一次氧化剂O2体积分数对富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离影响的数值模拟

对40 kW同轴射流富氧煤粉燃烧试验系统进行数值模拟,研究了在总体O2体积分数和氧化剂过量系数一定的条件下,不同一次氧化剂O2体积分数对同轴射流富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离的影响,分析了低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧煤粉着火及火焰稳定性.结果表明:在总体O2体积分数为40％和氧化剂过量系数为1.15的条件下,当一次氧化剂O2体积分数为20.9％时,着火距离较小,为附着火焰;当一次氧化剂O2体积分数减小至14.6％、10.0％和5.5％时,着火距离明显增大,着火延迟,为分离火焰;适当提高二次氧化剂预热温度有利于低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧的煤粉着火及火焰稳定.     

一次氧化剂O_2体积分数对富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离影响的数值模拟

对40kW同轴射流富氧煤粉燃烧试验系统进行数值模拟,研究了在总体O2体积分数和氧化剂过量系数一定的条件下,不同一次氧化剂O2体积分数对同轴射流富氧燃烧煤粉着火距离的影响,分析了低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧煤粉着火及火焰稳定性.结果表明:在总体O2体积分数为40%和氧化剂过量系数为1.15的条件下,当一次氧化剂O2体积分数为20.9%时,着火距离较小,为附着火焰;当一次氧化剂O2体积分数减小至14.6%、10.0%和5.5%时,着火距离明显增大,着火延迟,为分离火焰;适当提高二次氧化剂预热温度有利于低一次氧化剂O2体积分数下富氧燃烧的煤粉着火及火焰稳定.     

CO2稀释及合成气构成对预混燃烧特性的影响

用CO2代替N2作氧化剂的稀释气体不但可以减少NOx的排放,还能有效回收利用CO2.CO2具有与N2不同的物理、化学性质,通过对合成气与不同CO2稀释程度氧化剂的预混燃烧计算发现,CO2体积分数的增加会降低火焰温度进而降低燃烧速度,增加化学反应滞留时间.通过对贫燃拉伸火焰的研究发现,在CO2稀释氧化剂环境下,合成气中H...     

低氧稀释条件下不同煤种着火燃烧特性实验研究

在平面火焰煤粉燃烧实验系统上研究了O2/CO2气氛中不同热协流温度(1473～1873 K)和氧气体积分数(5％～20％)下神木西烟煤、长平贫煤和济源无烟煤煤粉的着火和燃烧特性.采用光纤光谱仪和CMOS相机分别获取了煤粉燃烧的火焰辐射光谱和火焰图像,比较了不同燃烧条件下不同煤种的煤粉着火距离、颗粒温度和颗粒温度波动系数.结果 表明:随着热协流氧气体积分数的减小,煤粉火焰长度和着火距离增加,颗粒平均温度下降,颗粒温度波动系数减小;煤粉挥发分质量分数越高,颗粒温度波动系数越小,颗粒温度分布越均匀;在热协流温度为1473 K、氧气体积分数为5％的条件下,神木西烟煤的煤粉颗粒温度波动系数为2.0％,比济源无烟煤低70％,更易于实现煤粉的低氧稀释燃烧.     

CO2稀释对甲烷-高温空气扩散燃烧及NO生成特性影响的化学动力学分析

基于GRI-Mech 3.0详细化学反应机理,利用OPPDIF Code研究了CO2稀释比、预热温度及拉伸率对甲烷-高温空气层流对冲扩散火焰温度、热释放率、组分摩尔分数及NO生成特性的影响.研究结果表明,CO2稀释助燃空气能有效降低火焰中H、O及OH等基团摩尔分数,抑制燃烧过程链传播及链引发反应,从而减缓CH4氧化速率.随着助燃空气中CO2稀释比的增加,火焰最高温度逐渐降低,主氧化区及第二氧化区放热峰值变小,燃烧反应高温区变窄,NO生成指数E显著降低.当稀释比大于20%时,热力型NO随助燃空气温度升高规律并不明显.随着CO2稀释比的增加,快速型NO对NO生成量影响逐渐增强,成为高CO2稀释比下甲烷-高温空气扩散燃烧NO生成的主要路径.     

N2和CO2稀释对氢气-空气湍流扩散燃烧及NO生成特性的影响

采用18组分47步H2-N2-CO2反应机理模型、可实现k-ε模型及涡流耗散概念(EDC)模型研究了N2和CO2稀释作用对氢气-空气同轴射流湍流扩散燃烧过程的影响.结果 表明:2种稀释剂均能有效降低氢气燃烧温度,降低NO质量分数,且NO峰值质量分数随着火焰峰值温度的升高而上升;与稀释剂N2相比,CO2对降低氢气燃烧温度和NO质量分数的效果较好;2种稀释剂对火焰峰值温度及NO峰值质量分数的影响是非线性的,随着稀释率的增大,稀释剂降低火焰峰值温度的效果明显增强,而抑制NO生成的效果逐渐减弱;当稀释剂为N2、稀释率为0.5或稀释剂为CO2、稀释率为0.3时,能使火焰峰值温度处于中等水平情况下NO峰值质量分数依然较低,有利于实现氢气的高效低污染燃烧.     

强弱射流型MILD富氧燃烧器燃烧特性的数值分析

采用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟方法对一种强弱射流型MILD富氧燃烧器的流动和燃烧特性进行了分析.采用有限速率/涡耗散(FR/EDM)模型预测了丙烷MILD富氧燃烧过程中烟气速度场、温度场、组分体积分数分布和烟气内循环流量比等宏观特征,并与已有实验数据进行比较,验证了模型的准确性.在此基础上深入分析了MILD富氧燃烧的化学反应区结构、湍流和化学反应时间尺度等微观特征.结果表明:强烈的烟气内循环充分地稀释并预热主反应区内的反应物,减缓了化学反应速率,从而降低了火焰峰值温度,揭示了强弱射流型MILD富氧燃烧的低氧温和燃烧特征.     

高温低氧燃烧火焰辐射特性的实验研究

对高温低氧燃烧火焰的辐射特性进行了实验测试，同时利用CFD通用软件对火焰热辐射行性进行了数值计算，得到了在不同预热空气温度、不同预热空气含氧量条件下，火焰形状及火焰热辐射特性的变化规律。结果表明：高温低氧燃烧火焰的体积与长度随着预热空气中含氧量的降低而扩大，而预热空气温度对燃烧火焰体积的影响不大。高温低氧燃烧火焰对炉膛壁面的热辐射能力随着预热空气温度的降低而下降，同时也随着预热空气含氧量的降低而下降。图4参9     

低氧稀释条件下煤粉颗粒燃烧特性实验研究

在平面扩散火焰煤粉燃烧实验系统上采用光纤光谱仪和CMOS相机分别测量了不同燃烧气氛(O_2/N_2、O_2/CO_2)、热协流温度(1 473～1 873 K)和氧气体积分数(5%～20%)下烟煤煤粉燃烧火焰的辐射光谱和火焰图像,获得了不同燃烧条件下煤粉颗粒温度沿程分布和燃烧特性。结果表明:在O_2/N_2或O_2/CO_2气氛下,随着热协流温度和氧气体积分数的降低,火焰颜色由亮黄色逐渐转变为暗红色,煤粉颗粒温度降低;随着热协流氧气体积分数的下降,煤粉颗粒温度波动系数减小了37%,颗粒温度分布更均匀;与O_2/N_2气氛相比,O_2/CO_2气氛下煤粉火焰光强减弱,煤粉着火距离增加,煤粉颗粒的平均温度降低了24～103 K,颗粒温度波动系数最大减小了24%。     

CO_2稀释对不同燃料无焰燃烧及NO生成特性的影响

为探讨CO_2稀释对不同燃料无焰燃烧机理的影响,通过实验和数值模拟研究了CO_2稀释率对CH_4、C_3H_8和H_2扩散燃烧的火焰温度、NO排放摩尔分数及无焰燃烧的影响.结果表明:随着CO_2稀释率的增大,峰值温度和NO排放摩尔分数逐渐下降,峰值温度距燃烧器喷嘴的距离逐渐增大,炉内温度分布更加均匀,更有利于达到无焰燃烧状态;相同稀释率下,CO_2稀释对降低炉内峰值温度及出口NO排放摩尔分数的效果由好到坏依次为:H_2燃烧、CH_4燃烧、C_3H_8燃烧;当CO_2稀释率足够大时,炉内燃烧处于无焰燃烧状态.     

MILD combustion of hydrogenated biogas under several operating conditions in an opposed jet configuration

MILD combustion of biogas takes its importance firstly from the combustion process that diminishes significantly fuel consumption and reduces emissions and secondly from the use of biogas which is a renewable fuel. In this paper, the influence of several operating conditions (namely biogas composition, hydrogen enrichment and oxidizer dilution) is studied on flame structure and emissions. The investigation is conducted in MILD regime with a special focus on chemical effects of CO₂ in the oxidizer. Opposed jet diffusion combustion configuration is adopted. The combustion kinetics is described by the Gri 3.0 mechanism and the Chemkin code is used to solve the problem.It is found that oxygen reduction has a significant effect on flame temperature and emissions while less sensitivity corresponds to hydrogen enrichment in MILD combustion regime. Temperature and species are considerably reduced by oxygen decrease in the oxidizer and augmented by hydrogen addition to the fuel. The maximum values of temperature and species are not influenced by the composition of the biogas in MILD regime. Blending biogas with hydrogen can be used to sustain MILD combustion at very low oxygen concentration in the fuel.In MILD combustion regime, the chemical effect of CO₂ in the oxidizer stream reduces considerably the flame temperature and species production, except CO which is enhanced. For high amounts of CO₂ in the oxidizer, the chemical effect of CO₂ becomes negligible.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of oxy‐fuel combustion in a porous plate reactor

The present work focuses on studying experimentally and numerically the oxy‐fuel combustion characteristics inside a porous plate reactor towards the application of oxy‐combustion carbon capture technology. Initially, non‐reactive flow experiments are performed to analyze the permeation rate of oxygen in order to obtain the desired stoichiometric ratios. A numerical model is developed for non‐reactive and reactive flow cases. The model is validated against the presently recorded experimental data for the non‐reacting flow cases, and it is validated against the available literature data for oxy‐fuel combustion for the reacting flow cases. A modified two‐step oxy‐combustion reaction kinetics model for methane is implemented in the present model. Simulations are performed over wide range of operating oxidizer ratios (O₂/CO₂ ratio), from OR = 0.2 to OR = 0.4, and over wide range of equivalence ratios, from φ = 0.7 to φ = 1.0. The flame length was decreased as a result of the increase of the oxidizer ratio. Effects of CO₂ recirculation amount on the oxy‐combustion flame stability are examined. A reduction in combustion temperature and increase in flame fluctuations are encountered while increasing CO₂ concentration inside the reactor. At high equivalence ratio, the combustion temperature and flame stability are improved. At low equivalence ratio, the flame length is increased, and the flame was moved towards the reactor center line. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of Mild combustion with entrainment of burned gas into oxidizer and/or fuel streams

A numerical study has been performed to obtain basic knowledge of Mild combustion in which the fuel stream is preheated and diluted with various amounts of burned gas as well as the oxidizer stream. This situation occurs in application of Mild combustion in furnaces in which the burned gas might entrain into fuel and/or oxidizer streams via internal recirculation. For this purpose, a numerical model has been employed which consists of a network of plug flow reactors, counterflow diffusion flame solver and an equilibrium solver for generation of the burned gas. Detailed chemistry and multi-component transport model including Soret and Dufour effects have been used for the calculations. Stationary behavior of the model shows a considerable decrease in flame peak temperature with increasing dilution ratio for fuel dilution case as well as oxidizer dilution case. A decrease of the flame peak temperature is accompanied by a decrease of the NO formation. Further analysis of the NO reaction kinetics turned out that the prompt NO route plays a dominant role in the total NO formation. These observations were the motivation to investigate the autoignition behavior of each dilution case to study consequences of the application of each case. It appears that the most reactive mixture fraction is highly dependent on the dilution case and it can occur in a wide range of mixture fractions for different dilution cases. For a detailed comparison of autoignition behavior of dilution cases, the role of chemical and diffusion effects in this behavior has been clarified. Dilution ratio has been founded as a dominant parameter to control chemical effects and strain rate as a parameter to control diffusion effects. Dilution ratio appears to be an important parameter to determine the order of autoignition between dilution cases. Increasing strain rate delays the autoignition of dilution cases differently for each dilution case.     

Analysis of nonpremixed multiregion laminar flames through biofuel porous particles considering the effect of heat recirculation

In this study, a comprehensive analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of heat recirculation and particle porosity on combustion characteristics of multizone counterflow nonpremixed flames fed with porous biofuel particles. For this purpose, the structure of flame contains preheat, postvaporization, and oxidizer zones. Additionally, Lycopodium is considered as the volatile biofuel, especially due to its appreciable flammability and dispensability. Dimensionalized and nondimensionalized forms of mass and energy conservation equations are scrutinized in each zone. To explore of the thermal recirculation effect, a specific term is included in the energy conservation equation. The variation of several parameters, including flame temperature, particle radius, mass fraction of the gaseous fuel and oxidizer, mass particle content, equivalence ratio, and particle porosity, is studied in this work considering and ignoring the thermal recirculation impact. As a result, increasing heat recirculation coefficient from $k=0$ to 1 will rise the flame temperature and shift the flame position to the left side (fuel nozzle). Furthermore, consideration of the thermal heat recirculation will improve the gaseous fuel production in the preheat and postvaporization zones. Additionally, an increase in mass concentration and reduction of particles radius and porosity would lead to a rise in the flame temperature.     

Analytical and experimental study of premixed methane–air flame propagation in narrow channels

This study investigates analytically and experimentally the influence of preheat temperature on flame propagation and extinction of premixed methane–air flame in single quartz tubes with inner tube diameters of 3.9, 3, 2 and 1 mm respectively. The effects of preheat temperature, tube diameter, equivalence ratio and mixture flow rate on the flame speed and extinction conditions are determined. The analytical results show that high preheat temperature of the mixture can effectively suppress flame quenching, and the occurrence of stable solution in the slow flame branch extends the flammability limit leading to possible flame propagation in mini channels. Experimental results confirm that the flame speed increases and the flammability limit shifts toward the fuel lean direction either through increasing the preheat temperature or decreasing the mixture flow rate, or both. Decrease of propagating flame speed is observed before the stoichiometric equivalence ratio at high preheat temperatures. The analytical model provides insights into how propagating flame in mini channels can be sustained; however, the model is only good at predicting flame speed near the fuel lean branch. Influence of Cu²⁺ ions exchanged zeolite 13X catalyst on flame speed is also addressed. It is noted that the zeolite based catalyst can lower the preheat temperature requirement in order to sustain the flame propagation in narrow channels.     

Combustion characteristics of a swirling inverse diffusion flame upon oxygen content variation

The combustion characteristics of a swirling inverse diffusion flame (IDF) upon variation of the oxygen content in the oxidizer were experimentally studied. The oxidizer jet was a mixture mainly composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases, with a volumetric oxygen fraction of 20%, 21% and 26%, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was used as the fuel. Each set of experiment was conducted with constant oxygen content in the oxidizer. When the oxygen was varied, the changes in flame appearance, flame temperature, overall pollutant emission and heating behaviors of the swirling IDF were investigated. The swirling IDFs with different oxygen content in the oxidizer have similar flame structure involving a large-size and high-temperature internal recirculation zone (IRZ) which favors for thermal NO formation, and the thermal mechanism dominates the NO production for the swirling IDFs. The use of nitrogen-diluted air (with 20% oxygen) allowed the IDFs to operate at lower temperature with reduced NO_x formation, compared to the case of air/LPG combustion (with 21% oxygen). Meanwhile, an increase in CO emission is observed. With oxygen-enriched air (26% oxygen), the increase in temperature and EINO_x under lean conditions is more significant than under rich conditions. With 26% oxygen in the oxidizer stream, the IDF produces: (1) a shorter and narrowed navy-blue flame ring located closer to the burner exit, (2) highly luminous yellow flame extending into the central IRZ and above the blue flame ring, (3) a low CO emission, especially under lean conditions, (4) an increase in temperature at low Ф while a decrease in temperature at high Ф, and (5) an increase in EINO_x at all Ф. The heating test using the swirling IDFs in flame impingement heat transfer reveals that the heating rate can be monotonically increased as oxygen content in the oxidizer jet increases under the lean condition (Ф = 1.0). The oxygen enrichment does not contribute to the heating rate under the rich condition (Ф = 2.0), because for the non-premixed combustion of an IDF, the enrichment in oxygen means a lower oxidizer jet Reynolds number and thus less complete combustion occurs as a result of reduced amount of entrained ambient air.     

Numerical study on steam‐added mild combustion

Numerical study on flame structure and NO emission is conducted covering a wide range of atmospheric temperature, high temperature, and mild combustion regimes in H₂‐Air laminar flames diluted with steam. Special concern is focused on the difference of flame structure and NO emission behaviour between high‐temperature combustion and mild combustion modes. The important role of chemical effects of added steam in flame structure and NO emission behaviour is also discussed. It is seen that there exists an oxidizer‐side temperature limit which the combustion mode changes from high temperature combustion to mild combustion. In high temperature combustion modes the OH production via the reaction step, (‐R23) is suppressed while in mild combustion modes is enhanced by the increase of oxidizer‐side temperature. It is also found that chemical effects of added steam are influenced by the competition between both the reaction steps, (R21) and (‐R23). NO emission index increases with increasing oxidizer‐side temperature and decreases with mole fraction of added steam. The remarkably produced OH due to chemical effects of added steam does not contribute to the increase of NO but plays a role of holdback on NO in thermal mechanism. It is also seen that in both the high temperature combustion and mild combustion modes NO emission indicates a consistently similar tendency, and is consequently recognized that in the whole ranges steam addition suppresses NO emission. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rapidly mixed combustion of hydrogen/oxygen diluted by N2 and CO2 in a tubular flame combustor

In this study hydrogen flames have been attempted in a rapidly mixed tubular flame combustor for the first time, in which fuel and oxidizer are individually and tangentially injected into a cylindrical combustor to avoid flame flash back. Three different cases were designed to examine the effects of fuel and oxidizer feeding method, diluent property, oxygen content and equivalence ratio on the characteristics of hydrogen flame, including the flame structure, lean extinction limit, flame stability and temperature. The results show that by enhancing mixing rate through feeding system, the range of equivalence ratio for steady tubular flame can be much expanded for the N₂ diluted mixture, however, at the oxygen content of 0.21 (hydrogen/air) the steady tubular flame is achieved only up to equivalence ratio of 0.5; by decreasing oxygen content, the lean extinction limit slightly increases, and the upper limit for steady tubular flame establishment increases significantly, resulting in an expanded tubular flame range. For CO₂ diluted mixture, the stoichiometric combustion has been achieved within oxygen content of 0.1 and 0.25, for which the burned gas temperature is uniformly distributed inside the flame front; as oxygen content is below 0.21, a steady tubular flame can be obtained from the lean to rich limits; and the lean extinction limit increases from 0.17 to 0.4 as oxygen content decreases from 0.21 to 0.1, resulting in a shrunk tubular flame range. Laminar burning velocity, temperature and Damköhler number are calculated to examine the differences between N₂ and CO₂ diluted combustion as well as the requirement for hydrogen-fueled tubular flame establishment.     

Effects of hydrogen peroxide on combustion enhancement of premixed methane/air flames

Hydrogen peroxide is generally considered to be an effective combustion promoter for different fuels. The effects of hydrogen peroxide on the combustion enhancement of premixed methane/air flames are investigated numerically using the PREMIX code of Chemkin collection 3.5 with the GRI-Mech 3.0 chemical kinetic mechanisms and detailed transport properties. To study into the enhancement behavior, hydrogen peroxide is used for two different conditions: (1) as the oxidizer substituent by partial replacement of air and (2) as the oxidizer supplier by using different concentrations of H₂O₂. Results show that the laminar burning velocity and adiabatic flame temperature of methane flame are significantly enhanced with H₂O₂ addition. Besides, the addition of H₂O₂ increases the CH₄ consumption rate and CO production rate, but reduces CO₂ productions. Nevertheless, using a lower volumetric concentration of H₂O₂ as an oxidizer is prone to reduce CO formation. The OH concentration is increased with increasing H₂O₂ addition due to apparent shifting of major reaction pathways. The increase of OH concentration significantly enhances the reaction rate leading to enhanced laminar burning velocity and combustion. As to NO emission, using H₂O₂ as an oxidizer will never produce NO, but NO emission will increase due to enhanced flame temperature when air is partially replaced by H₂O_2.     

通过煤粉浓缩预热低NOx燃烧器实现高温空气燃烧技术的研究

以煤粉浓缩预热低NOx燃烧器(PRP)为例,说明了通过组织高温烟气回流快速预热低风煤比的一次风煤粉气流,可以在燃煤锅炉上实现具有高稳燃和低NOx排放性能的高温空气燃烧.工业试验和应用表明:PRP燃烧器特殊的预热室结构可以有效控制一次风粉的预热,快速加热煤粉颗粒并使之在达到燃烧器喷口时接近着火温度,因而具有优异的煤种适应性、低负荷稳燃能力和低NOx排放特性,是在燃煤锅炉上实现高温空气燃烧的一种良好的燃烧器.