藏北高原太阳辐射能收支的季节变化

利用藏北高原五道梁所获取的一年地面辐射观测资料，计算分析了该地区２６个睛天个例的辐射收支特征。结果表明，该地区大气透明度高，太阳直接辐射和总辐射强，太阳总辐射３月的增和１０月的锐减造成地面加热场强度的突变，影响高原行星边界层内平均气系统的季节性能转换，地表反射率的季节变化明显，夏季地表反射率为０．１９－０．２５，冬季则高达０．３０－０．３４；太阳紫外总辐射较平原地区强，夏半年紫外总辐射与太阳总辐射     

干旱地区不同下垫面的辐射收支

利用2000年6月2001年5月在干旱地区敦煌和高原北部的五道梁所获取的太阳辐射观测资料，分析研究了干旱地区不同下垫面的加辐射收支特点。结果表明：虽然两地地理位置和海拔高度不同，但由于两地下垫面条件的差异，使得太阳短波辐射特别是地表吸收辐射在夏季大致相近，冬季则是敦煌小于五道梁；长波辐射(地面向上长波辐射和大气逆辐射)郭煌明显大于五道梁；地表净辐射夏季五道梁比敦煌为大，冬季则两地相近。     

我国散射辐射的计算方法及其分布

本文根据我国70个日射站近24年(1957-1980年)的辐射资料,分析比较了各种计算散射辐射的经验公式;考虑到地面反射率的影响,确定了比较适合我国的散射辐射气候学计算方法;提出了利用海拔高度以及年平均绝对湿度求算计算式中各系数的方法。最后计算并绘制了我国全年以及逐月散射辐射的空间分布图。     

福建省生态环境质量评价及动态分析

利用2000年、2004年福建省卫星遥感影像解译资料，结合部分地面调查统计数据，按中国环境监测总站《生态环境质量评价技术规定》所提出的评价指标体系，对福建省生态环境现状及变化趋势进行分析评价。     

敦煌地区大气气溶胶的辐射效应

利用敦煌地区1981～1983年地面实测的太阳直接辐射资料计算了该地区大气气溶胶的透射比及气溶胶对辐射削弱量，通过分析大气气溶胶的透射比与直接辐射、散射副射、S／Q、D／Q的关系以及气溶胶对辐射削弱量与气温、直接辐射、气熔胶透射比的关系，讨论了大气气熔胶的辐射效应，得出了一些初步结论，随着气溶胶透射比的增大直接辐射、Q、S／Q增大，D／Q减少；气溶胶对辐射的削弱增大时，气温减小，垂直于太阳光束面上的直接辐射减小，气溶胶透射比减小；在干旱地区晴空气溶胶对辐射的削弱占主导地位。     

2000年以来黄河流域干支流水沙变化趋势及其成因分析

鉴于2000年以来黄河流域的水沙特征发生了较大变化，采用M-K检验法对黄河干支流主要水文站2000~2014年的水沙资料进行分析，探究了干支流水沙的变化趋势及成因，并结合Yamamoto突变检验法进一步判断出更可靠的突变点。结果表明，与1950~2000年相比，干流各水文站径流量的减小比例沿程增大，支流水沙的减幅均大于干流；头道拐至潼关间的支流是影响该河段输沙量变化的主要因素，而龙门至潼关站间，渭河对该段干流的径流量影响较大；经Yamamoto突变检验法诊断后，排除20个虚假点，发现黄河干流径流量和输沙量在2000~2014年间分别出现5、6次强突变，而支流突变点分布散乱，与干流间无明显关系；干流径流量自2004年后为增加趋势，其M-K值于2010年后突破临界值上限1.96；中游年输沙量在2003年前均为增加趋势，2005年后呈减小趋势且在2008年后均突破临界值下限。     

福建省太阳总辐射和地面辐射平衡的分布

首先利用福州市的辐射观测资料，建立计算太阳总辐射的经验公式，并计算福建省各市、县的太阳总辐射的年、月平均辐照度。然后利用地区代表站的地面反射率，求得福建省各月、年地面所吸收的太阳辐射能的分布。再利用地面温度、气温、水汽压和总云量，计算得出福建省各地的地面有效辐射的月、年平均辐照度。最后得出福建省各月、年地面辐射平衡的分布。     

福建太阳总辐射和地面辐射平衡的分布

首先利用福州市的辐射观测资料，建立计算太阳总辐射的经验公式，并计算福建省各市、县的太阳总辐射的年、月平均辐照度。然后利用地区代表站的地面反射率，求得福建省各月、年地面所吸收的太阳辐射能的分布。再利用地面温度、气温、水汽压和总云量、计算得出福建省各地的地面有效辐射的月、年平均辐照度。最后得出福建省各月、年地面辐射平衡的分布。     

利用温度及水汽压距平计算五道梁地区的紫外辐射

结合常规气象资料,给出了一个较为简单的而且计算误差相对较小的紫外辐射计算方法,计算了五道梁地区的紫外辐射,给出了五道梁地区1957~2000年间的紫外辐射序列。分析发现:五道梁地区冬、夏季节季平均紫外辐射有减小的趋势,冬季减小的趋势较夏季明显;年平均紫外辐射瞬时辐照度略有减小的趋势;紫外辐射10a变化分析发现,70年代紫外辐射为大值,90年代为次大值,60年代、80年代为小值;月平均紫外辐射冬季小、夏季大,3~5月份紫外辐射急剧增大,9~11月份紫外辐射迅速减小。     

晴天地面太阳紫外总辐射的观测结果和统计计算方法

利用１９９０年至１９９１年２４个月北京地区的太阳分光辐射观测资料和常规气象观测资料，分析了晴天条件下地面太阳紫外总辐射的变化规律，给出了用于计算晴天条件下到达地面的太阳紫外总辐射的两种公式，并计算了因臭氧总量减少引起地面太阳紫外总辐射增加的百分率。     

On the choice of the angle of tilt for south facing solar collectors in the Athens basin area

This paper seeks to furnish a fundamental piece of information to the solar engineer or scientist regarding the proper choice of the solar collector's tilt angle. Global radiation monthly average daily values are analyzed by a simple correlation into diffuse and beam components. The diffuse and beam components are then used to calculate monthly average hourly and daily values on an inclined surface. The results of these calculations are tabulated and plotted against the angle of tilt for summer, winter and all-year-round intended use. Global radiation measurements used in this work come from (a) the Climatological Bulletin of the National Observatory of Athens, years 1957–1981, (b) the unpublished records of the National Weather Service of Greece (referred to as EMY), years 1977–1982, and (c) the Scientific Publications of the Public Power Co. (referred to as PPC) on measurements of solar potential of Greece, years 1982–1983; the latter was the source of solar diffuse data as well.     

论夏热冬冷地区地板采暖的可行性

2 0 0 1年夏热冬冷地区推出了建筑节能的有关规范 ,以积极推广健康、舒适、节能的住宅温热环境技术。本文对夏热冬冷地区的经济发展状况及地理气候环境特点等作了调查分析 ,并结合国家对该地区的节能规范考察了发展地板采暖的可行性 ,并预测了应用前景。     

地板辐射采暖空间温度场的数值模拟

根据地板采暖的特点，建立数学模型，采用有限差分法，模拟地板辐射采暖中地板温度场的变化关系。通过与实测结果进行比较和调整，可有效地控制供暖温度，取得了满意的结果，为工程设计提供比较准确的方法。     

2002 Summer Meeting Preview

Some simplification to Sunde's procedure, shown in IEEE Standard 80-2000 13.4.2.2, two-layer soil model by graphical method is proposed, with the introduction of a modified Sunde's curve. Comments on Appendix B of IEEE Standard 81-1983 are offered to correct some formula and improve concepts.     

On the potential change in solar radiation over the US due to increases of atmospheric greenhouse gases

Solar radiation is the most important source of renewable energy available to reduce fossil CO₂ atmospheric emissions and also is an important factor in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy considerations. Solar radiation may be affected by climate changes induced by CO₂ emissions. In this study, a refined regional climate model was used to generate seasonal global radiation climatologies for the US under the present and mid 21st century enhanced atmospheric CO₂ level. Simulated seasonal-mean daily global radiation (direct plus diffuse incident radiation on a horizontal surface) under the present climate showed overall reasonable agreement with observed patterns but with negative biases in most locations. In most of the US, the enhanced CO₂ simulation (future climate) showed a trend of decreased seasonal-mean daily global radiation availability in the range of 0–20%. The most noticeable decrease was simulated in the western US during fall, winter, and spring. In small areas in the southern and northwestern US some increase in global radiation was simulated. Changes in global radiation during summer were relatively low.     

An analysis of energy conservation possibilities in the residential sector in New Zealand

A model which simulates residential energy use in New Zealand until the year 2000 has been developed. This paper describes some of the energy conservation possibilities and their effect on energy use for space and water heating. an engineering analysis made to determine the effect of various factors on energy use for space heating is first described. the information gained from many computer simulations is used to develop a quantitative relationship between space heating energy and major determinants—climatic location, building type and intensity of use. Results from an engineering analysis of a water heating unit are used to establish the energy savings due to improved cylinder insulation and lower storage temperature. A solar space and water heating system is analysed to determine the fraction of total heating load that can be met by harnessing solar energy. the analyses demonstrate that the potential of conservation measures to reduce energy use can be substantial—by raising the insulation level on the building and on the water heating cylinder, by lowering the water storage temperature, and by installing an optimized solar heating system, the energy requirement can be reduced to 0·37 times what it is today for a typical uninsulated home.     

Long-term trends of heat stress and energy use implications in subtropical climates

Past and future trends of human comfort in terms of heat and cold stresses under the local subtropical climates using measured meteorological data as well as predictions from general climate models were investigated. Summer discomfort showed an increasing trend (and winter discomfort a decreasing trend) over the past 41 years from 1968 to 2008. Monthly mean minimum and maximum temperatures and moisture content predictions from a general climate model (MIROC3.2-H) were used to determine summer and winter discomfort for future years (2009–2100) based on two emissions scenarios B1 and A1B (low and medium forcing). The 92-year (2009–2100) mean cold stress would be reduced from the 41-year (1968–2008) mean value of 8.7 to about three for both emissions scenarios. The 92-year mean heat stress would be 115.9 and 120.6 for B1 and A1B, respectively, representing 31.6% and 36.9% increase over the 1968–2008 long-term average of 88.1. These suggest that the already small winter heating requirement in subtropical Hong Kong would become even more insignificant in future years, whereas the increasing trend of summer discomfort would result in more cooling demand in the built environment.     

天津地区冷暖度日数年变化特征及趋势分析

度日数是重要的建筑节能气象参数之一,在一定程度上反映着建筑采暖空调系统能耗水平。城市气候变化直接导致了建筑冷暖度日数的改变。文章利用天津市1951～2010年历史气象资料进行统计分析,发现天津地区冷暖度日数均发生了显著的变化:1995～2004年的平均采暖度日数最小,比1963～1972年平均采暖度日数减少了20.9%;冷度日数却呈逐年上升的趋势,10 a平均冷度日数最大值是最小值的2倍多。K-M检验结果表明:α=0.05水平下,采暖度日数从1990年开始显著降低,冷度日数自2005年起显著增加。