冷却温度对EGR冷却器积炭及其再生的影响

通过调节废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)冷却器积炭加载试验时的冷却水温度,得到了四个冷却温度(20、40、60、80℃)下的积炭,利用热重-微商热重分析法研究了冷却温度对EGR冷却器积炭性质的影响。并利用低温等离子体(non-thermal plasma,NTP)技术对不同冷却温度下加载积炭的EGR冷却器进行再生,通过观察再生产物中碳氧化物(COx)的变化,分析了冷却温度对EGR冷却器再生的影响。研究结果表明:积炭中可溶性有机物(soluble organic fraction,SOF)的反应活性随着冷却温度的降低而逐渐升高,干碳烟(dry soot,DS)的氧化活性则随着冷却温度的降低而降低。EGR冷却器在冷却温度为20℃时所加载的积炭量较少,积炭中SOF的反应活性较高,DS的氧化活性不高,但DS的起燃温度较低。在同等再生条件下,冷却温度为20℃时加载积炭的EGR冷却器率先实现了完全再生,且再生产物COx中CO所占比重仅为20.3%,约为冷却温度80℃下加载时的4/7倍。     

车辆发动机冷却模块试验与仿真研究

为了提高车辆发动机冷却模块传热与阻力性能的仿真精度,以某液压挖掘机包括增压中冷器、液压油冷却器和水箱散热器在内的冷却模块为研究对象,采用3D和1D联合仿真技术,对冷却模块各散热元件进行传热和阻力性能的仿真.进一步对冷却模块进行风洞试验,并将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比.仿真结果表明:该模型对增压中冷器、液压油冷却器及水箱散热器传热性能的偏差分别为-4.02 0A、-5.8%和4.37%,冷却模块系统阻力偏差为-7.38%.采用联合仿真技术相对于1D仿真,可明显提高仿真精度.     

管束横向节距对气体冷却器换热及阻力特性影响试验研究

改善汽轮发电机冷却技术是提高汽轮发电机单机容量的最有效、最现实途径。气体冷却器是汽轮发电机的重要设备之一。其传热与阻力性能将直接影响汽轮发电机的运行经济性和可靠性。为实现汽轮发电机气体冷却器的优化设计,对管束不同横向节距的波纹翅片型穿片式冷却器的换热和阻力性能进行了试验研究,分析了管束横向节距对气体冷却器换热和阻力性能的影响规律。研究成果对汽轮发电机气体冷却器的结构与性能优化具有重要的指导作用。     

机车柴油机行驶风中冷器初探

探讨利用列车行驶风直接冷却增压空气的空-空冷却器——行驶风中冷器,其性能远优于水冷中冷器;提出应将出气温度作为评价中冷器性能的另一关键性指标。     

穿片式气体冷却器特点及其影响因素分析

为满足不同容量的汽轮发电机通风冷却系统的需要,必须采用不同形式的翅片式气体冷却器,以进一步改善冷却器的传热与阻力性能。介绍了目前常用的不同翅片形式的穿片式气体冷却器的结构特点,分析了影响穿片式气体冷却器传热和阻力特性的主要因素,以期为穿片式气体冷却嚣的结构与性能优化提供参考。     

EGR冷却器水流量对EGR系统影响的试验研究

不同的EGR冷却器水流量影响EGR阀后进气温度,进而影响EGR系统冷却性能及柴油机经济性能和排放性能。因此,合理的EGR冷却器水流量对改善柴油机性能有着积极作用。     

柴油机EGR冷却器综合性能分析及改进

利用ANSYS软件对某款EGR冷却器的流场、温度场及热负荷进行数值模拟,并通过试验验证其合理性与准确性。通过对柴油机工作过程进行一维建模,得到EGR冷却器的冷却效率的提高对柴油机工作过程具有重要意义的结果。最后通过改变冷却管的结构,并用数值模拟的方法对其分析;结果表明,结构改进使冷却器的冷却效率提升了5.36%,这对以后EGR冷却器开发研制提供了一定的参考。     

不同蒸发冷却装置工作的影响因素及对比

采用CFD模拟了2种蒸发冷却装置,讨论了一次空气入口温度和喷淋水温度对蒸发冷却装置效率的影响。通过模拟一、二次空气出口处的温度分布,水蒸气相分布以及装置内整个通道的温度分布,得到影响2个蒸发冷却装置的传热性能的变化规律。同时,比较2个蒸发冷却装置的传热性能,给出了一种确定蒸发冷却装置性能的方法。对于管式蒸发冷却装置,选择管径为5 mm和10 mm,管间距为5 mm和10 mm的装置进行模拟。对于板式蒸发冷却,取板长度为500 mm和1 000 mm,并且板宽度为6 mm,8 mm和10 mm用于模拟。通过模拟得到装置尺寸对蒸发冷却效率的影响。     

Maisotsenko循环在燃气轮机进气冷却中的应用研究

采用基于Maisotsenko循环的露点间接蒸发式冷却作为进气冷却的手段,研究了不同环境条件下其对燃气轮机性能的提升效果。建立了针对某9E级燃气轮机的热力循环过程的计算模型,并利用该热力模型分析了进气温度变化对燃机出力的影响。基于Maisotsenko循环的原理,以温降为指标对露点间接蒸发冷却器的性能进行了分析。以功率和效率作为指标,对燃气轮机性能随环境条件的变化情况做了数值模拟,对露点蒸发式冷却与无进气冷却、直接喷雾式冷却对燃机性能的影响进行了计算分析。结果表明,在高温低湿度的条件下,露点间接蒸发式冷却能有效提升燃机性能。     

一种用于船舶烟气冷却的喷雾螺旋管冷却器的传热特性研究

船舶使用的主动降噪设备需要连接到排烟支管,但高温烟气会缩短设备的使用寿命。为了降低烟气温度,建立了冷却器喷雾冷却的数值模型对支管冷却器的运行工况进行优化,通过数值模拟分析喷射压差与喷雾半角对冷态以及热态性能的影响。结果表明：最佳喷雾半角为60°,喷射压差为1.5 MPa时,冷却器性能最佳;采用液滴蒸发效率与逃逸质量分析冷却器内液滴的流动特性,根据模拟结果进行二次回归式拟合,喷雾压差和喷射半角与蒸发效率相关系数分别为0.19和0.56,其相对于逃逸质量的相关系数为0.25和0.72,喷嘴工作参数应选取较高的喷雾半角和较低的喷射压差。     

Cooling Performance of an Impingement Cooling Device Combined with Pins

Experimental study and one dimensional model analysis were conducted to investigate cooling performance of an integrated impingement and pin fin cooling device. A typical configuration specimen was made and tested in a large scale low speed closed-looped wind tunnel. Detailed two-dimensional contour maps of the temperature and cooling effectiveness were obtained for different pressure ratios and therefore different coolant flow-rates through the tested specimen. The experimental results showed that very high cooling effectiveness can be achieved by this cooling device with relatively small amount of coolant flow. Based on the theory of transpiration cooling in porous material, a one dimensional heat transfer model was established to analyze the effect of various parameters on cooling effectiveness. It was found from this model that the variation of heat transfer on the gas side, including heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness, of the specimen created much more effect on its cooling effectiveness than that of the coolant side. The predictions of the one-dimensional mode were compared and agreed well with the experimental data.     

Study on forced air convection cooling for electronic assemblies

The slotted fin concept was employed to improve the air cooling performance of plate-fin in heat sinks. Numerical simulations of laminar heat transfer and flow pressure drop were conducted for the integral plate fin, discrete plate fin and discrete slotted fin heat sinks. It is found that the performance of the discrete plate fin is better than that of the integral continuum plate fin and the performance of slotted fin is better than that of the discrete plate fin at the same pumping power of the fan. A new type of heat sink characterized by discrete and slotted fin surfaces with thinner fins and smaller spaces between fins is then proposed. Preliminary computation shows that this type of heat sink may be useful for the next generation of higher thermal load CPUs. The limit of cooling capacity for air-cooling techniques was also addressed.     

Cooling enhancement in an air-cooled finned heat exchanger by thin water film evaporation

A theoretical analysis on the cooling enhancement by applying evaporative cooling to an air-cooled finned heat exchanger is presented in this work. A two-dimensional model on the heat and mass transfer in a finned channel is developed adopting a porous medium approach. Based on this model, the characteristics of the heat and mass transfer are investigated in a plate-fin heat exchanger with the interstitial surface fully covered by thin water film. Assuming that the Lewis number is unity and the water vapor saturation curve is linear, exact solutions to the energy and vapor concentration equations are obtained. The cooling effect with application of evaporative cooling was found to be improved considerably compared with that in the sensible cooler. This is because the thermal conductance between the fin and the air increases due to the latent heat transfer caused by the water evaporation from the fin surface. It is also found that the cooling enhancement depends greatly on the fin thickness. If the fin is not sufficiently thick, the cooling enhancement by the evaporative cooling decreases since the fin efficiency drops considerably due to the water evaporation from the fin surface. The fin thickness in the evaporative cooler should be increased larger than that in the sensible cooler to take full advantage of the cooling enhancement by the water evaporation.     

Study on forced air convection cooling for electronic assemblies

The slotted fin concept was employed to improve the air cooling performance of plate-fin in heat sinks. Numerical simulations of laminar heat transfer and flow pressure drop were conducted for the integral plate fin, discrete plate fin and discrete slotted fin heat sinks. It is found that the performance of the discrete plate fin is better than that of the integral continuum plate fin and the performance of slotted fin is better than that of the discrete plate fin at the same pumping power of the fan. A new type of heat sink characterized by discrete and slotted fin surfaces with thinner fins and smaller spaces between fins is then proposed. Preliminary computation shows that this type of heat sink may be useful for the next generation of higher thermal load CPUs. The limit of cooling capacity for air-cooling techniques was also addressed. __________ Translated from Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2006, 40(11): 1241–1245 [译自: 西安交通大学学报]     

Modeling and optimization of designing parameters for a parallel-plain fin heat sink with confined impinging jet using the response surface methodology

The parallel-plain fin (PPF) array structure is widely applied in convective heat sinks in order to create extended surface for the enhancement of heat transfer. In the present study, for investigating the influences of designing parameters of PPF heat sink with an axial-flow cooling fan on the thermal performance, a systematic experimental design based on the response surface methodology (RSM) is used. The thermal resistance and pressure drop are adopted as the thermal performance characteristics. Various designing parameters, such as height and thickness of fin, width of passage between fins, and distance between the cooling fan and the tip of fins, are explored by experiment. Those parameters affect the structure arrangement, geometry of fins and the status of impinging jet from an axial-flow cooling fan installed over the heat sink. A standard RSM design called a central composite design is selected as experimental plan for the four parameters mentioned above. An effective procedure of response surface methodology (RSM) has been proposed for modeling and optimizing the thermal performance characteristics of PPF heat sink with the design constrains. The most significant influential factors for minimizing thermal resistance and pressure drop have been identified from the analysis of variance. The confirmation experimental results indicate that the proposed model is reasonably accurate and can be used for describing the thermal resistance and pressure drop with the limits of the factors studied. The optimum designing parameters of PPF heat sink with an axial-flow cooling fan under constrains of mass and space limitation, which are based on the quadratic model of RSM and the sequential approximation optimization method, are found to be fin height of 60 mm, fin thickness of 1.07 mm, passage width between fins of 3.32 mm, and distance between the cooling fan and the tip of fins of 2.03 mm.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of single-phase heat transfer using a hybrid jet-impingement/micro-channel cooling scheme

Experimental and numerical methods were used to explore the cooling performance of a new hybrid device consisting of a slot jet impinging into a micro-channel, thus capitalizing upon the merits of both cooling configurations. The three-dimensional heat transfer characteristics of this device were analyzed using the standard k–ε turbulent model. Numerical predictions for liquid PF-5052 show excellent agreement with experimental measurements. Vorticity effects are shown to greatly influence cooling performance outside the impingement zone. Higher jet Reynolds numbers yielded stronger attachment to the heated surface and lower surface temperatures. The model was also used to optimize the cooling performance for a water-cooled device. Lower surface temperatures were achieved by decreasing jet width and micro-channel height. These findings are used to recommend a simplified hybrid cooling geometry in pursuit of both lower surface temperatures and smaller temperature gradients across the heated surface.     

Optimization design of microchannel heat sink geometry for high power laser mirror

Microchannel heat sink for high power laser mirror with water cooling was analyzed as a function of microchannel geometry and operation parameters. A comparative analysis of the thermal deformation on the mirror surface without cooling and that with cooling revealed that the maximal thermal deformation on the mirror surface could decrease from about 0.115 μm to around 0.040 μm under the laser power of 200 W/cm² by using microchannel heat sink designed. In order to enhance the performance of microchannel heat sink, the effects of channel width, channel depth, fin width, mirror thickness and cooling region were investigated. The results indicated that the heat transfer performance of the microchannel heat sink could be further improved by narrow and deep channel, narrow fin, thin mirror and large cooling region.     

Heat management on rectangular metal hydride tanks for green building applications

A numerical study fully validated with solid experimental results is presented and analysed, regarding the hydrogenation process of rectangular metal hydride tanks for green building applications. Based on a previous study conducted by the authors, where the effective heat management of rectangular tanks by using plain embedded cooling tubes was analysed, in the current work the importance of using extended surfaces to enhance the thermal properties and the hydrogenation kinetics is analysed. The studied extended surfaces (fins) were of rectangular shape; and several combinations regarding the number of fins and the fin thickness were examined and analysed. The values for fin thickness were 2-3-5 and 8 mm and the number of fins studied were 10-14-18 and 20. To evaluate the effect of the heat management process, a modified version of a variable named as Non-Dimensional Conductance (NDC) is introduced and studied. A novel AB₂-Laves phase intermetallic was considered as the metal hydride for the study. The results of the hydrogenation behaviour for the introduced parameters (fin number and thickness) showed that the rectangular tank equipped with the cooling tubes in combination with 14 fins of 5 mm fin thickness has the capability of storing hydrogen over 90% of its theoretical capacity in less than 30 min.     

Multidisciplinary optimization of a pin-fin radial heat sink for LED lighting applications

In this study, the cooling performance and mass of a pin-fin radial heat sink were optimized. A radial heat sink with pin fins was examined numerically to obtain a lighter heat sink while maintaining a similar cooling performance to that of a plate-fin heat sink investigated in a previous study. Both natural convection and radiation heat transfer were considered. Experiments were performed to validate the numerical model. The average temperature and mass of the heat sink for various types of fin arrays were compared to determine an appropriate reference configuration. The effects of various geometric parameters on the thermal resistance and mass of the heat sink were investigated; these indicated that the system was sensitive to the number of fin arrays, as well as the length of the long and middle fins. Multidisciplinary optimization was carried out using the three design variables to minimize the thermal resistance and mass simultaneously, and Pareto fronts were obtained with various weighting factors. A design for the optimum radial heat sink is proposed, which reduces the mass by more than 30% while maintaining a similar cooling performance to that of a plate-fin heat sink.     

Experimental and analytical study on thermoelectric self cooling of devices

This paper presents and studies the novel concept of thermoelectric self cooling, which can be introduced as the cooling and temperature control of a device using thermoelectric technology without electricity consumption.For this study, it is designed a device endowed with an internal heat source. Subsequently, a commonly used cooling system is attached to the device and the thermal performance is statistically assessed. Afterwards, it is developed and studied a thermoelectric self cooling system appropriate for the device.Experimental and analytical results show that the thermal resistance between the heat source and the environment reduced by 25-30% when the thermoelectric self cooling system is installed, and indicates the promising applicability of this technology to devices that generate large amounts of heat, such as electrical power converters, transformers and control systems. Likewise, it was statistically proved that the thermoelectric self cooling system leads to significant reductions in the temperature difference between the heat source and the environment, and, what is more, this reduction increases as the heat flow generated by the heat source increases, which makes evident the fact that thermoelectric self cooling systems work as temperature controllers.