矿化垃圾制备RDF的工艺研究及应用前景分析

分析了我国矿化垃圾的产量和开发利用的资源以及环境意义。通过对比新鲜垃圾和矿化垃圾的成分、含量,发现从矿化垃圾中分选出的可燃物将更适合制备RDF,且其预测应用基低位热值约为24807kJk.g-1,相当于无烟煤的热值,具有较高的燃料品质,应用前景良好。还推荐了矿化垃圾制备RDF的工艺流程,并论述了其应用价值。     

陈旧垃圾RDF利用方式的比较

分析了新鲜垃圾和陈旧垃圾的组分和热值特性，指出陈旧垃圾中的可燃组分可制成垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）作为新鲜垃圾焚烧的辅助燃料，尤其是在新鲜垃圾中的塑料加以回收后更有必要。在分析RDF的气化和燃烧特性的基础上，对RDF用于气化发电和用作新鲜垃圾焚烧炉的辅助燃料进行了经济与环境效益对比，发现RDF更适合作为鲜垃圾焚烧炉的辅助燃料。     

燃用农业和木材垃圾发电的研究和国外的运行实践

随着社会的发展，垃圾处理问题越来越引起人们的重视，利用可燃烧的农业和木材垃圾发电是 个很有吸收力的方案，本文介绍了农业和木材垃圾发电的研究中取得的初步成果，包括了农业和木材垃圾的组成与燃料特性，建造燃用农业和木材垃圾电厂的经济性分析与厂址和炉型选择的原则，以及国外的运行实践和污染物排放情况。     

对燃用农业和木材垃圾发电的研究和国外的运行实践

随着社会的发展，垃圾处理问题越来越引起人们的重视，利用可燃烧的农业和木材垃圾发电是一个很有吸引力的方案。本文介绍了在农业和未材垃圾发电的研究中取得的初步成果，概述了农业和未材垃圾的组成与燃料特性、建造燃用农业和木材垃圾电厂的经济性分析与厂址和炉型选择的原则。以及国外的运行实践和污染物排放情况。     

利用城市垃圾生产车用燃料的前景分析

能源和环境问题的日益尖锐，迫使人们开发洁净的可再生能源。同时，由于城市生活水平的提高产生了大量的垃圾，对比现有的垃圾处理方式如堆肥、焚烧、填埋等，利用垃圾生产车用燃料具有相当大的发展潜力。文章简述了用城市垃圾生产制取车用燃料的主要技术手段，分析了城市垃圾生产车用燃料的可行性和发展前景。     

垃圾焚烧炉及垃圾电厂热力系统设计中的几个问题

本文针对垃圾燃料水分高，热值低，热值不稳定，成分复杂等特点，分析了垃圾锅炉的供风方式、垃圾锅炉的高低温腐蚀以及垃圾电厂的热力系统。     

垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的成型工艺及物理特性

提出了垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的制备方法,研究了不同成型条件对RDF的物理特性及脱氯效率的影响,根据实验结果总结了制备垃圾衍生燃料的优化工艺。     

IFAT CHINA 2008-挖掘垃圾填埋气的能源潜力

垃圾填埋场中因垃圾降解而产生的气体不仅会加剧温室效应，而且对周围人们的健康也会造成极大威胁。但另一方面，它们又富含甲烷，是良婷的燃料来源。在中国，利用垃圾填埋气发电或作为燃料应用的潜力还非常大。最近您就会有机会全面了解中国垃圾处理业的现状和未来发展趋势：2008年9月23日至25日举行的IFAT CHINA 2008上，国际技术提供商、服务商和投资人将与中国能源业界专家和决策者们将聚首上海，就相关问题发表意见。     

垃圾能

垃圾能是指燃烧垃圾中的有机物质（如植物枝叶、厨余、人畜粪便等）释放的能量。如果将这些可燃物收集起来并与其他垃圾分离可作为燃料，也可用于发电。     

垃圾发电和废物回收相结合的流化床锅炉项目

在北卡罗纳州，一座容量为600吨／日的垃圾发电设施将在今年投入商业运行。这是美国第一台以垃圾为燃料的流化床锅炉。这个项目在下列几个方面为固态垃圾处理提供了最有效的途径。     

A feasibility study of energy recovery of RDF from municipal solid waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is being used in energy-to-waste plants and as fuel substitutes in different industrial processes. Particularly Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from MSW has been widely using in the current practice. This paper aims at conducting a feasibility study of energy recovery of RDF from MSW generated in Pyongyang per year. This study considers the combustibles as RDF resource (i.e. plastics, paper, textile, mixed organic waste, wood, and rubber) in an evaluation of energy recovery. This feasibility study is conducted in two ways: the evaluations of potential energy content and electricity from the RDF resource, which are carried out by methodologies based on heating values of RDF resource and efficiencies of energy recovery, respectively. The results show that the total energy content from RDF resource based on Lower Heating Value (LHV) is approximately 2,813,678.7 GJ/yr, while it is available to generate electricity in a range of 101,320,570?210,435,030 kWh/yr depending on different net efficiencies. This research findings provide a feasibility of RDF utilization for energy recovery to the local planners.     

城市垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)技术及其环境影响评价

文章分析了垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)技术对环境产生的影响,指出RDF技术减少了有害物质的排放,延长了废弃物的生命周期,实现了废弃物资源化和减量化,是城市固体废弃物处理的有效途径。     

Biogas derived from municipal solid waste to generate electrical power through solid oxide fuel cells

Depleting fossil fuels and the pollution resulting from their consumption indicate an urgent need for clean and dependable alternatives such as renewable energies. Biomass is a free and abundant source of renewable energy. Municipal solid waste (MSW) as one of the main categories of biomass has always been an issue for metropolitan cities. It has, however, a high potential for biogas production. In this study, the technical and economic aspects of generating electrical power through solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) powered by injecting biogas derived from Tehran's MSW, as a case study, are investigated. The main objectives of the current study are to identify the power generation capability of the process and find out if it can result in a competitive energy resource. The total amount of obtainable methane through anaerobic digestion of MSW and then the achievable power generation capacity by using the obtained biogas are computed using the electrochemical relations inside the SOFC. The economic calculations are carried out to estimate the final price of the generated electricity, taking into account the major capital and ongoing costs of the required equipment. The effect of variations of MSW composition on the power generation capability and final electricity price is also studied. Moreover, the application of a gas turbine (GT) with the SOFC as a hybrid SOFC–GT system to recover the produced heat by SOFC and its effect on the power generation capability and the final electricity price are investigated. Results indicate that around 997.3 tons day^?1 biomethane can be generated using Tehran's MSW. By using the SOFC, the produced biogas can generate 300 MW_AC electrical power with a final cost of Depleting fossil fuels and the pollution resulting from their consumption indicate an urgent need for clean and dependable alternatives such as renewable energies. Biomass is a free and abundant source of renewable energy. Municipal solid waste (MSW) as one of the main categories of biomass has always been an issue for metropolitan cities. It has, however, a high potential for biogas production. In this study, the technical and economic aspects of generating electrical power through solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) powered by injecting biogas derived from Tehran's MSW, as a case study, are investigated. The main objectives of the current study are to identify the power generation capability of the process and find out if it can result in a competitive energy resource. The total amount of obtainable methane through anaerobic digestion of MSW and then the achievable power generation capacity by using the obtained biogas are computed using the electrochemical relations inside the SOFC. The economic calculations are carried out to estimate the final price of the generated electricity, taking into account the major capital and ongoing costs of the required equipment. The effect of variations of MSW composition on the power generation capability and final electricity price is also studied. Moreover, the application of a gas turbine (GT) with the SOFC as a hybrid SOFC–GT system to recover the produced heat by SOFC and its effect on the power generation capability and the final electricity price are investigated. Results indicate that around 997.3 tons day^?1 biomethane can be generated using Tehran's MSW. By using the SOFC, the produced biogas can generate 300 MW_AC electrical power with a final cost of $0.178 kWh^?1. By using the hybrid SOFC–GT, the electrical power capacity is increased to 525 MW_AC, and the final electricity cost drops to $0.11 kWh^?1, which indicates its competitiveness with other common energy resources in the near future, especially by considering different governmental subsidy policies that support renewable energy resources. The considerable environmental benefits of the proposed procedure, from both MSW management and CO₂ emission reduction points of view, make it a promising sustainable energy resource for the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Feasibilty study of renewable energy powered seawater desalination technology using natural vacuum technique

With an ever-increasing population and rapid growth of industrialization, there is great demand for fresh water. Desalination has been a key proponent to meet the future challenges due to decreasing availability of fresh water. However, desalination uses significant amount of energy, today mostly from fossil fuels. It is, therefore, reasonable to rely on renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, ocean thermal energy, waste heat from the industry and other renewable sources. The present study deals with the energy-efficient seawater desalination system utilizing renewable energy sources and natural vacuum technique. A new desalination technology named Natural Vacuum Desalination is proposed. The novel desalination technique achieve remarkable energy efficiency through the evaporation of seawater under vacuum and will be described in sufficient detail to demonstrate that it requires much less electric energy compared to any conventional desalination plant of fresh water production of similar capacity. The discussion will highlight the main operative and maintenance features of the proposed natural vacuum seawater desalination technology which seems to have promising techno-economic potential providing also advantageous coupling with renewable energy sources.     

Feasibility study of renewable energy sources for developing the hydrogen economy in Pakistan

Hydrogen energy can play a pivotal part in enhancing energy security and decreasing hazardous emissions in Pakistan. However, hydrogen energy can be sustainable and clean only if it is produced from renewable energy sources (RES). Therefore, this study conducts feasibility of six RES for the generation of hydrogen in Pakistan. RES evaluated in this study include wind, solar, biomass, municipal solid waste (MSW), geothermal, and micro-hydro. RES have been evaluated using Fuzzy Delphi, fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), and environmental data envelopment analysis (DEA). Fuzzy Delphi finalizes criteria and sub-criteria. FAHP obtains relative weights of criteria considered for choosing the optimal RES. Environmental DEA measures relative efficiency of each RES using criteria weights as outputs, and RES-based electricity generation cost as input. The results revealed wind as the most efficient source of hydrogen production in Pakistan. Micro-hydro and Solar energy can also be used for hydrogen production. Biomass, MSW, and geothermal achieved less efficiency scores and therefore are not suggested at present.     

可再生能源制氢综合能源管理平台研究

  目的  氢能是一种绿色高效的清洁能源,可以通过多种方式转化为电能、热能等加以利用。可再生能源制氢是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要支撑。可再生能源制氢属于新型项目,是电力行业与化工行业的结合,系统间耦合性不强,提高能源综合利用率是可再生能源制氢的研究重点。  方法  文章介绍了当前主要的制氢工艺,对比了灰氢、蓝氢和绿氢的主要特点,阐述了风电及光伏制氢的主要系统,并提出了通过构建综合能源管理平台对可再生能源制氢各系统进行统筹管控的思路。  结果  在综合能源管理平台制定控制策略可以平衡功率,实现最优调度从而减少弃风弃光,而且还可以降低单位制氢成本。  结论  综合能源管理平台可以提高可再生能源制氢的能源综合利用率,对可再生能源制氢项目的推广起到支撑的作用,为可再生能源制氢领域的研究人员提供了重要的参考借鉴     

Energy sprawl,land taking and distributed generation: towards a multi-layered density

The transition from fossil fuels to renewable resources is highly desirable to reduce air pollution, and improve energy efficiency and security. Many observers are concerned, however, that the diffusion of systems based on renewable resources may give rise to energy sprawl, i.e. an increasing occupation of available land to build new energy facilities of this kind. These critics foresee a transition from the traditional fossil-fuel systems, towards a renewable resource system likewise based on large power stations and extensive energy grids. A different approach can be taken to reduce the risk of energy sprawl, and this will happen if the focus is as much on renewable sources as on the introduction of distributed renewable energy systems based on micro plants (photovoltaic panels on the roofs of buildings, micro wind turbines, etc.) and on multiple micro-grids. Policy makers could foster local energy enterprises by: introducing new enabling rules; making more room for contractual communities; simplifying the compliance process; proposing monetary incentives and tax cuts. We conclude that the diffusion of innovation in this field will lead not to an energy sprawl but to a new energy system characterized by a multi-layered density: a combination of technology, organization, and physical development.     

Performance analysis and modeling of energy from waste combined cycles

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is produced in a substantial amount with minimal fluctuations throughout the year. The analysis of carbon neutrality of MSW on a life cycle basis shows that MSW is about 67% carbon-neutral, suggesting that only 33% of the CO₂ emissions from incinerating MSW are of fossil origin. The waste constitutes a “renewable biofuel” energy resource and energy from waste (EfW) can result in a net reduction in CO₂ emissions. In this paper, we explore an approach to extracting energy from MSW efficiently – EfW/gas turbine hybrid combined cycles. This approach innovates by delivering better performance with respect to energy efficiency and CO₂ mitigation. In the combined cycles, the topping cycle consists of a gas turbine, while the bottoming cycle is a steam cycle where the low quality fuel – waste is utilized. This paper assesses the viability of the hybrid combined cycles and analyses their thermodynamic advantages with the help of computer simulations. It was shown that the combined cycles could offer significantly higher energy conversion efficiency and a practical solution to handling MSW. Also, the potential for a net reduction in CO₂ emissions resulting from the hybrid combined cycles was evaluated.     

RDF production plants: I Design and costs

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management calls for the integration of different recovery, recycling and disposal technologies. Among these possible options, MSW may be treated in order to obtain a fuel to be sold to third party users or directly utilized to generate electricity provided it is of sufficient quality to be employed instead of traditional fuels. In this two-part paper the problem of producing refuse derived fuel (RDF) having a high heating value (LHV>4000 kcal/kg) has been examined from a technical and economic viewpoint. In the first part article a technical assessment of production plants is carried out. Different production lines have been thus compared in terms of mass efficiency, heating value of produced RDF and treatment cost highlighting how the choice of process equipment affects the system performances. As a result the process plant configurations enabling to meet the required product specifications are identified. The influence of mixing a high calorific waste such as scrap tires with the stream of household waste, in the limits allowed by current regulation, has been also analyzed and found to be a prerequisite to meet the prescribed heating value target. Economic feasibility and financial risk of RDF production plants have been successively evaluated in the second part article over a capacity range of 25–200 t/h considering also integrated facilities including compost production and/or electricity generation. The analysis has been carried out with reference to the current Italian market scenario even if it has a general applicability and its relevance is wider geographically.     

Hydropower–water and renewable energy in Turkey: Sources and policy

Turkey's energy consumption has been growing much faster than its production. It forces Turkey to make a rapid action to supply energy demand. From the viewpoint of primary energy sources (petroleum and natural gas), Turkey is not a rich country, but it has an abundant hydropower potential to be used for generation of electricity. Hydropower is the most important kind of renewable, sustainable energy and a proven technology for electricity generation. The aim of this paper is to discuss sources and policy of hydropower, water and renewable energy in Turkey and compares the hydropower application with Europe.