有限热源吸收式制冷机的热力学建模与分析

考虑了有限热容、有限速率传热以及工质内部耗散的影响,建立了吸收式制冷机的热力学模型.在该模型中,吸收式制冷机被等价为一个不可逆卡诺热机驱动不可逆卡诺制冷机的联合循环系统.为描述循环的内不可逆性,引入了两个内不可逆性参数Ihe和Ir.其中,Ihe用于描述热机循环的内不可逆性,Ir用于描述制冷循环的内不可逆性.通过对给定供热率下热机热效率和给定制冷率下两热源制冷机性能系数解析表达式的推导,并根据等价系统的定义,获得了吸收式制冷机给定制冷率下性能系数的解析表达式,利用该表达式详细地分析了各参数对性能系数的影响.所得公式和分析结论对实际系统的理解、设计以及分析具有一定的理论指导作用.     

不可逆双谐振通道能量选择性电子制冷机热力学性能优化北大核心CSCD

建立了考虑线性热漏的不可逆双谐振通道能量选择性电子(energy selective election,ESE)制冷机模型,导出了制冷机制冷率和制冷系数的表达式,应用有限时间热力学理论研究了系统制冷率与制冷系数最优性能,通过数值计算,详细分析了热漏、能量宽度、能量间距等设计参数对ESE制冷机最优性能的影响。研究发现,系统的制冷率和制冷系数都会随热漏的增加而减小;给定能量间距时,制冷率和制冷系数都会随能量宽度的增加而先增大后减小,存在最优的能量宽度使制冷率或制冷系数达到最大值;给定能量宽度时,制冷率和制冷系数会随能量间距的增加而先增加后减小,存在最优的能量间距使制冷率或制冷系数达到最大值。合理地选取能量宽度、能量间距等参数,可以使不可逆的双谐振ESE制冷机设计于最大制冷率或最大制冷系数的状态。     

压缩空气储能系统分析及多目标优化

为解决压缩空气储能系统热力学性能与经济学性能相互制约的问题,本文同时考虑热力学性能与经济学性能对系统进行优化.首先建立了系统的热力学模型和经济学模型,研究了关键节点参数对系统性能的影响规律,在此基础上以热力学评价指标能量效率和经济性评价指标单位能量成本为目标函数对系统进行多目标优化.研究结果表明:增大膨胀比、提高透平入口温度能够提高系统效率、降低发电成本;系统最佳运行工况条件下,能量效率可达55.12％,单位能量成本为396.60$/kW.     

热电发电机驱动热电热泵联合循环热力学分析

建立了新型的热电发电机驱动热电热泵联合循环模型,基于非平衡热力学理论,对装置性能进行分析,导出了供热率、无量纲供热率和供热系数与热电单元比等参数的解析式,研究了该型装置最大供热率和最大供热系数对应的最优工作电流和最优热电单元分配,分析了发电机高温热源温度、热泵供热空间温度等对装置供热率、供热系数、最优工作电流和最优热电单元分配的影响,并给出了不同发电机热源温度下,供热系数与无量纲供热率的关系曲线.     

CTHP循环系统有限时间热力学模型及分析

为解决凝汽电厂热电联产改造过程中因需使用减温减压器降温减压而造成的高品位能量的浪费问题,本文以将凝汽电厂减温减压器中的高品位能量利用起来,从而回收电厂循环冷却水的余热的汽机热泵联合循环(CTHP)系统作为研究对象,基于有限时间热力学的方法,以系统获得最佳供热能力为目标,以最小总热导率为约束条件,通过建立CTHP循环系统有限时间热力学模型,计算分析了CTHP循环系统热力学参数的变化规律,以及最佳供热率的相关影响因素。结果表明,汽机低温侧蒸汽出口温度及性能参数a_2、a_3是对系统无量纲供热率最低的影响因素,该结论为CTHP循环系统设计及实际运行时的性能优化提供理论依据。     

不可逆半导体固态热离子制冷器性能分析和优化

建立了考虑外部有限速率传热过程和热源间热漏的不可逆半导体固态热离子制冷器模型,基于非平衡热力学和有限时间热力学理论导出了热离子制冷器的制冷率和制冷系数的表达式;对比分析了不可逆热离子制冷器与可逆热离子制冷器的发射电流密度特性、电极温度特性以及制冷系数特性;研究了不可逆系统的制冷率与制冷系数最优性能,得到了制冷率和制冷系数的最优运行区间;通过数值计算,详细讨论了外部传热以及内部导热、热源间热漏损失、热源温度、外加电压、半导体材料势垒等设计参数对热离子装置性能的影响。在总传热面积一定的条件下,进一步优化了高、低温侧换热器的面积分配以获得最佳的制冷率和制冷系数特性。结果表明,由于存在内部和外部的不可逆性,热离子装置的发射电流密度及制冷系数都会明显降低;不可逆半导体固态热离子制冷器的制冷率与制冷系数特性呈扭叶型;合理地选外加电压、势垒等参数,可以使制冷器设计于最大制冷率或最大制冷系数的状态。     

太阳能吸收式热泵的优化

实际太阳能吸收式热泵运行在最大供热系数和最大供热率两种极限状况之间.本文导出两种太阳能收集器损失关系情况下,该热泵系统在上述两种极限状况下的最佳工作温度,为实际系统的参数选择提供了理论依据.     

广义不可逆联合热泵循环有限时间火用经济性分析与优化

研究了存在热阻、热漏和内不可逆性的广义不可逆联合热泵循环有限时间火 用经济性能,导出了在线性传热定律下循环最佳利润率和最佳供热系数的解析式以及二者的优化关系,并用数值算例对比分析了热漏、内不可逆性和价格比对利润率和火 用经济性能界限的影响.广义不可逆联合热泵循环的有限时间火 用经济学性能界限通过价格比与有限时间热力学性能界限和经典热力学限建立联系.结果对于实际联合热泵确定设计参数,判定工况是否处于最优经济状态有一定的指导作用.     

城市原生污水源热泵最优化研究

根据现有城市原生污水源热泵的投资和运行等经济和技术特点,以系统的费用年值为目标函数,系统的冬夏季蒸发温度、冷凝温度、污水换热器出水温度、污水取水系统的管径等为优化变量,建立了系统综合优化的数学模型.在满足系统供冷、供热的可靠运行的条件下,利用遗传算法理论,并使用Matlab7.1遗传算法工具箱对系统的运行参数及机组部件的设计参数进行了优化选择,实现了系统费用年值最小的目标.优化结果与传统设计结果相比费用年值节省约6%.     

内可逆四热源吸收式制冷循环的热经济性能优化

应用内可逆四热源吸收式制冷循环模型，分析吸收式制冷机受传热不可逆性影响时的热经济性能。在牛顿传热定律下，导出了循环的最佳热经济性目标和制冷系数的基本优化关系和最大热经济性目标及相应的制冷系数与比制冷率；通过数值算例，得出循环参数对循环的热经济性目标、制冷系数和比制冷率的影响关系。     

Potential application of solar thermal systems for hot water production in Hong Kong

This paper presents the evaluation results of conventional solar water heater (SWH) systems and solar assisted heat pump (SAHP) systems for hot water production in Hong Kong. An economic comparison and global warming impact analysis are conducted among the two kinds of solar thermal systems and traditional water heating systems (i.e. electric water heaters and towngas water heaters). The economic comparison results show that solar thermal systems have greater economic benefits than traditional water heating systems. In addition, conventional SWH systems are comparable with the SAHP systems when solar fractions are above 50%. Besides, analysis on the sensitivity of the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) indicates that the towngas boosted SWH system has the greatest potential in greenhouse gas emission reduction with various solar collector areas and the electricity boosted SWH system has the comparative TEWI with the SAHP systems if its solar fraction is above 50%. As for SAHP systems, the solar assisted air source heat pump (SA-ASHP) system has the least global warming impact. Based on all investigation results, suggestions are given on the selection of solar thermal systems for applications in Hong Kong.     

Study on a direct‐expansion solar‐assisted heat pump water heating system

Analytical and experimental studies were performed on a direct‐expansion solar‐assisted heat pump (DX‐SAHP) water heating system, in which a 2 m² bare flat collector acts as a source as well as an evaporator for the refrigerant. A simulation model was developed to predict the long‐term thermal performance of the system approximately. The monthly averaged COP was found to vary between 4 and 6, while the collector efficiency ranged from 40 to 60%. The simulated results were used to obtain an optimum design of the system and to determinate a proper strategy for system operating control. The effect of various parameters, including solar insolation, ambient temperature, collector area, storage volume and speed of compressor, had been investigated on the thermal performance of the DX‐SAHP system, and the results had indicated that the system performance is governed strongly by the change of solar insolation, collector area and speed of compressor. The experimental results obtained under winter climate conditions were shown to agree reasonably with the computer simulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling and application of direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump for water heating in subtropical Hong Kong

Direct hot water production consumes about 4% of the total energy use in Hong Kong, and about 20% when considering only the domestic sector. For water heating the energy sources are mostly town gas, liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. The use of heat pump or solar water heating, particularly the solar-assisted heat pump options, is not popular. In this paper, the potential application of a unitary type direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) system was examined. A numerical model of the DX-SAHP system was first introduced. From the simulation results with the use of the Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data of Hong Kong, the system was found achieving a year-average coefficient of performance (COP) of 6.46, which is much better than the conventional heat pump system performance. The potential use of DX-SAHP therefore deserves further evaluation.     

Economic comparison of solar-assisted heat pumps

A study of the economic performance of a solar system, air-to-air heat pumps, and several solar-assisted heat pump systems (SAHP) for residential heating is presented. The study is based on a computer simulation which is supported by monitoring data from an existing installation, the Terrosi-Grumman house in Quechee, Vermont. Three different SAHP configurations as well as conventional solar and air-to-air heat pump systems are evaluated for a northern New England climate. All systems are evaluated both with and without a peak/off-peak electricity price differential.

The SAHP systems are: (1) the series system in which the solar storage serves as the energy source for the heat pump, (2) the series off-peak system in which the heat pump in the series system operates only during certain periods of the day under a special electric rate structure, (3) a parallel system in which the environment is the source for both the collector and the heat pump, and (4) a peak/off-peak parallel system in which oil is operated during the period of peak electricity price. Hybrid air-to-air heat pump/oil systems are also evaluated.

For all alternatives, two different economic analyses are used: (1) the rate of return which emphasizes the return earned on the capital investment, and (2) the life cycle critical price which compares the current capital cost to the present worth of the stream of all future energy savings.

Both economic measures select the air-to-air heat pump/on-peak oil system when there is a peak/off-peak electricity price differential. (In this case the ratio of off-peak to average price is 40 per cent.) When there is no price differential, the air-to-air heat pump/oil system is still preferred, but the oil system is now operated when the ambient temperature falls below −6.7°C (20°F). When the electricity price is doubled (from 19.5 to 40$/GJ), solar/oil is the preferred system.     

基于动态分布参数模型的光伏太阳能热泵系统的数值模拟

采用分布参数法,根据平衡均相流理论,建立了光伏太阳能热泵(PV-SAHP)系统的动态分布参数模型.通过数值模拟对系统在动态工况下的光电光热性能进行研究.研究结果显示PV-SAHP系统具备优越的光电光热性能,系统的COP为3.1-5.8,全天的平均值为4.8,明显高于普通的风冷热泵;系统光电转换效率为12.38%-13.31%;系统全天的平均光电功率为375W,相当于系统平均功耗(474.8W)的79%.对模拟结果进行对比分析后发现系统光电光热性能主要由太阳辐照强度所决定,并受环境温度的影响.     

Thermal performance of a solar-assisted heat pump drying system with thermal energy storage tank and heat recovery unit

Thermal performance parameters for a solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) drying system with underground thermal energy storage (TES) tank and heat recovery unit (HRU) are investigated in this study. The SAHP drying system is made up of a drying unit, a heat pump, flat plate solar collectors, an underground TES tank, and HRU. An analytical model is developed to obtain the performance parameters of the drying system by using the solution of heat transfer problem around the TES tank and energy expressions for other components of the drying system. These parameters are coefficient of performances for the heat pump (COP) and system (COPs), specific moisture evaporation rate (SMER), temperature of water in the TES tank, and energy fractions for energy charging and extraction from the system. A MATLAB program has been prepared using the expressions for the drying system. The obtained results for COP, COPs, and SMER are 5.55, 5.28, and 9.25, respectively, by using wheat mass flow rate of 100 kg h⁻¹, Carnot efficiency of 40%, collector area of 100 m², and TES tank volume of 300 m³ when the system attains periodic operation duration in fifth year onwards for 10 years of operation. Annual energy saving is 21.4% in comparison with the same system without using HRU for the same input data.     

Exergetic performance evaluation of heat pump systems having various heat sources

In this study heat pump systems having different heat sources were investigated experimentally. Solar‐assisted heat pump (SAHP), ground source heat pump (GSHP) and air source heat pump (ASHP) systems for domestic heating were tested. Additionally, their combination systems, such as solar‐assisted‐ground source heat pump (SAGSHP), solar‐assisted‐air source heat pump (SAASHP) and ground–air source heat pump (GSASHP) were tested. All the heat pump systems were designed and constructed in a test room with 60 m² floor area in Firat University, Elazig (38.41°N, 39.14°E), Turkey. In evaluating the efficiency of heat pump systems, the most commonly used measure is the energy or the first law efficiency, which is modified to a coefficient of performance for heat pump systems. However, for indicating the possibilities for thermodynamic improvement, inadequate energy analysis and exergy analysis are needed. This study presents an exergetic evaluation of SAHP, GSHP and ASHP and their combination systems. The exergy losses in each of the components of the heat pump systems are determined for average values of experimentally measured parameters. Exergy efficiency in each of the components of the heat pump systems is also determined to assess their performances. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the SAHP, GSHP and ASHP were obtained as 2.95, 2.44 and 2.33, whereas the exergy losses of the refrigerant subsystems were found to be 1.342, 1.705 and 1.942 kW, respectively. The COP of SAGSHP, SAASHP and GSASHP as multiple source heat pump systems were also determined to be 3.36, 2.90 and 2.14, whereas the exergy losses of the refrigerant subsystems were approximately 2.13, 2.996 and 3.113 kW, respectively. In addition, multiple source heat pump systems were compared with single source heat pump systems on the basis of the COP. Exergetic performance coefficient (EPC) is introduced and is applied to the heat pump systems having various heat sources. The results imply that the functional forms of the EPC and first law efficiency are different. Results show that Ex_loss,total becomes a minimum value when EPC has a maximum value. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模糊层次分析法的太阳能-空气源热泵复合供暖系统多目标优化

为减小太阳能空气源热泵供暖系统的综合成本和碳排放量,提高热泵运行效率及太阳能使用率,提出一种基于模糊层次分析法的多目标优化设计方法。采用TRNSYS,搭建复合供暖系统仿真模型,通过参数化分析选出7个系统参数作为优化变量,提出复合供暖系统综合评价指标,运用模糊层次分析法确定每个因素的权重并定义综合目标函数并通过正交试验法得到最终优化方案。通过仿真试验对比复合供暖系统优化前后的运行性能,验证了该优化方法的有效性。     

小型太阳能热泵地板供暖系统的优化研究

建立了太阳能热泵地板供暖系统的能量分析、可用能分析数学模型,模拟了上海供暖期的气候条件,给出了系统各部件的可用能损失情况。着重从太阳能集热器并联的组数出发对系统进行了优化研究,并给出了系统供暖性能系数和可用能效率,为该系统的设计及应用提供参考。     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of a solar heating system with heat pump

In this study, the performance of a solar heating system with a heat pump was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results were obtained from November to April during the heating season. The experimentally obtained results are used to calculate the heat pump coefficient of performance (COP), seasonal heating performance, the fraction of annual load met by free energy, storage and collector efficiencies and total energy consumption of the systems during the heating season. The average seasonal heating performance values are 4.0 and 3.0 for series and parallel heat pump systems, respectively. A mathematical model was also developed for the analysis of the solar heating system. The model consists of dynamic and heat transfer relations concerning the fundamental components in the system such as solar collector, latent heat thermal energy storage tank, compressor, condenser, evaporator and meteorological data. Some model parameters of the system such as COP, theoretical collector numbers (N_c), collector efficiency, heating capacity, compressor power, and temperatures (T₁, T₂, T₃, T_T) in the storage tank were calculated by using the experimental results. It is concluded that the theoretical model agreed well with the experimental results.