液压型风力发电机组功率追踪及功率平滑多目标控制研究

以液压型风力发电机组为研究对象,针对低风速条件下液压型机组的最佳功率追踪和功率平滑多目标寻优控制问题进行研究。建立液压型风力发电机组逆系统模型,分析模型非线性形式,确定逆系统的解耦方法,利用逆系统的方法设计液压系统转矩控制器,实现最佳功率追踪控制。通过线性二次型最优控制方法,设计功率追踪与功率平滑的多目标优化控制器。依托30 k VA液压型风力发电机组实验台进行仿真和实验研究,验证了该方法的可行性。仿真和实验结果表明该方法具有较好的控制效果,在保证最佳功率追踪的同时实现了功率平滑控制。研究结果对液压型风力发电机组具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。     

液压型风力发电机组最佳功率追踪控制研究

针对液压型风力发电机组能量转化效率问题,以最佳机组输出功率为控制目标,提出了两种最佳功率追踪方法。以30 k VA液压型风力发电机组实验平台为基础,研究所提出控制方法的可行性与控制特点。仿真和实验结果表明:直接压力控制的最佳功率追踪控制方法简单易行,但其准确性易受系统效率影响;考虑系统效率时,系统压力和风力机转速联合控制的最佳功率追踪控制方法具有更精确的追踪效果。     

基于动态面控制的液压型风力发电机组稳速控制研究

针对液压型风力发电机组液压调速系统稳速控制问题,建立了风速、风力机特性数学模型和定量泵-变量马达液压调速系统的关键参数状态方程.提出了一种基于动态面控制的稳速输出控制方法,并对其控制律进行推导分析,采用动态面控制原理对变量马达转速进行多闭环控制,并对30kVA液压型风力发电机组进行了仿真和实验研究.结果表明:该方法具有较好的控制效果,对风力机输入的时变性和不确定性具有良好的抑制作用,实现了机组的稳速控制.     

基于PID控制的变速恒频风力发电机组液压变桨距控制系统研究

文章分析了变桨距控制原理,对变速恒频风力发电机组各部分数学模型进行了分析与研究,在此基础上,建立了变速恒频风力发电机组PID液压变桨控制系统仿真模型,在matlab/simulink环境下对未加PID控制器与加PID控制器两种情况下的系统进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,PID控制器能改善风力机桨距控制效果,更好地捕获风能,稳定风力机功率输出。     

小型水平轴变偏心距风力机功率调节方法研究

针对分布式和微电网系统要求小型风力发电机组的发电负荷可调的需要,提出一种小型水平轴风力机可变偏心距主动侧偏式功率调节方法,介绍机构的组成,分析改变偏心距使风轮侧偏产生机理,给出偏心距与风轮侧偏角度的表达式。通过改造1.5 kW上风向水平轴风力机,在风洞中进行稳态风的变偏心距风力机功率输出特性实验,结果表明该机构可满足水平轴风力机功率调节的主要要求,为进一步将该机构用于商用小型风力机功率调节奠定了理论和实验基础。     

液压型风力发电机组调速系统的DMC预测控制方法研究

以液压型风力发电机组调速系统为研究对象,针对变量马达的恒转速控制问题,结合动态矩阵控制(DMC)原理,提出一种基于DMC的液压型风力发电机组调速系统预测控制方法,并通过Simulink-AMESim联合仿真技术分析预测步长与控制步长对转速控制的影响规律。研究结果表明,与经典PID控制方法相比,基于DMC的预测控制方法提升了液压型风力发电机组调速系统的控制性能,可为后续工程实际应用提供理论指导。     

液压型风力发电机组低电压穿越双变量协调控制研究

以液压型风力发电机组为研究对象,研究液压型机组低电压穿越控制问题。结合风电机组低电压穿越要求和液压型风力发电机组工作原理,提出一种比例节流阀开口度与变量马达摆角双变量联合控制的低电压穿越的控制方法。建立机组的数学模型,基于能量耗散原理和动态面控制方法构造低电压穿越双变量控制器。依托30 k VA液压型风力发电机组半物理仿真实验台进行仿真和实验研究,实现了低电压穿越过程中机组液压系统传输功率和输出转速的高精度控制,为液压型机组的低电压穿越控制的进一步研究奠定基础。     

变速风力机变桨距系统建模与仿真

变速风力发电机组一般采用变桨距控制来稳定输出功率,但是桨距角的改变会引起攻角的改变,从而引起叶片气动性能的改变,所以在变桨距控制过程中,必须保证合适的攻角,以确保风力机具有良好的气动性能。采用统一变桨距控制方法,在matlab/simulink环境下,通过预测攻角仿真研究了变速风力发电机组的变桨距控制过程,结果表明,该控制模型能正确模拟各种风速下风力发电机组变桨距的动态过程,为进一步研究变速风力发电机的功率控制奠定了基础。     

一种分段式变步长爬山法最大功率追踪控制策略

为提高小型永磁同步风力发电系统最大功率追踪的性能,结合小型风力发电机工作特性,在两种经典爬山法的基础上,提出一种更加适合小型风力发电机的分段式变步长爬山法,该算法能快速稳定地使系统运行在最大功率点。在此基础上,搭建了基于Matlab/Simulink的模型进行仿真分析,并构建了以TMS320F28335 DSP为控制核心的直驱式永磁同步风力发电模拟实验平台,通过实验和仿真结果验证了分段式变步长爬山法的有效性和优越性。     

直驱风电系统最大功率捕获技术的仿真分析

对直驱风电系统最大功率捕获技术进行了仿真分析.在仿真过程中,通过控制发电机组转速来实现风力机的最佳运行,使功率系数、风力机转速及输出机械功率等参数都能运行在不同风速下的最优值,从而最大限度地捕获风能.当发电机组达到最优运行时,再通过控制整流器使其输出恒定的电压.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.