1000MW超超临界锅炉水冷壁壁温计算

采用分区计算简化大容量高参数超超临界锅炉炉内辐射、对流传热模型,研究炉膛水冷壁热负荷及壁温的空间分布情况,并与试验数据进行了对比,计算结果与试验值之间的偏差较小,最大为5.72%.该模型与算法可给出不同锅炉负荷条件下,水冷壁壁面热负荷与壁温沿炉膛宽度方向的分布规律.结果表明,水冷壁热负荷与壁温均呈现出中间高两端低的弧形分布.四角切圆燃烧锅炉火焰位置对炉内传热有很大影响.模拟计算可为超超临界锅炉的运行提供参考,预测了在材料允许温度范围内,火焰中心偏斜最大不超过2 m.     

超临界压力塔式直流锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁吸热偏差的试验研究

以1000MW超临界压力塔式直流锅炉为例,对不同负荷下螺旋管圈水冷壁的吸热偏差进行了测量和计算．结果表明：螺旋管圈水冷壁的吸热偏差随着机组负荷的改变而变化,负荷越高,吸热偏差越小,在满负荷下,热偏差系数趋于1．在同一负荷下,由下部螺旋管圈和上部垂直管屏构成的水冷壁管吸热偏差比垂直管屏水冷壁的吸热偏差小;螺旋管圈水冷壁对改善炉内热负荷分布不均效果显著．     

超临界锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁热负荷在线监测的研究

对超临界锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁烟气热负荷在线监测进行研究,针对超临界螺旋管圈水冷壁的特点,考虑在线监测的要求,在特征管的水冷壁背火侧安装温度测点,根据温度测量数据计算出烟气侧平均热负荷。由现场运行数据的计算结果符合烟气热负荷分布规律。可作为水冷壁壁温计算及偏差调整的基础数据。为水冷壁在线监测提供了一种新方法。     

超超临界锅炉高温管屏璧温在线监测系统的应用

分析了造成锅炉运行中热偏差(温度偏差)的4个方面,指出运行中控制热偏差对超临界和超超临界锅炉安全运行的重要性。实现电厂高科技管理"状态检修"和"寿命监测"应该采用具有高性能的在线监测技术。介绍了电厂所采用的在线监测系统(PSSS)的主要功能。同时指出,在线监测的关键在于炉内壁温计算方法的准确性。     

景德镇发电厂660MW超超临界锅炉受热面壁温偏差控制策略

根据带节流孔圈垂直管屏超超临界直流锅炉的特点,结合景德镇发电厂实际运行状况,全面分析了锅炉水冷壁、过再热器管壁壁温偏差产生的原因。重点分析了磨组运行方式、配风方式等因素对受热面壁温的影响,通过烟气侧温度场调整,降低炉内及炉膛出口烟温偏差,达到各受热面吸热均匀,有效降低了受热面壁温偏差,为机组长期稳定运行创造了有利条件。     

超临界和超超临界锅炉水冷壁的优化设计

阐述了超临界和超超临界锅炉水冷壁的优化设计，主要包括：下辐射区水冷壁采用内螺纹管，降低质量流速，准确掌握超临界流体热物性，减小工质焓增，减小热偏差和壁温偏差，降低局部热负荷，提高安全裕度等综合性措施。最低直流负荷优化选择综合考虑启动系统成本和变负荷运行范围以及对负荷快速变化的跟踪性能，以适应机组调峰。对1000MW超超临界锅炉垂直管屏水冷壁的流动特性进行了理论分析，强调应高度重视运行煤质变化的影响并严格监控水质。图5表1参7     

600 MW超临界“W”型火焰锅炉优化内螺纹管壁温及热负荷分布试验研究

在超临界"W"火焰锅炉水冷壁上设计安装了监测管内外壁温及管内工质温度的测量装置,得到了优化内螺纹垂直水冷壁管壁温、管内工质温度及典型负荷下炉膛截面热负荷分布等实炉运行数据。试验及研究结果表明:在机组由亚临界到超临界的转换过程中,管水冷壁管内外壁温与管内工质温度呈现剧烈变化状态,在超临界负荷下,内壁与工质的换热明显减弱,水冷壁的安全性受到威胁;管内外壁温差及内壁与工质温差沿炉膛宽度和深度方向均呈现中间高两侧低的分布,水冷壁向火侧管外壁温度大大低于设计值,水冷壁有较大的安全裕量,实际炉膛截面热负荷分布介于两种设计热负荷值之间。     

超超临界锅炉的汽温偏差探析

根据实际运行数据研究了超超临界锅炉的汽温偏差变化规律和影响汽温偏差的特殊因素。指出特殊因素为:在湿态向干态转变和跨越临界点时工质热物理特性变化大;过热器系统的蒸汽流程延长、汽温偏差的累积效应增大;水煤比变化等;必须注意单侧减温水量过大,将加剧流量偏差,甚至引发临界流,进而扩大汽温偏差。实例反映的汽温偏差变化趋势为:超临界锅炉在低负荷运行阶段汽温偏差最大;在临界压力附近,汽温偏差被放大;在90%负荷以上过热器出口汽温偏差可以控制在低于5℃的设计值。对于制造、安装和焊接等工艺质量引起的超温爆管或流量偏差更要高度重视。     

超超临界直流锅炉垂直管屏水冷壁壁温分布特性

以燃用高钠煤的660MW超超临界压力直流锅炉为例,对不同工况下垂直管屏水冷壁壁温分布特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:提高高钠煤的掺烧比例,可降低燃烧区域热负荷,有利于水冷壁壁温分布的均匀性;超临界压力下低负荷运行时,水冷壁壁温偏差值会增大,节流孔圈未完全发挥控制工质质量流量的作用是造成水冷壁壁温偏差较大的原因之一;通过调整锅炉运行方式,可在一定程度上改善水冷壁壁温分布的均匀性.     

1025t/h锅炉高温过热器超温分析及改造

通过应用热偏差理论对国产1025t／h电站锅炉高温过热器超温问题进行分析研究发现；超温的根本原因是沿炉宽烟气侧热负荷分布与蒸汽流量分布不匹配。针对该炉型的特点提出改造方案，不仅降低了高温过热器外圈管出口汽温，同时减少了减温水量，提高了过热蒸汽出口温度。改造后测得的汽温值与计算值吻合得较好。图9参4     

300MW直流炉顶棚进口集箱引出管系的改进

由于炉膛燃烧不理想导致水冷壁出口管的热偏差,使进入顶棚进口集箱的引入管的工质产生了较大的温差。这种热偏差在顶棚入口集箱形成了轴向壁温差,使顶棚入口集箱引出管座承受了附加的超过其工作温度下许用应力的热膨胀载荷,从而使刚度较大的集箱上层接管产生了较大的附加弯曲应力,最终导致了上层接管根部的永久性变形和角焊缝裂纹。分析这种应力产生的原因,在实际中对顶棚进口集箱引出管上层接管结构进行了改进,在运行中收到了很好的效果。     

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m~2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.     

2008t/h四角燃烧煤粉锅炉烟温偏差实炉测试分析

大型四角切圆燃烧锅炉的烟、汽温度偏差对其安全运行具有重要影响。在2008t/h锅炉上,对不同负荷工况下炉膛上部屏区烟温及屏式过热器壁温进行了测试。结果表明,汽温左高右低,大致成W型分布形态,而烟温呈M型分布,与汽温分布状态峰谷反向对应。认为炉膛上部空间残余旋转形成沿屏区宽度烟气流量的不均匀分布,因而烟气对受热面的冲刷强度不同,导致屏间烟气换热量存有差异,这是烟、汽温偏差产生的根本原因。     

Efficiency analysis of radiative slab heating in a walking-beam-type reheating furnace

The thermal efficiency of a reheating furnace was predicted by considering radiative heat transfer to the slabs and the furnace wall. The entire furnace was divided into fourteen sub-zones, and each sub-zone was assumed to be homogeneous in temperature distribution with one medium temperature and wall temperature, which were computed on the basis of the overall heat balance for all of the sub-zones. The thermal energy inflow, thermal energy outflow, heat generation by fuel combustion, heat loss by the skid system, and heat loss by radiation through the boundary of each sub-zone were considered to give the two temperatures of each sub-zone. The radiative heat transfer was solved by the FVM radiation method, and a blocked-off procedure was applied to the treatment of the slabs. The temperature field of a slab was calculated by solving the transient heat conduction equation with the boundary condition of impinging radiation heat flux from the hot combustion gas and furnace wall. Additionally, the slab heating characteristics and thermal behavior of the furnace were analyzed for various fuel feed conditions.     

700℃四角切圆П型锅炉烟温偏差优化控制

为了研究700℃锅炉的烟气热偏差特性,采用计算流体力学的方法对1台700℃等级四角切圆П型锅炉展开数值模拟研究。基于商用的CFD软件,分析了700℃锅炉的烟气热偏差特性和形成机理,研究了燃尽风的反切和燃尽风的速度偏置对炉内速度场、温度场的影响,重点针对炉膛出口附近的速度分布和温度分布,进行烟气热偏差优化控制。结果表明:当分离燃尽风(SOFA)反切25°时,炉膛出口烟温偏差为63.23 K;相对于反切0°,烟温偏差的降幅达到51.43 K;当右侧SOFA风的速度与左侧SOFA风的速度比值为1.3∶1时,炉膛出口烟温偏差为39.31 K,相对于SOFA风没有偏置时,烟温偏差降低了23.92 K。     

燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模型水冷壁热边界条件设定方法

目前,燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模拟中对炉膛水冷壁传热分布的预测大都基于给定的壁面温度边界条件。然而,此方法无法体现锅炉运行状态对壁面传热与壁温分布的影响。提出了一种基于锅炉烟气侧放热与汽水侧吸热间热平衡关系的壁面传热计算方法,并重点讨论了壁面传热系数的物理意义及取值方法。研究发现,壁面传热系数基本由壁面结渣状态决定,因此可根据壁面渣层的传热系数确定。本文方法将影响壁面传热的关键因素合理地体现在计算过程中,同时在模型复杂性与工程适用性之间保持了合理的平衡。采用此方法对一台320 MW锅炉的燃烧与传热分布进行了数值模拟,水冷壁吸热量的预测结果与锅炉运行数据吻合良好。     

优化壁温计算模型及其在电站锅炉壁温在线监测中的应用

针对电站锅炉壁温在线监测以及炉内汽温和壁温计算的要求,对电站锅炉过热器和再热器炉内汽温和壁温的计算方法进行了优化,提出了炉内汽温和壁温的分段计算模型,对该计算模型涉及的辐射因数、角系数、辐射穿透率、沿炉膛宽度的偏差系数和沿屏高度的偏差系数进行了详细研究,并通过数值模拟对沿炉膛宽度的偏差系数和沿屏高度的偏差系数进行了优化和修正.结果表明:该模型可对锅炉过热器和再热器受热面各点温度进行实时计算,能满足电站锅炉壁温在线监测的要求.     

Tubular Type Heat Flux Meter for Monitoring Internal Scale Deposits in Large Steam Boilers

The deposition of scale on the inner surfaces of the water-wall tubes in the high heat flux regions in a steam boiler furnace can cause serious operation problems. In this paper, a numerical technique for determining the heat flux absorbed by the water-wall tubes, water-steam temperature, and thermal resistance on the inner tube surface from a temperature measured at several interior locations of the tube wall is developed. The scale deposition tube is capable of monitoring changes in the flow of heat transfer caused by scale depositions and changes due to varying furnace conditions. It can work for a long time in the destructive high-temperature atmosphere of a coal-fired boiler. The scale deposition monitor is an online plant monitoring system designed to improve the operation of steam boilers and enhance tube life.