潮流能水轮机翼型几何参数对其水动力学性能影响研究

为研究潮流能水轮机翼型几何参数对其水动力学性能的影响规律,从Profili软件内置的翼型数据库中选择NACA4412翼型作为初始翼型,并利用Profili的翼型几何修形功能分别修改初始翼型的最大相对厚度、最大相对弯度、最大相对厚度所在的弦向位置和最大相对弯度所在的弦向位置等几何参数,得到几组新翼型。在Fluent软件中对初始翼型和新翼型进行二维翼型绕流数值计算并比较数值计算结果,研究几何参数对潮流能水轮机翼型升力系数、阻力系数、最大升阻比、高升阻比范围以及失速特性等水动力学性能的影响规律,为潮流能水轮机翼型的选取和潮流能水轮机专用翼型的设计奠定基础。     

基于ClarkY的非对称翼型对可逆轴流风机性能影响的研究

针对双向通风机的工程应用,基于Clark Y标准翼型采用尾部反接法设计了4种“S”型非对称翼型(反接段弦长与总弦长的占比分别为0.286、0.375、0.444和0.500),并应用至单级可逆轴流风机,通过数值模拟及风机性能试验对比分析4种可逆翼型的风机在双向来流中气动性能。研究表明:随着前缘厚度增加,风机进口截面的和叶顶间隙的湍流动能会有所下降,减小了流动损失,而增加尾缘最大厚度会降低叶轮出口流通性能;反映到风机的性能上,增加前缘最大厚度同时减小尾缘最大厚度,风机正向通风时效率及全压会有所下降,而反向通风时两者均有大幅提升;采用反接段弦长占比为0.444的非对称翼型风机整体性能较优。     

尾缘厚度对风力机翼型气动特性影响参数化研究

该文拟从气动性能角度考察钝尾缘厚度对风力机翼型气动特性的影响.采用美国NREL带有试验数据的风力机专用翼型S814和S827,通过XFOIL软件对翼型尾缘厚度参数化处理.在最大厚度、弯度和弦宽不变的条件下,尾缘厚度相对于弦长在0.5%～5.0%范围变化.数值计算分析认为,尾缘厚度在一定范围增大时,翼型升力系数有明显提升,同时阻力系数也持续增大,升阻比则呈先增后降趋势,研究翼型尾缘厚度在1.5%(相对弦长)附近其升力系数和升阻比同时达到最佳.研究结论可供风力机叶片设计时量化参考.     

扩压器叶片厚度分布对离心压气机性能的影响

叶片扩压器对离心压气机性能有着重要影响,在某机翼型叶片扩压器的叶片角分布规律保持不变的情况下,调整扩压器叶片的厚度分布,通过流场对比分析扩压器叶片厚度分布对压气机性能的影响。结果表明:扩压器叶片最大厚度分别位于75%和50%弦长位置方案比最大厚度位于25%弦长方案的整级效率提升2. 3%和1. 4%,喘振裕度分别提高了34. 2%和16. 7%。     

基于磨损模型的S809翼型气动性能及流场特性研究

为研究磨损程度对翼型绕流流场及气动性能的影响,通过CFD方法数值求解二维不可压缩雷诺平均(RANS)方程来研究风力机专用翼型S809在不同磨损深度和磨损厚度情况下的流场结构和气动性能。结果表明:前缘磨损会改变翼型设计气动外型,导致翼型的升力系数减小、阻力系数增大;当磨损厚度一定时,增加磨损深度会导致前缘分离泡和后缘流动分离的产生,但磨损深度达到一定程度后流场变化不大;当磨损深度为翼型弦长的0.5%时,磨损厚度对翼型的气动性能影响较小;当磨损深度大于翼型弦长的1.0%时,磨损厚度的影响较明显;当磨损厚度为翼型最大厚度的12%、18%及25%时,磨损深度分别超过翼型弦长的1.0%、2.0%和3.0%后翼型的气动系数变化较小,其所对应的压力系数分布曲线也基本重合。     

钝尾缘对扑翼获能特性的影响

扑翼获能器是一种通过升沉俯仰运动从海流中提取能量的装置。采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对钝尾缘扑翼获能特性进行数值模拟计算,探究钝尾缘对称加厚初始位置、钝尾缘对称加厚厚度与翼型厚度对钝尾缘扑翼获能特性的影响规律。结果表明,钝尾缘对称加厚初始位置与翼型弦长之比p/c=0.90时,钝尾缘控制策略的获能效果较明显。钝尾缘对称加厚厚度对扑翼获能特性的影响主要体现在中高缩减频率,总体来看扑翼获能效率随钝尾缘对称加厚厚度增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当钝尾缘对称加厚厚度与翼型弦长之比l/c=0.02时,钝尾缘扑翼获能效率的提升效果达到阈值。随着翼型厚度逐渐增大,钝尾缘扑翼的获能效率先增大后减小,并且当翼型为NACA0030时,获能效率达到峰值。     

涡发生器安装位置对风力机翼型流场影响的数值研究

采用数值模拟的方式对带/不带涡发生器的翼型流场进行计算,并与相应的试验数据进行对比,验证数值计算方法的可靠性。在此基础上,对3种不同弦向位置涡发生器对翼型气动特性的影响进行计算与分析。结果表明,3种安装位置的涡发生器均可有效推迟失速攻角及提高最大升力系数,但由于位置不同,产生的诱导涡的强度有较大差别,并对速度型线产生较大影响,最终导致翼型气动特性上的差异。在3种弦向位置中,20%弦向位置可取得较好的流动控制效果。     

不同相对厚度前缘缝翼对S809翼型气动性能的影响

文章通过数值模拟方法研究了不同相对厚度的前缘缝翼对S809翼型气动性能的影响,并揭示了前缘缝翼相对厚度对流动控制产生影响的机理。研究结果表明:在大攻角下,空气流经过前缘缝翼会在其尾部产生涡旋,尾缘涡旋的形成有助于抑制S809翼型流动分离,进而改善翼型绕流场;不同相对厚度的前缘缝翼产生尾缘涡旋不同的流动轨迹,对翼型的流动控制作用效果不同;相同条件下,前缘安装最大相对厚度为35%的前缘缝翼能够将S809翼型最大升力系数提升至1.25,失速攻角推迟至17.21°;安装最大相对厚度为14%的前缘缝翼,能够使S809翼型最大升力系数提升至1.53,并使翼型在攻角为20.16°时仍未发生失速。     

叶片安装角对H型垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响研究

通过对直叶片垂直轴风力机在不同翼型、尖速比和实度组合状态下改变其叶片安装角得到的模型进行流场计算,总结以上3种情形下不同安装角对直叶片垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响:在以上3种情形下,负安装角对其气动性能不利;最佳气动性能安装角为1°~3°;安装角对其性能的影响相对有限(NACA0015,尖速比λ=1.5时,功率系数CP值从31.3%增加到34.5%),翼型厚度对气动性能的影响较大(21%厚度翼型,其C_P值约为40%),欲得到更好的CP值,最好通过改变翼型或增加翼型厚度来实现;当叶片翼型的相对厚度较小或工况为高尖速比下时,有必要通过改变安装角改善风力机的性能。     

襟翼对垂直轴风力机性能影响的数值模拟

采用能够模拟风力机转子与定子间相互作用的滑移网格技术对NACA0015三叶片直翼式垂直轴风力机进行了二维非定常数值模拟,在此基础上对翼型上、下表面分别加装高度为2％翼型弦长的不同形式襟翼,对4种襟翼改型进行了转矩系数和功率系数的研究并与原型进行了对比．结果表明：NACA0015三叶片直翼式垂直轴风力机在尖速比为3．5时达到最大输出功率;内侧格尼襟翼比原型的输出功率最大可提高约4％;流线型襟翼对降低风力机的运行阻力起到一定作用;当尖速比提高到4以后,由于风力机的运行阻力大幅度增加,叶片加装襟翼反而会降低垂直风力机的功率．     

竖直提升管内气泡运动状态数值模拟研究

在Einstein制冷循环系统中，气泡泵竖直提升管内为弹状流时效率较高。选取VOF（流体体积函数）模型对其管内气泡的运动状态进行计算流体力学数值模拟。结果表明：当过热度恒定时，随着压力增加，单个气泡的生成时间延长且体积变小，但气泡均匀性提高；当压力恒定时，随着过热度增大，气泡生成速率加快，融合体积增大，易于形成系统所需的弹状流。因此，在Einstein制冷循环系统中，在压力为0.4 MPa的工况下，需采取较高的过热度才能保证气泡泵的正常运转；与水相比，氨水溶液更适合作为气泡泵工质。     

叶片进口边位置对小流量工况下离心泵空化特性的影响

为研究叶片进口位置对小流量工况下离心泵空化性能的影响,应用数值计算方法模拟了比转数为81的离心泵的三种模型,得到不同进口边位置的离心泵空化特性,并分析了叶轮内部流场与空化性能曲线的影响关系。结果表明,在小流量工况下,低比转速离心泵叶片进口边位置越靠前,抗空化性能较好,但严重空化后扬程衰减更快,流道直接被空泡堵塞,流道和叶片表面气泡分布较均匀,且气泡充斥流道速度较快,气泡体积分数各流道差值越小。相比较而言,叶片进口位置越靠后,气泡在流道内部和叶片背面分布不均匀,易出现噪声和振动,但在断裂空化状态,气泡并未完全堵塞流道,扬程下降速度较慢。整体来看,在小流量工况下,叶片进口边位置越靠前,离心泵的抗空化性能较好,并通过试验研究验证了模拟结果的可靠性。研究成果可为小流量工况下低比转速离心泵抗空化性能的优化提供参考。     

Maximization of heat transfer density from a single-row cross-flow heat exchanger with wing-shaped tubes using constructal design

A single-row cross-flow heat exchanger with wing-shaped tubes is designed in this paper using the constructal design method. The wing-to-wing spacing and the wing thickness are free to morph while the chord of the wings remains constant. Wing-to-wing spacing optimization or heat transfer density maximization from the wings is the objective function in this design. Two directions of the free-stream (incoming) flow are considered. The right- and left-flow directions are considered with a constant drop in pressure. All wings are heated at a uniform temperature, and the air is used to cool these wings. The two-dimensional conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, and the conservation of energy equations are solved by means of the finite volume method for steady and incompressible flow. The ratio of the wing thickness to the chord (dimensionless wing thickness) is changed from 0.2 to 1. For each wing thickness, three Bejan numbers (Be = 10³, 10⁴, and 10⁵) are used in the numerical simulation. The results revealed that in the case of the flow direction to the left, the maximum heat transfer density is higher than that in the case of the flow direction to the right for all wing thicknesses and all Bejan numbers.     

Heat transfer and pressure drop experimental correlations for air–water bubbly flow

In this paper, a novel air–water bubbly flow heat transfer experiment is performed to investigate the characteristics of pressure drop of airflow and heat transfer between water and tubes for its potential application in evaporative cooling. The attempts to reduce the pressure drop while maintaining higher heat transfer coefficient have been achieved by decreasing the bubble layer thickness through the water pump circulation. Pressure drops of air passing through the sieve plate and the bubbling layer are measured for different height of bubble layer, hole–plate area ratio of the sieve plate and the superficial air velocity. Experimental data show that the increase of bubble layer height and air velocity both increase the pressure drop while the effect of the hole–plate area ratio of the sieve plate on the heat transfer coefficient is relatively sophisticated. A pressure drop correlation including the effects of all the tested parameters is proposed, which has a mean absolute deviation of 14.5% to that of the experimental data. Heat transfer coefficients of the water and the outside tube wall are measured and the effects of superficial air velocity, heat flux and bubble layer height are also examined. Through a dimensional analysis, a heat transfer correlation with a mean absolute deviation of 9.7% is obtained based on experimental data.     

Measurements of Frost Thickness and Frost Mass on a Flat Plate under Heat Pump Condition

This study measured the frost thickness and frost mass on a flat plate to propose the correlation equations for the local and average frost thickness, frost density, and frost mass. Key parameters were the cooling surface temperature of the flat plate from 258.2 to 268.2 K, absolute humidity of air from 2.98 to 4.16 g/kg_DA, air temperature from 273.5 to 280.2 K, and air velocity from 1.0 to 2.5 m/s. A 50% ethylene glycol aqueous solution was used as a coolant. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, air velocity, and surface temperature on the frost thickness and frost mass were experimentally investigated under the heat pump condition. Correlation equations for the local and average frost thickness and frost mass under the heat pump condition were proposed. The values predicted by the correlation equations under the freezer condition were larger by a maximum of 30–50% than the values predicted by the present correlation equations under the heat pump condition. The proposed correlation equations might be applied to the part of the freezer condition.     

Calorimeter measurements of a heat pump dehumidifier: Influence of evaporator air flow

The performance characteristics of a Rankine cycle heat pump dehumidifier have been measured in a psychrometric calorimeter which provides close control of the air state. The quality of the measurements was monitored by applying energy and mass balance test criteria. The results show that the influence of the evaporator air flowrate on the moisture extraction rate, and on the energy efficiency of the drier, depends on the relative humidity of the evaporator inlet air stream. When the relative humidity is high the dehumidification efficiency is maximized when the evaporator air flow is maximized, within the range of air flowrates investigated. Below 50% relative humidity the specific moisture extraction rate exhibits an increasingly peaked maximum as a function of the evaporator air flowrate. This maximum moves to lower air flows when the relative humidity is lower.     

Flow Visualization around a Double Wedge Airfoil Model with Focusing Schlieren System

In the present study, aerodynamic characteristics of the double wedge airfoil model were investigated in a transonic flow by using the shock tube as an intermittent wind tunnel. The driver and driven gases of the shock tube are dry air. The airfoil model of double wedge has the span of 58 mm, chord length c = 75 mm and its maximum thickness is 7.5 mm. The apex of the double wedge airfoil model is located on the 35% chord length from the leading edge. The range of hot gas Mach numbers are from 0.80 to 0.88, and the Reynolds numbers based on chord length are 3.11×105-3.49×105, respectively. The flow visualizations were performed by the sharp focusing schlieren method which can visualize the three dimensional flow fields. The results show that the present system can visualize the transonic flowfield clearer than the previous system, and the shock wave profiles of the center of span in the test section are visualized     

最大厚度位置对高亚音轴流压气机叶型设计的影响

为了在具有不同负荷的压气机叶栅的初始设计过程中选取最大厚度位置,采用数值方法对在不同折转角的高亚音来流条件下对扩压叶栅进行了大量的系统性研究,分析了最大厚度位置、折转角以及稠度3个叶栅几何参数对叶栅变冲角特性以及对最小损失冲角下的叶栅气动性能的影响规律.基于大量叶栅样本建立数学模型,用来定量描述最小损失冲角,以及最小损...     

An experimental investigation of bubble pump performance for diffusion absorption refrigeration system with organic working fluids

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the performance of the bubble pump for diffusion absorption refrigeration units. The bubble pump is the motive force of the diffusion absorption cycle and is a critical component of the absorption diffusion refrigeration unit. The purpose of the bubble pump (besides the circulation of the working fluid) is to desorb the solute refrigerant from the solution. Therefore the efficiency of the bubble pump will be set by the amount of the refrigerant desorbed from the solution. The performance of the diffusion absorption cycle depends primarily on the efficiency of the bubble pump. A continuous experimental system was designed, built and successfully operated. The experiments were performed in which some of the parameters affecting the bubble pump performance were changed. During the experimental investigation, photographs were taken showing that the bubble pump operates at slug flow regime with a churn flow regime at the entrance of the bubble pump tube. It was obtained that the performance of the bubble pump depends mainly on the motive head and on the heat input to the bubble pump.     

近壁面液膜层中微孔注气气泡动力学研究

为了降低近壁面沸腾过程中气泡动力学分析的不确定性,利用光谱共焦传感器构建了7 mm的液膜层,对近壁面液膜层中单孔注气气泡动力学进行了系统研究。实验测试段为270 mm×6 mm×12 mm(长×宽×高)的矩形通道,注气小孔的直径为0.49 mm,气体流量为0.30～27.00 mL/min,液体流量为72.00～324.00 mL/min。研究结果表明:在流动和静止液膜中,不同气体流量下气泡的接触线直径均先增大后减小;受到液体水平曳力的影响,相同气体流量下,气泡在水平流动液膜中的脱离频率比静止液膜中大,脱离体积比静止液膜中小,并且气泡会沿流动方向倾斜,气泡前进接触角与后退接触角的差值随着液体流量的增加而增加;近壁面液膜层中注气气泡动力学的实验研究精确地测量了气泡接触线直径以及接触角等形状参数,为相似工况下沸腾气泡的受力分析研究提供重要参考。