对中国风电发展与经济增长的协整探讨

叙述了中国风电发展概况,分析了中国风电发展面临的主要问题,提出了中国风电发展所需要的技术服务以及促进中国风电发展的相应对策。     

国内外风电产业发展的趋势

叙述了世界风电产业发展的趋势和中国风电产业发展的状况,分析了中国风电产业发展的优势及风电设备市场的现状,指出了中国风电发展的制约因素,提出了对中国风电产业发展的建议。     

中国能源可持续发展的战略思考

叙述了世界能源发展的形势和中国面临的挑战,指出了中国能源可持续发展的指导思想和原则以及2050年前中国能源发展分为3个阶段的战略定位,表明了科学、绿色、低碳的中国能源战略的基本内涵和意义,展望了21世纪上半叶中国能源发展趋势,提出了实施科学、绿色、低碳能源战略的建议。     

中国建筑节能立法成就及国外立法经验借鉴

介绍了中国建筑节能的主要法律法规及其立法成就,阐述了发达国家建筑节能立法的特点,指出了中国存在的差距,提出了借鉴国外立法经验,继续推进中国建筑节能立法建设的建议.     

2010年中国能源流分析

依据近期公布的2010年中国能源平衡表以及其他资料绘制了中国能流图,分析了中国能源流状况及全国能源生产和消费的区域布局,并介绍了中国在世界能源发展格局中的地位。     

《中国可持续发展总纲(国家卷)》提出中国可持续发展战略七项原则

近日,《中国可持续发展总纲（国家卷）》出版.其中,提出了中国可持续发展面临的六大挑战：中国人口三大高峰的相继来临,中国能源和资源的超常规利用,中国生态环境问题的严重性,中国三农问题的基本解决,中国社会公平的全面实现,充分认识中国制度创新和文化创新的艰巨性.     

低碳经济模式下清洁能源的发展

叙述了中国能源战略部署的主要能源、中国能源现状以及世界其他国家的能源产业政策(英国为例),分析了中国能源新时代的具体要求和中国能源产业存在的各种问题,提出了中国清洁能源发展的保障措施.     

煤炭井工开采现状及趋势浅析

中国煤炭资源丰富,是中国的主体能源,煤炭工业是中国的基础产业,其作用不容忽视。分析了中国目前煤炭工业和煤炭开采工艺与技术的发展现状,指出其中的问题,展望了未来煤炭产业发展的趋势。     

中国能源发展战略和能源政策

叙述了中国能源消费水平低于世界平均水平,中国能源需求促进着世界各国的共同发展以及中国既在能源、资源方面既面临巨大压力,又在节能减排、发展新能源方面取得显著成果等方面的情况,指出了中国能源对自身发展的重要性,提出,中国在世界能源安全方面承担着重要的责任。     

中国核电站运行安全性分析

叙述了中国核电站发展的现状,提出,从基本国情出发,中国需要发展核电,从而解决中国的能源问题,中国核电的发展安全性是制约核电发展的核心问题。     

Impact of different forest densities on atmospheric boundary‐layer development and wind‐turbine wake

The aim of this work is to investigate the atmospheric boundary‐layer (ABL) flow and the wind turbine wake over forests with varying leaf area densities (LAD). The forest LAD profile used in this study is based on a real forest site, Ryningsnäs, located in Sweden. The reference turbine used to model the wake is a well‐documented 5‐MW turbine, which is implemented in the simulations using an actuator line model (ALM). All simulations are carried out with openFOAM using the Reynolds averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) approach. Twelve forest cases with leaf area index (LAI) ranging from 0.42 to 8.5 are considered. Results show that the mean velocity decreases with increasing LAI within the forest canopy, but increases with LAI above the hub height. Meanwhile, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) varies nonmonotonically with forest density. The TKE increases with forest density and reaches to its maximum at an average LAI of 1.70, afterwards, it decreases gradually as the density increases. It is also observed that the forest density has a clear role in the wake development and recovery. Comparisons between no‐forest and forest cases show that the forest characteristics help in damping the added turbulence from the turbine. As a consequence, the forest with the highest upstream turbulence has the shortest wake downstream of the turbine.     

Decision-support program “EnerTree” for analyzing forest residue recovery options

The extraction of residues from the harvesting processes for energy production is common practice particularly in Finland and Sweden. Furthermore, the removal is expected to increase also in Central European and the Baltic countries. The extraction of forest biomass provides an extra source of income for the forest owner and positively affects the economy of the forest operation, scenic values and reduces chances of an insect pest outbreak. At the same time, the harvesting of forest residues affects the ecological state of the forest site both in the long term and short term. For example, nutrient depletion might have a negative effect on the future growth of the stand and additionally may be detrimental for biodiversity. The impact on the stand can be manipulated by either seasoning the residues so that needles are left in the stand or through compensation fertilizing using ash.The individual forest owner is faced with a large number of options regarding forest fuel recovery though they have only limited knowledge of the potential impact on the forest ecosystems. Consequently, they will probably have difficulties making a decision. Another aspect is that various forest owners have different preferences regarding economical or ecological factors. A computer-based decision support program is therefore developed to assist the forest owners in making a decision concerning the utilisation of wood for energy. The program deals with a large number of aspects such as revenues from sales, environmental effects and silvicultural benefits. The forest owner provides the program with the basic data of the forest site such as site classification, basal area, mean height and diameter. Thereafter, the forest owner can rank their personal preferences, for instance, how they weigh the importance of net income, nutrient loss, biodiversity, scenic value or the risk of insect pests. The results of various treatment options are then presented to the forest owner, and recommendations for further additional treatment (amount of fertilizer) will also be provided.The decision support program is a unique tool to assist the forest owner to make a comprehensive decision on whether they should harvest forest residues on their forest site and, if they decide to do so, what fuel recovery option will be the most beneficial for them. The EnerTree decision support program also provides an excellent opportunity to convey knowledge gained in research to the forest owner by very practical and understandable means.     

The role of European forests in the global carbon cycle-A review

The first part of this paper presents an overview of national forest carbon balance studies that have been carried out in Europe. Based on these national assessments, an estimate is made of the present role of European forests in the global carbon cycle. Differences in the methodologies applied are discussed. At present, 15 European countries have assessed a national forest and/or forest sector carbon balance. Together, these studies cover 104 million ha and present the average situation in the mid-1980s. Most of the studies have used a static methodology to convert forest inventory data into carbon. Extrapolating those studies to the total forest area of Europe (149 million ha) (excluding the FSU), yields a whole tree carbon sink of 101.3 Tg C y⁻¹ (9.5% of the European emissions) and a whole tree carbon stock of 7929 Tg C. Although in general the applied methodologies are comparable, they differ considerably in the way net fluxes are assessed and in the applied conversion coefficients. The role of forest fires in the European forest C balance might be larger than generally expected. A disadvantage of the static methodologies used is that they often regard only the forest ecosystem part of the carbon cycle which may result in misleading results concerning the role of the total forest sector; another disadvantage is that results are only valid for the year(s) on which the data are based. The second part of the paper discusses a methodology that could be applied to all national forests and forest sectors yielding more consistent results. The possibilities of using a large-scale forestry scenario model for a study on the present and future European forest sector carbon balance are presented.     

Chinese academic experts’ assessment for forest bio-energy development in China

The aim of this study was to assess the current situation of the forest bio-energy development in China. This assessment is based on opinions of Chinese academic experts. Key drivers and uncertainties regarding the implementation, and the strategies for the future practices in the development of forest bio-energy were investigated. In addition, the purpose of this study was also to determine whether there is a consensus among the experts concerning forest bio-energy and if this consensus agrees with policy-makers in China. A thorough assessment was conducted using a two-round Delphi survey of sixty-one bio-energy experts in China. The results revealed the advantages, potential problems, and the experts’ recommendations for the future development. Furthermore, the experts agreed that the Chinese government plays a dominant role in the development process of forest bio-energy in the country. The experts recognized that the process of developing forest bio-energy is a challenging task both domestically and globally. At the same time they also highlighted the potential benefits of developing forest bio-energy in China during the next ten years. The outcomes of this study could be used to give advice to policy-makers and to support the implementation of the future forest bio-energy policies in China.     

Numerical study of fully developed turbulent flow within and above a dense forest

Fully developed wind flow predictions within and above a dense forest were obtained using a computational fluid dynamics model. The model used a porous media analogy and a modified k‐ϵ turbulence model where source terms were added to the momentum and turbulence equations. The mathematical model was solved using the software FLUENT 6.2. Experimental measurements from a black spruce forest, a jack pine forest and an aspen forest were used to validate the model. Two different ground boundary conditions were proposed: a full‐slip boundary condition and a boundary condition that takes into account the forest ground roughness. Using these two boundary conditions, the accuracy of the proposed method was tested for forests with low foliage density. The innovative top boundary condition of Dalpé and Masson was validated with experimental measurements from Amiro. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on two important parameters: the drag coefficient and the leaf area density distribution. Results indicate that the proposed method simulated well the characteristics of wind flow within and above a forest. Results also indicate that, to obtain accurate results above the forest, it is necessary to take into account the forest ground roughness for forests with C_DLAI < 0.6. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wood fuel supply as a function of forest owner preferences and management styles

The commercial demand for wood fuel is rapidly increasing in Sweden, and the domestic supply comes primarily from private non-industrial forest owners. A model was developed to analyse decision-making among these private forest owners. The model covers five factors: economics, transaction costs, concerns about soil fertility, forestry, and previous experience. It was applied in a survey among forest owners in four communities in central Sweden in 1999. Wood fuels had been sold from 60% of the estates. Analysis suggests that the price paid had little influence on the decision to sell. Transaction costs had been alleviated by the traditional timber buyer organizing the fuel trade, and by minimizing measurement in the forest. The primary reason for selling wood fuel was that the harvesting operation cleared the ground of debris. There is a general concern for loss in soil fertility due to wood fuel harvesting which is why some owners do not sell forest fuels. Two types of fuel-selling forest owners were identified: (1) an active manager seeking different gains from wood fuel harvest, and (2) an owner who primarily relies on the advice of the timber buyer. The findings indicate that large-scale traders of wood fuels have to be active in increasing supply, making direct contact with forest owners, and connecting trade with information on ecological and silvicultural effects. Offering ash recycling may enhance supply more than marginal price increases.     

Potential options to reduce GHG emissions in Venezuela

This paper presents a summary of the technologies and practices that could be implemented in Venezuela in order to contribute to both climate change mitigation and national development efforts. The mitigation analysis concentrates on options to reduce CO₂ emissions generated from the energy sector and land-use change.

From the mitigation options analyzed for the energy sector it was determined that the most effective are those in the transportation sector (switching to larger capacity vehicles, reduced private vehicle share, and switching fuels for public transportation from gasoline to natural gas), both in terms of contribution to emissions reduction and costs. Regarding the options for industry, boilers conversion from liquids to natural gas shows negative cost, but to a considerably lower extent that for the transportation sector. Efficiency improvements of natural gas boilers, which presents close to zero cost, is more effective in reducing emissions than boiler conversion. Increase in hydro power generation is the alternative with the highest total cost but it is very effective in reducing emissions.

From the mitigation options analyzed for land-use change, it was established that the forest sector has a considerable potential for reducing CO₂ emissions through the adoption of sustainable forest practices, especially by slowing the rate of forest loss and degradation. Maintenance of already existing biomass in natural forests should be the first priority of forest measures to reduce the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere. Forest protection and management of native forest represent the two options with the highest carbon conservation potential and the lowest carbon unit cost. Expansion of the forest cover through the development of intensive forest plantations also presents a high potential to offset carbon emissions in Venezuela.

An analysis of the barriers to mitigation options implementation shows that in the energy sector, low energy prices represent the main barrier to any mitigation program. Another important limitation to mitigation strategies implementation is the lack of institutional capacity and legal instruments for developing the mitigation measures. In the forest sector the primary causes of forest clearing in the country are not related to forest activities, so the definition of feasible mitigation options will depend upon a good understanding of other economic sectors and how they account for land-use change. Land tenure, rural poverty, political interests, and weak implementation of land-use planning instruments and environmental laws are considered to be the key limitations to any effort dealing with forest conservation. Land tenure, economic factors, and lack of incentives represent some of the most important barriers to the development of forest plantations and agroforestry systems in the country.     

Forests,fuelwood and livelihoods—energy transition patterns in eastern Indonesia

The central thesis of the energy ladder model is a unidirectional transition from primitive to advance fuel with increased affluence of households. Although now largely discredited, this assumption remains a foundation of laissez-faire policies that anticipate energy transition resulting spontaneous forest recovery with economic development. Our results suggest that such policies can undermine broader policy objectives and actually worsen forest conditions in rural Indonesia. Based on a case study of forest margin communities in eastern Indonesia, we demonstrate that fuel subsidy reform did little to reduce rural household demand for fuelwood, while dramatically increasing fuelwood demand for processing agricultural products. Our results show how household decisions related to fuel sources are affected by non-economic considerations and external factors, such as opportunities to sell fuelwood. We argue that policy interventions that encourage energy transition of households do not necessarily improve forest conditions, as household fuelwood use may be a symptom, rather than a driver of deforestation and forest degradation. Thus policies to improve forest conditions should focus more on addressing the market environment of forest-margin communities, providing energy alternatives to small industries that are often the larger consumers of fuelwood.     

Forests for carbon sequestration or fossil fuel substitution? A sensitivity analysis

Among the proposals for mitigating the increase of atmospheric CO₂ are the possibility of reforesting degraded lands to sequester C or of using sustainable forest harvests to displace fossil fuels. Storing C on-site in forests and harvesting forests for a sustainable flow of forest products are not necessarily conflicting options if we recognize that their relative merits in mitigating net emissions of C will depend on site-specific factors, such as forest productivity and the efficiency with which harvested material is used. Since the land available for reforestation or development of forest plantations is limited, the relative merits of the different mitigation strategies need to be considered. We use a mathematical model of C stocks and flows to compare the net effect on C emissions to the atmosphere for the two approaches over a range of values of forest productivity and the efficiency of product use. When sustainably-produced forest products are used inefficiently to displace fossil fuels, the greater C benefit is achieved through reforestation and protection of standing forests, and increasing the rate of stand growth yields little gain. However, when forest products are used efficiently to displace fossil fuels, sustainable harvest produces the greater net C benefits, and the benefit increases rapidly with increasing productivity.     

Quantification and use of forest biomass residues in Maputo province, Mozambique

This article describes a study on the quantification and use of forest biomass residues in Maputo province, in Mozambique. The study was performed based on information from the thematic cartography of soils of Maputo province, provided by the National Direction of Forest and Land of Mozambique, and data for the forest growth rates available in the literature. It was estimated that the total production of forest biomass residues in Maputo province is 1,233,412 ton/year, with a corresponding energy potential of 17,267,771 GJ/year. As a way of making the forest biomass residues profitable, the present work proposes the use of part of the residues as fuel in new power plants to be build in Maputo province. In this part of the study aiming at implanting power plants in Maputo province, it was taken into account the risk of forest fires, number of existing consumers of forest residues, residues availability, protected forests, transport infrastructures and existence of national electric network. It was found that the districts of Magude and Moamba are those that have the best conditions to receive the new biomass power plants. Factors such as the cost of the technology and the degree of pre-treatment of the forest residues have been taken into consideration in choosing the combustion technology for the proposed power plants. In this context, the grate burning technology appears to be the most advantageous from costs/benefits viewpoint. The proposed power plants can produce about 236,520 MWh, which is equivalent to 32% of the energy consumed in Maputo province in 2004.