火花点火发动机燃烧室沉积物未燃碳氢排放的理论与实验研究

本从实验和理论两个方面来系统地研究火花点火式发动机燃烧室沉积物处未燃碳氢排放浓度随冷却水温，发动机转速，节气门开度和点火提前角等运转参数的变化规律，对发动机缸内沉积物未燃碳氢的生成过程和缸内，排气系统中未燃碳氢的氧化过程进行了模拟，对缸内沉积物未燃碳氢生成过程进行了详细的研究，找出了影响燃烧室沉积物处未燃碳室氢生成量的关键因素。此外还分析了燃烧室中沉积对发动机性能的影响。     

点燃式发动机燃烧室沉积物的研究综述

本文系统综述了点燃式发动机燃烧室表面沉积物的形成机理、组成以及沉积物对燃料等烷值的要求，沉积物对燃油经济性和未燃碳氢排放的影响，指出了燃烧室表面沉积物对发动机性能的有利于与不利方面。     

运转参数对火花点火发动机未燃碳氢排放影响的实验研究

开展了转速、混合气浓度、点火提前角、节气门开度、润滑油温度对火花点火发动机排气末燃碳氢影响的实验研究，并分析了运转因素对碳氢排放的影响。实验结果表明，提高发动机转速，燃用较稀混合气，适当推迟点火和提高润滑油温度，均可降低发动机排气末燃碳氢浓度。     

燃油组成对火花点火发动机碳氢排放的影响

为了更好地弄清燃油组分对发动机排气碳氢的影响，在一台单缸发动机上开展了燃用汽油－正已烷和汽油－二甲苯混合燃料的研究，利用ＦＩＤ测量了总碳氢排放量。研究了不同混合比例下汽油－正已烷和汽油－二甲苯混合燃料对发动机碳氢排放的影响。给出了混合燃料与商品汽油的排放对比。研究结果表明：汽油－正已烷混合燃料较汽油碳氢排放低，汽油－二甲苯混合燃料较汽油碳氢排放高。认为亨利常数、扩散系数和蒸馏温度决定了燃油组分引起的缸内未燃碳氢数量。指出燃油组分对发动机碳氢排放有很大的影响。碳氢排放量与汽油中正已烷或二甲苯掺混比例成线性变化关系。汽油中正已烷增加１０％碳氢排放降低２×１０－４Ｃ，汽油中二甲苯增加１０％碳氢排放会增加２．２×１０－４Ｃ。     

火花点火发动机燃用含氧燃料对冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放影响？…

本文以在汽油中掺混不同体积百分比乙醇形成“模型”燃油的方法，研究了含氧燃料对火花点火发动机冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放的影响。实验结果表明：燃油的挥发性和汽化潜热的大小对这两种工况的未燃碳氢排放有很大的影响。掺混１５％的乙醇能有效降低冷起动时的未燃碳氢排放。     

点燃式发动机燃烧室沉积物的研究综述

本文系统综述了点燃式发动机燃烧室表面沉积物的形成机理、组成以及沉积物对燃料辛烷值的要求，沉积物对燃油经济性和未燃碳氨排放的影响，指出了燃烧室表面沉积物对发动机性能的有利与不利方面。     

加工误差引起缸盖燃烧室容积的变化对发动机性能的影响

利用试验方法研究了因设计或生产过程中引起的缸盖燃烧室容积变化对于发动机性能的影响。通过分析误差范围内的三种缸盖燃烧室容积对发动机外特性、燃油经济性、爆震得到如下结论:在误差范围内,缸盖燃烧室容积变化对发动机外特性性能几乎没有影响;在误差范围内,中低负荷下点火角、A150基本保持一致,压缩比为10.0的燃油消耗率较其他两组低;中高负荷下压缩比为10.0的发动机点火提前角明显滞后于其他两组发动机且燃油消耗率较其他两组发动机高;压缩比变化对爆震具有较大影响,压缩比越大的发动机爆震倾向越大。     

火花点火发动机燃用含氧燃料对冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢排放影响的实验研究

本文以在汽油中掺混不同体积百分比乙醇形成“模型”燃油的方法，研究了含氧燃料对火花点火发动机冷起动和怠速时未燃碳氢（ＨＣ）排放的影响。实验结果表明：燃油的挥发性和汽化潜热的大小对这两种工况的未燃碳氢排放有很大影响。掺混１５％（Ｖｏｌ）的乙醇能有效降低冷起动时的未燃碳氢排放。     

基于AVL-BOOST的天然气发动机性能优化仿真

采用AVL-BOOST软件建立了天然气发动机的数学模型,验证了模型的有效性,通过变参数研究,分析了压缩比、点火提前角对发动机动力性和经济性的影响。研究结果表明,随着压缩比的增大,发动机的有效功率和最高爆发压力均呈上升趋势,压缩比在10～13的范围内,最高压力升高率始终在爆震警戒线以下,在点火提前角为27°～36°CA范围内,发动机的有效功率随着点火提前角的增大而增加,同时发动机的燃油经济性得到改善。     

基于AVL-BOOST的天然气发动机性能优化仿真

采用AVL-BOOST软件建立了天然气发动机的数学模型,验证了模型的有效性,通过变参数研究,分析了压缩比、点火提前角对发动机动力性和经济性的影响。研究结果表明,随着压缩比的增大,发动机的有效功率和最高爆发压力均呈上升趋势,压缩比在10～13的范围内,最高压力升高率始终在爆震警戒线以下,在点火提前角为27°～36°CA范围内,发动机的有效功率随着点火提前角的增大而增加,同时发动机的燃油经济性得到改善。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。