聚硅酸盐絮凝剂在炼厂反冲洗排污水中的应用

某石化公司炼油厂工业循环冷却水悬浮物、浊度和油含量较高,旁滤装置内的石英砂填料易被大量油污堵结,清理困难,造成旁滤器超负荷运行,水质恶化,系统进行排水、补水置换,循环水浓缩倍数维持在2．8左右运行,有时浓缩倍数仅为1．8。以该厂某一循环水场为例,其循环量为12000m^3／h,排污水量约为110m^3／h,水质中悬浮物含量较高,一般为30～100mg/L,但Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、Fe^3＋、SO4^2-、Cl^-等有害离子含量均较低,对这部分高浊度和悬浮物含量的排放废水进行处理,改善水质状况后返回循环水系统,可达到提高循环水的浓缩倍数、节约补充水、减少排污的多重效果。以炼油厂循环水系统的反冲洗排污水为原水,通过测定絮凝剂对废水的浊度、油及COD的去除率,对自制聚硅酸盐絮凝剂系列产品的性能进行了评价,确定了自制絮凝剂单独加入时的最佳加剂量和与聚铝复配时的最佳比例。     

高压静电离子棒在冶金工业循环水系统中的应用

为解决冶金工业循环水系统管道和设备壁面结垢问题,曾采用添加阻垢剂,杀菌剂等方法,但效果并不理想。安装使用高压静电离子棒,1周后水质硬度迅速上升,没有明显结垢现象;后因引入水质浊度太高,导致离子棒失效;经清淤处理,使循环水浊度低于5×10-6,离子棒正常工作,并达到了除垢、防垢、杀菌的效果。     

降低循环冷却水浊度与粘泥

在硝酸生产系统中循环冷却水水质起着非常关键的作用，直接影响系统换热，不仅影响能量交换而且存在置换水质而出现的水源浪费。本文将结合现有工艺，设备来探讨影响循环水浊度的因素并对系统进行相应技术改造。     

水过滤新技术——盘片式水过滤器的原理与应用

1概述经过混凝沉淀或澄清的原水 ,其浊度通常在2 0mg L左右。对循环水量较大的冷却系统 ,为节省费用可直接将其作补充水进入循环冷却系统 ;但对循环水量较小、要求较高的系统 ,最好将原水浊度进一步降低到小于 5mg L ,这就需要采用过滤处理。另外锅炉用水在软化和除盐水处理过程中 ,微量浊度可使离子交换器树脂受到污染 ,影响离子交换效率 ,因此 ,需对已沉淀澄清的原水再进行过滤净化。过滤就是将含有浊度的原水通过一定厚度的粒料或非粒状材料有效地除去水中浊度 ,使水净化的过程。这种过滤用的设备称之为过滤器或过滤池。过滤用的材料叫…     

凝汽器铜管现场保洁措施

凝汽器铜管污染、结垢 ,致使传热系数降低 ,对数平均温差增大 ,真空下降。我厂采用深井地下水闭式循环系统 ,因自然水质钙、镁成份含量高 ,加之循环水蒸发浓缩和凉水塔风吹损失等因素 ,循环水处于不稳定状态 ,以致使铜管结垢 ,热交换能力下降 ,机组出力不足。在电厂条件下 ,我们采取了一系列铜管保洁措施 ,收到一定成效。对于常温结垢较为严重的水质 ,首要的是根据水稳分析 ,采用连续加药阻垢、定期杀菌以及向循环水中定期加剥离剂的方法 ,控制污染及结垢。具体做法 :在循环水中添加浓度为 5 0× 10 - 6的阻垢缓蚀剂 ,使水中钙、镁离子形成…     

装置循环水系统节水闭路改造

对循环水系统由开路改为闭路循环 ,并采取不停车化学清洗、预膜。不仅节约大量生产水 ,而且改善循环水水质 ;提高设备换热效率 ,降低纯碱生产成本 ,产生可观的经济效益。     

炼化企业中水回用工业应用效果跟踪分析与研究

对于炼化企业而言,炼油污水回用存在稳定性差、水质复杂以及容易造成腐蚀、结垢、微生物繁殖等问题。中国石油锦西石化分公司将炼油污水回用二期超滤产水回用于循环水系统,并对中水回用后的循环水水质控制指标和循环水系统运行效果进行了分析。回用水与新水的水质指标数据对比显示,回用水作为循环水补水的工艺方案是可行的,但总碱度持续偏低,有造成循环水系统腐蚀的风险。通过调节新水与回用水比例,循环水总碱度基本达到了100mg/L以上,有效降低了循环水系统的腐蚀风险。小型动态实验结果表明,适当投加缓蚀剂可以较好地控制循环水的腐蚀趋势。循环水现场监测分析结果显示,微生物控制总体上效果较好;现场监测换热器的试管腐蚀率和试管黏附速率均在控制指标范围内;在线探针监测腐蚀率与现场监测换热器试管监测腐蚀率均在控制指标范围内。     

石化企业水冷器腐蚀泄漏原因分析

将污水进行适当处理回用于循环水系统,是石化企业降低水耗,减少污水外排的有效办法。锦西石化将中水回用到循环水系统后,焦化装置和重催装置多次发生水冷器腐蚀泄漏,影响装置的安全稳定运行。通过对中水回用现场循环水、回用水水质监测分析,以及水冷器检修调查显示:与新鲜水作为补充水的系统相比,中水回用水作为补充水,微生物种类多,系统更富营养化,更适宜微生物的生长繁殖。锦西石化装置水冷器水侧腐蚀的主要原因,是循环水系统异养菌长期超标,以及黏泥滋生引起的垢下腐蚀及微生物腐蚀。同时,水冷器工艺介质泄漏,进而影响循环水水质,使微生物控制及腐蚀控制出现困难。对此,需要加强循环水系统的杀菌措施,在保证循环水处理效果的同时,必须避免水冷器泄漏与水质腐蚀形成的恶性循环。     

冷轧厂净循环水处理系统的设计

本文以某冷轧循环水处理站设计为例,介绍了冷轧厂循环水水质要求、处理工艺流程,确定了循环水系统的水量平衡和相关设备参数,阐述了该水系统稳定水质的相关措施.     

化工工业循环冷却水处理应用加药技术及附属设施的节能改造

通过分析循环水系统水质下降、水处理成本增加等原因,对该水处理系统进行了节能改造,引进一套全自动投药装置,实现了自动加药、加酸、杀菌、排污(补水)等在线监测。实践表明,该装置保证了循环水系统水质稳定、合格,降低了药剂消耗量,节约了新鲜水,实现了节能降耗的目的,提高了企业的经济效益。     

Atmospheric turbidity in a semi-rural site—II influence of climatic parameters

Seasonal variations of Linke, Ångström and Schüepp turbidity coefficients and of α exponent as well as the influence of climatic factors on them are analyzed. For each of these turbidity coefficients, a typical annual evolution with summer maximum and winter minimum is found. The major weight of air mass origin is shown as well as the influence of wind velocity. Atmospheric water content effect is discussed from the analysis of direct irradiance, turbidity coefficients and precipitable water seasonal variations.     

用化学混凝沉淀法处理天然水的实验研究

采用聚合铝、聚丙烯酰胺净水剂，对属地表水（天然水）的原水混凝沉淀处理的实验，测定了净化后的余浊度，总结出了对此原水的最佳加药量范围，可供有反渗透系统的水处理工艺要求的单位使用参考。     

高效喷雾通风冷却塔在循环水场中的节能分析

高效喷雾通风冷却塔通过通风蒸发、热传导形式带走热量来完成热水的降温过程,其主要特点是喷流雾化和利用循环水的余能来推动空气在冷却塔内的强制流动,从而代替轴流风机达到节电节能的目的。其核心部件是喷雾推进雾化器,其主轴采用高分子非金属耐磨材料制造,克服了用油轴承在水环境中易锈蚀、卡死等故障,减少了设备维修量。2008,中国石化洛阳分公司采用高效喷雾通风塔冷却技术对第三循环水场3号塔进行了改造,投用至今运行稳定,主要运行参数达到了预期的目的,冷却效果与使用轴流风机相当,循环泵电流与改造前相当,没有增加循环水的回水管路阻力。若洛阳石化循环水冷却塔轴流风机全部进行此技术改造,保守计算年可节电1500×10^4kW·h。     

Determination of Linke turbidity factor from solar radiation measurement in northern Tunisia

The attenuation of solar radiation through a real atmosphere versus that through a clean dry atmosphere gives an indication of the atmospheric turbidity. Study of atmospheric turbidity is important in meteorology, climatology and for monitoring of atmospheric pollution.The Linke turbidity factor refers to the whole spectrum, that is, overall spectrally integrated attenuation, which includes presence of gaseous water vapour and aerosols. In this work, a procedure for calculation of Linke turbidity factor is adopted using pyrheliometric measurements in a coastal tourist location in Tunisia (Sidi Bou Saïd), during three summer months (June, July and August 1999). Real diurnal and monthly variations of the T_L turbidity factor are found in the three studied months, with a maximum in August afternoon and a minimum in July morning.The increase of T_L is an indication for increasing atmospheric turbidity level (pollution). The correlation between atmospheric turbidity and the local weather conditions shows that this increase is essentially due to the heavy water vapour content of maritime air masses, carried by the north-eastern winds prevalent during the afternoon. A second pollution source is the dust content of the continental air masses carried by western and southern winds prevalent in the morning. Next to this can be added the influence of traffic at rush hours and during the afternoon of summer holidays.     

Attenuation of solar radiation in the atmosphere

This paper presents the results of measurements of the solar radiant energy absorbed and scattered in the atmosphere. Since much of the information on solar irradiance at the ground is obtained by computation from extraterrestrial radiation data, it is important to know precisely the actual energy that is absorbed and scattered in its passage through the atmosphere for the accurate estimation of the radiant energy received at the ground. Various models exist for the estimation of daily totals of global solar radiation under clear sky and cloudy conditions, taking these effects into consideration and assuming average values for the ozone and water vapour content and the turbidity of the atmosphere. In the present investigation atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation has been calculated from measured values of ozone and water vapour content and turbidity in the atmosphere, at two stations Bangalore (950 metres above sea level) and Nandi Hills (1479 masl). Direct measurements of direct solar radiation for the whole spectrum and various spectral regions were made at Bangalore and Nandi using Ångström pyrheliometers fitted with broad-band pass filters during the clear months January–May 1979. Global solar radiation and sunshine duration measurements were also made at both stations. Using direct measurements of the total ozone and water vapour content and atmospheric turbidity, direct, diffuse and global solar radiation values at the ground were computed from extraterrestrial values of radiation for clear sky conditions. The results are compared with actual measurements and earlier observations of direct solar radiation at other high-level stations. The importance of atmospheric turbidity measurements in the computation of solar radiation is discussed.     

循环冷却水塔快速喷雾结冰技术的应用

论述了循环冷却水塔快速喷雾结冰技术的产生背景、基本原理、组成部分及优点,以在辽宁东方发电有限公司1号机组循环冷却水塔上的成功应用为例,与常规悬挂挡风板防冻法进行了对比,论证了其在优化调整循环水温度及循环水塔防寒防冻方面的明显优势,并对该项技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

Atmospheric transparency, atmospheric turbidity and climatic parameters

Global solar and diffuse sky radiation data, measured with a Moll–Gorczynski pyranometer in a Mediterranean location, are used to investigate the diurnal and seasonal variations of the atmospheric turbidity using Linke’s factor. The analysis of the solar data, which were appropriately selected at constant solar elevations, proves that the atmospheric transparency coefficient decreases with decreasing relative atmospheric mass. This fact leads to a virtual increase of Linke’s turbidity factor with increasing solar elevation. Real diurnal and annual variations of the atmospheric turbidity are found, with a summer afternoon maximum and a winter morning minimum. The correlation between atmospheric turbidity and specific humidity shows that the summer maximum is due to the heavy water vapour content of maritime air masses, carried by the west–southwestern winds prevalent during this season. Continental dust particles, carried by the east–northeastern winds, growing due to water vapours result in high turbidity at the end of summer. The winter minimum is caused by a considerable decrease of the humidity and dust content of the continental air masses, carried by strong east–northeastern winds, prevalent during the cold period. Correlations of atmospheric turbidity with specific humidity and of diffuse radiation with atmospheric turbidity for maritime and continental air masses are derived.