein-like fluorescence in river and waste water using a handheld spectrophotometer

Protein-like fluorescence intensity in rivers increases with increasing anthropogenic DOM inputs from sewerage and farm wastes. Here, a portable luminescence spectrophotometer was used to investigate if this technology could be used to provide both field scientists with a rapid pollution monitoring tool and process control engineers with a portable waste water monitoring device, through the measurement of river and waste water tryptophan-like fluorescence from a range of rivers in NE England and from effluents from within two waste water treatment plants. The portable spectrophotometer determined that waste waters and sewerage effluents had the highest tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity, urban streams had an intermediate tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity, and the upstream river samples of good water quality the lowest tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity. Replicate samples demonstrated that fluorescence intensity is reproducible to +/- 20% for low fluorescence, 'clean' river water samples and +/- 5% for urban water and waste waters. Correlations between fluorescence measured by the portable spectrophotometer with a conventional bench machine were 0.91; (Spearman's rho, n = 143), demonstrating that the portable spectrophotometer does correlate with tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity measured using the bench spectrophotometer.     

Discriminatory classification of natural and anthropogenic waters in two U.K. estuaries

The ability to distinguish water inputs from both natural and anthropogenic sources was investigated in the complex environment of an urban estuary (Tyne) and a relatively pristine estuary (Tweed). We used a data set from a total of 11 estuarine transects, comprising measurements of bulk dissolved organic matter (dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen), dissolved nitrogen (total dissolved nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate+nitrite and dissolved organic nitrogen), optical absorbance measurements (a350, S290-350) and fluorescence excitation emission matrix measurements (fluorophores A, H, B and T intensity and A and H emission wavelength maxima). In order to investigate trends within the numerous parameters measured, multivariate statistics were employed. Principal components analyses showed 63.4% of the variability in the total data set can be explained by two sets of components and 74.9% of the variability by the spectrophotometric measurements alone. In both analyses the first component correlated to the mixing of terrestrial and marine waters and the second component was correlated to sources of pollution such as domestic sewage. Within the data set, river flow and terrestrially derived DOM were significantly correlated, and situations with high river input showed an increase in terrestrial signature in the estuary. Discriminant analyses were also carried out and indicated that 59.8% (total data set) and 53.3% (solely spectrophotometric data) of the samples can be correctly classified into their respective groups (water categories) assigned on the basis of salinity and sampling location. Overall the results clearly show the potential of spectrophotometric techniques to discriminate distinct water categories with different DOM characteristics. In particular, measurement of the fluorophore H emission maxima, the spectral slope parameter, S290-350, and fluorophores T and B intensity enabled discrimination of DOM from riverine, estuarine, marine, and sewage affected water categories. The results presented here indicate the ability of spectrophotometric data alone to distinguish between marine, anthropogenic and terrestrial DOM and distinguish terrestrial DOM from different catchments (Tyne vs. Tweed). With current advances in the in-situ deployment of absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy it is anticipated that multivariate statistics will gain importance as a cost effective, powerful and diagnostic approach to assessing the distributions of water types and their associated DOM characteristics and fluxes at the land-ocean interface.     

Thermal fluorescence quenching properties of dissolved organic matter

The fluorescence excitation-emission matrices of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are investigated between 10 and 45 degrees C for river and waste waters and organic matter standards. With increased temperature, fluorescence intensity is quenched. It is demonstrated that for a range of river and wastewater samples, that tryptophan-like fluorescence exhibits a greater range of quenching (between 20+/-4% and 35+/-5%) than fulvic-like fluorescence (19+/-4 to 26+/-3%) over this temperature range. Humic substance standards exhibit similar fulvic-like (23+/-4%) fluorescence thermal quenching properties to river water samples (23+/-3%); however none of the samples exhibit quenching of tryptophan-like fluorescence to the same extent as the tryptophan standards (approximately 50%). Thermal fluorescence quenching is related to the exposure of the fluorophores to the heat source; our findings suggest that the tryptophan-like groups within DOM is more exposed in untreated wastewaters than in treated wastewaters riverine DOM. Thermal fluorescence properties have the potential to be used to source DOM, to provide additional chemical structural information, to temperature correct laser-induced remotely sensed DOM fluorescence, and to characterise DOM through the wastewater treatment process.     

Spectrofluorometric properties of dissolved organic matter from Central and Southern Ontario streams and the influence of iron and irradiation

Fluorescence measurements were used to compare characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from distinctly different origins: boreal, agricultural and urban streams as well as a storm runoff pond and the outlet of a tertiary wastewater treatment plant. The primary goal was to determine if differences among stream types could be detected using DOM fluorescence in lieu of isolated fulvic acids (FA). Differences in peak excitation and peak emission wavelengths, fluorescence integrated over the 3-D matrix volume integrated fluorescence (VIF), and in a fluorescence index (FI) were examined. In general, peak fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths as well as FI best distinguished DOM from the various origins. Results suggested that DOM from the boreal streams was of a higher molecular weight and more complex than that of agricultural and urban streams. The effects of irradiation as well as Fe on fluorescence of natural stream waters were also investigated, both of which decreased the ability of optical properties to distinguish DOM source.     

韧性视角下大运河沿线水陆交通网络与城市的耦合演变

河流水系、交通网络与城镇聚落的发展、演化的相关性是区域系统韧性研究中的重要切入点。京杭大运河在历史上扮演了南北交通大动脉的角色,带动并影响了沿线城市的发展。通过历史文献分析,利用核密度分析、缓冲区分析等地理信息空间分析方法,对清中后期以来不同时期运河沿线城市聚落及南北水陆交通网络空间分布特征、演化过程、耦合关系及相互作用机制进行探究。随着区域自然环境、行政区划等要素的演化以及现代高速交通网络的建设与发展,大运河与沿线交通网络及城市聚落之间的演化过程表现出双向选择、协同发展的动态关系。由此,将运河沿线城市归纳为5种类型:相互促进型、自身优势型、交通驱动型、运河依赖型和新兴交通型。在演化过程中,韧性成为运河沿线城市顺利优化转型并融入新的区域发展体系、重塑城市新生的关键属性。     

鲁运河影响下济宁古城风景体系 特征解析

明清济宁古城水系发达、经济繁荣,是鲁西南最重要的漕运咽喉。以重要运河城市济宁为研究对象,探讨鲁运河影响下济宁古城风景体系特征,具体包括运河水利景观风貌和古城风景体系两部分。其中,运河景观风貌包括泗水、汶水、北五湖、南四湖构成的天然河湖,以及在此基础上通过引水、分水、蓄调系统建立的运河水脊独特水利景观风貌;古城风景体系则从城址变迁、城池形态、水网体系、水利营建、功能格局和城市意象6个方面探讨因水而生、因河兴市、因市而荣的古城风貌特征,以期为济宁运河风貌保护、文化传承及城市更新与发展提供一定的理论支持。     

Fluorescence as a potential monitoring tool for recycled water systems: A review

A rapid, highly sensitive and selective detector is urgently required to detect contamination events in recycled water systems - for example, cross-connection events in dual reticulation pipes that recycle advanced treated sewage effluent - as existing technologies, including total organic carbon and conductivity monitoring, cannot always provide the sensitivity required. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been suggested as a potential monitoring tool given its high sensitivity and selectivity. A review of recent literature demonstrates that by monitoring the fluorescence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the ratios of humic-like (Peak C) and protein-like (Peak T) fluorescence peaks can be used to identify trace sewage contamination in river waters and estuaries, a situation analogous to contamination detection in recycled water systems. Additionally, strong correlations have been shown between Peak T and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in rivers, which is indicative of water impacted by microbial activity and therefore of sewage impacted systems. Hence, this review concludes that the sensitive detection of contamination events in recycled water systems may be achieved by monitoring Peak T and/or Peak C fluorescence. However, in such systems, effluent is treated to a high standard resulting in much lower DOM concentrations and the impact of these advanced treatment processes on Peaks T and C fluorescence is largely unknown and requires investigation. This review has highlighted that further work is also required to determine (a) the stability and distinctiveness of recycled water fluorescence in relation to the treatment processes utilised, (b) the impact of matrix effects, particularly the impact of oxidation, (c) calibration issues for online monitoring, and (d) the advanced data analytical techniques required, if any, to improve detection of contamination events.     

面向实施的城市运河活力复兴整合设计研究——以南京明外郭至秦淮新河百里风光带设计为例

城市运河滨水空间的活力复兴能整体提升城市区域的空间品质特色。为有效提高滨水空间品质,将秦淮新河的空间功能向生态休闲、旅游的公共空间转型。在该滨水空间设计,建立以实施为导向,包括功能定位和时序开发设定的时空整合发展策略。两大维度的整合设计,较完善地解决了城市运河滨水空间的设计难点,有效地融生态、人文特色于空间品质的塑造。     

探寻山地城市品质提升的方法与途径 ——基于开放空间体系为架构的研究视角

中国城市建设进入存量提质阶段,如何提升城市品质已成为现阶段城市建设的热点议题。城市开放空间体系是城市复合空间系统中最主要的子系统之一,体现了环境保护、生态修复、文化表达、形象展示、社会交往和身心健康等综合空间价值,是提升城市活力、品位和魅力的重要抓手。针对城市品质提升建设过程中存在的问题,剖析开放空间影响城市品质的作用机制与研究优势;在总结山地城市开放空间显著特征的基础上,提出以开放空间为架构的城市品质提升研究方法及实施途径;引导城市空间沿着生态系统稳定、游憩活动丰富、文化魅力彰显的方向持续更新,从而达到全面提升城市空间品质的目的。     

Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter in freshwater wetlands of the Florida Everglades

In this study, the molecular composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), collected from wetlands of the Southern Everglades, was examined using a variety of analytical techniques in order to characterize its sources and transformation in the environment. The methods applied for the characterization of DOM included fluorescence spectroscopy, solid state 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-GC/MS. The relative abundance of protein-like components and carbohydrates increased from the canal site to more remote freshwater marsh sites suggesting that significant amounts of non-humic DOM are autochthonously produced within the freshwater marshes, and are not exclusively introduced through canal inputs. Such in situ DOM production is important when considering how DOM from canals is processed and transported to downstream estuaries of Florida Bay.     

H市河道水环境评价及综合治理工程设计

河北省H市由于市政基础设施久未更新,且排水管网存在污水直排、雨污混接等现象,城区内河水质基本为劣Ⅴ类。为有效控制和改善当地城区内河污染情况,对H市城区内的河渠进行了水环境调研与评价,并以“控源截污、内源治理、生态修复、统筹兼顾”的整体思路提出治理方案,旨在实现水环境改善与生态协调的双重目标。     

Analytical fractionation of dissolved organic matter in water using on-line carbon detection

A routine method is described for the analytical fractionation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural freshwater and in used waters. The fractionation is based on the different adsorption behaviours of various constituents of the DOM on octadecyl-silica as a function of pH. The DOM is separated into a hydrophilic, an acid and a hydrophobic fraction. The detection is carried out by an on-line carbon detector. The method requires only small water samples (20 ml) with low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (1–5 mg Cl⁻¹). The samples can be analysed rapidly with no preconcentration. Fractionation of model compounds and mixtures demonstrates the performance of the method. The application of the method is illustrated by an investigation of the changes of the DOC composition occurring in a longitudinal transect of a river and during the infiltration of river water to groundwater.     

双掺高性能混凝土配合比设计及工程应用

针对渠道面板和大面积混凝土施工的特点,并通过控制原材料质量和选用科学合理的配合比设计等方法,结合库山河干渠的面板混凝土的工程应用,阐述了大掺量双掺高性能混凝土的经济性以及优越性,该混凝土可在以后的施工中推广应用。     

Characterization of DOM as a function of MW by fluorescence EEM and HPLC-SEC using UVA,DOC, and fluorescence detection

To investigate the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a function of apparent molecular weight (MW) by rapid analytical methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was conducted with sequential on-line detectors consisting of UV, fluorescence, and quantitative DOC measurement. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrophotometry was used to select wavelengths for the HPSEC on-line fluorescence system. The chosen peak maxima locations of excitation-emission wavelengths were 278-353 nm for protein-like substances and 337-423 nm for fulvic-like substances based on an analysis of EEM spectra for various samples and reference materials. This system provides quantitative and qualitative information on the specific MW components of DOM, including proportion of DOC (by DOC measurement), aromaticity (by comparison of UV and DOC measurements), and chemical properties (by fluorescence measurement). It further allows determination of organic matter characteristics (e.g., fulvic-like, protein-like, and polysaccharide-like substances) as a function of MW. Three types of samples (Irvine Ranch ground water (IRWD-GW), Barr Lake surface water (BL-SW), and Hawaii wastewater secondary effluent) were analyzed by the HPSEC-UVA-fluorescence-DOC system. These results were compared with fluorescence EEM for samples fractionated by HPLC-SEC. The DOM fraction in the high apparent MW range (over 10,000g/mol) consisted of polysaccharide-like substances for IRWD-GW and a mixture of polysaccharide-like/protein-like substances for BL-SW and wastewater secondary effluent. Minimal amounts of fulvic-like substances were found in the wastewater secondary effluent sample. The DOM fractions in a medium apparent MW range (5000-1000 g/M) showed higher aromaticity (fulvic in character) than any other fractions for all samples. For the DOM fraction in the low apparent MW range (below 680 g/M), additional aliphatic organic matter was found in IRWD-GW, while BL-SW contained protein-like processes. DOM plays an important role in drinking water and wastewater treatment processes. An enhanced HPSEC technique with multiple on-line detectors enables a better understanding of quantitative and qualitative DOM properties and can help to design and optimize water/wastewater treatment facilities.     

基于水生态系统服务综合效能提升的城市河流生态修复研究

针对城市双修背景下河流生态修复 工作存在的3大误区与困境,通过荟萃分析 的文献定量研究,厘清了城市河流修复的生 态效应,指出河流生态修复对水生态系统服 务有着积极的提升作用,丰富物种多样性, 增加物种数量与分布密度,对调节性生态系 统服务有显著的正面影响。研究构建了城市 河流生态修复方面,水生态系统服务综合效 能提升的概念模型,包括以水质净化为基 础、生境多样性为核心、文化性服务为关键 的3个方面。     

城市用地规划布局对中小流域水生态的影响与对策探讨

城市规划用地布局对中小流域水体水质会产生重要影响,本文探讨了这一现象的主要原因,针对城市地表径流的污染,提出了"生态塘"的解决方法,通过运用工程规划的一些方法及调整城市用地布局,以综合协调城市中人类活动与中小流域水生态的关系,同时提出了一些针对性的具体对策.     

基于低影响开发（LID）理念的居住区雨水处理系统设计浅析

城市化进程的快速发展,造成不透水地面的面积越来越多,也引发了城市内涝积水河流污染等问题。居住区在城市中占的比重最大,但传统的居住区设计大多没有考虑雨水资源的综合处理,既造成了水资源的浪费,又给城市内涝带来隐患。以低影响开发（LID）理念对居住区雨水进行综合处理具有涵养地下水、节约用水和减轻内涝的重要意义;介绍了在居住区环境载体中采用LID措施的具体方法。     

临汾—运城盆地以水为线索的传统地域景观特征和发展启示

临汾—运城盆地是中国最早的农、盐业生产区之一,形成了具有代表性的传统地域景观。研究利用地方志、相关水利、农业等历史信息和现代考证成果,结合历史舆图和1968年卫星航拍图,以水为线索归纳其地域景观特征和营建智慧,为传承地域景观、缓解区域城镇化问题和指导未来相关规划编制提供启示。临汾—运城盆地的传统地域景观主要包括引泉、引河灌溉等引水工程主导的区域景观格局和与自然相适应的聚落防洪排涝景观体系,未来规划设计可以重点从4个方面开展:1)利用传统引水工程骨架构建区域景观格局,发挥新的城镇复合生态系统服务功能;2)开展水生态关键区域的精明保护、修复和关键资源的人文复兴;3)延续传统聚落防洪工程智慧,结合现代工程技术构建与自然相适应的城镇防洪系统;4)传承城镇水利系统、公共环境和人文空间相复合的传统,实现城镇环境品质提升。     

北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价与优化————以济南市兴济河为例

快速城市化进程导致北方城市河流生态系统服务降低,难以满足城市居民日益增长的多种需求。从生态系统服务供需视角切入,构建了北方城市河流生态系统服务供需评价体系,通过供需比、供需匹配—供给水平分布模型分析了河流生态系统服务供需匹配特征与实际效能,并以济南市兴济河进行实证研究。结果表明,文化服务是兴济河亟需提升的服务类型,净化水质、营造健康栖息地、增加游憩机会和亲水机会是需重点提升的四个服务维度。基于结果,提出实现生态系统服务供需匹配的优化策略。可为生态系统服务导向下的北方城市河流景观规划设计提供理论支撑和科学依据。