淮河流域近58年降水特征分析

为了更明确、具体地了解淮河流域降水的时空分布特征,基于1959～2016年淮河流域170个高密度站点逐日降水资料,采用Spearman秩次相关和对趋势分析较准确的成对斜率回归中值等统计方法,分析了流域不同级别降水的降水量、降水日数和降水强度等指标的时空分布特征。结果表明,淮河流域年降水南北差异较显著,由西北向东南递增,年降水量和降水日数最大的地区均位于流域最南部大别山地区,其值为最小值的2倍左右;平均日降水强度及年暴雨量和暴雨日数的分布相似,东部沿海地区和西南部山区为大值区,西北部海拔流域最高的地区为最小值分布区,在流域中部由西北向东南方向逐渐增多;平均暴雨强度的一个大值区位于流域中部偏西的河南驻马店地区,淮河流域极端强降水的发生地也集中在此地周围;流域整体年降水量有轻微下降趋势,降水日数明显减少(东北部地区尤其显著,干旱风险增加),导致平均日降水强度显著增加。这主要是由10mm以下的小雨尤其是0.1～1mm的微量降水的频数显著减少导致的,而50mm以上的暴雨各指标在流域整体上均无显著的变化趋势;流域春秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,夏冬两季降水量呈增加趋势,属于春秋变干、冬夏变湿的地区。     

塔里木河流域降水特性时空分析

基于塔里木河流域及周边29个站点1980～2004年日降水资料分析了降水量时空变化规律,采用Mann-Kendall检验法研究了流域降水量的变化趋势.结果表明,该流域降水稀少且分布不均,主要集中于夏季,空间分布由东南向西北逐渐增加,在西北部边缘形成一个相对丰水带,且在丰水带上的降水量增加较为显著,而接近沙漠腹地地区的降水则呈减少趋势.     

鄱阳湖流域降水时空变化特征

基于鄱阳湖流域81个气象站逐日降水数据,采用强度-面积-持续时间(IAD)方法研究了气候变化背景下鄱阳湖流域降水时空变化特征.结果 显示:鄱阳湖流域总降水量呈略增加的趋势,但是由于雨日数的明显减少,导致降水强度的增加,降水概率分布曲线右移,强降水事件发生概率增大;从降水事件看,鄱阳湖流域极端强降水事件平均强度为60.9 mm/d,增加趋势不显著,但强降水频率却在以1.5次/10a的增幅显著增加,同时强降水的影响面积也在以400 km2/a持续增加.鄱阳湖流域整体面临的洪涝风险持续增大,必须采取更加有效的防灾减灾措施.     

新疆塔里木河流域干旱特征演变时空分析

基于塔里木河流域25个气象站1960~2011年的逐年降水资料,利用Z指数及相应的区域旱涝指标、M-K秩次相关法、R/S法、克里格插值法对该流域的降水量特征、干旱特征的变化趋势进行了时空分析。研究表明,流域由北向南多年平均降水量逐渐减小,年降水量变差系数逐渐增大;20世纪90年代前流域多以干旱为主,90年代后则多为偏雨,流域25个气象站中24个站的Z指数值存在上升趋势,并有11个站通过了90%置信度的M-K显著性检验,22个站点的Hurst值表明未来Z指数仍保持上升的趋势;流域有由干旱向湿润转化的趋势,转化趋势以源流区阿克苏河及中下游区域的站点最为明显;各年代Z指数值的空间分布状况有所不同,90年代的规律性最强。     

沂沭泗流域降水变化特征分析

分析区域降水变化特征可为区域水资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据、为防汛抗旱提供科技支撑。以沂沭泗流域为例,利用1960~2011年日降水资料和Mann-Kendall趋势检验法研究了该流域降水变化特征。结果表明,该流域降水量主要集中在汛期;20世纪70~90年代降水量相对较少,其他时期相对较多;降水量、有效降水特征量和极端降水特征量均具有减少的趋势,其中降水频率和年最大连续有效降水日数减少趋势显著。     

沱江流域汛期极端降水事件时空演变特征

为分析沱江流域汛期极端降水事件的时空演变特征,基于沱江流域内20个气象站点1960～2016年汛期逐日降水数据,建立汛期总降水量PTOT、极强降水量R99p、强降水量R95p、暴雨日数R50、大雨日数R20、连续5d最大降水量RX5d、1d最大降水量RX1d这7项极端降水序列,并对极端降水序列做趋势分析、突变点检验、周期分析和空间分布分析。结果表明,沱江流域近57年来极端降水事件呈衰减趋势,但极端降水量的减少趋势明显,极端降水日数减少趋势不明显。极端降水指数PTOT、R99p、R95p、R50、R20、RX5d、RX1d在1960～1963年呈增加波动变化,1964～2016年表现为减少波动变化,突变点集中在1960、2010年代。PTOT、R95p、R99p、RX5d、RX1d的第一主周期为20年,年代际震荡稳定;R50、R20年际震荡更稳定。沱江流域极端降水指数中心57年来主要在简阳、资阳、仁寿三个站点间呈条带状分布。总之,沱江流域汛期极端降水集中分布于流域中上游,时间上呈衰减变化。研究成果可为提高流域对洪水、泥石流等自然灾害的预警能力,为防洪减灾等相关工作提供依据。     

青海湖流域径流变化趋势及归因分析

针对青海湖流域近年来径流量增加的现状,根据流域内1976~2016年水文、遥感观测数据,采用滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验及突变检验法、距平累积法和双累积曲线法研究了流域气温、降水、径流及积雪等的时空特性。结果表明,青海湖流域气温总体变化呈上升趋势,并在1998年前后发生突变;1976~2016年气温上升率为0.06℃/a;流域内降水量呈缓慢上升,2014年后降水量显著增加。布哈河流域近5年冰雪覆盖面积缩小较迅速且入湖径流量上升趋势显著;通过径流影响因素分析,2005~2015年冻土及冰雪融化对径流影响占主导地位,达75%,降水量占25%。这说明青海湖流域正向暖湿化发展,近年来青海湖湖泊的扩张主要是由降水和径流增加所致。     

洞庭湖流域极端降水指数变化特征分析

基于洞庭湖流域17个气象站1961～2009年逐日降水资料,采用Mann-Kendall检验法和滑动t检验法对洞庭湖流域四种极端降水指数进行趋势分析和突变检验。结果表明,四种极端降水指数在洞庭湖流域不同测站表现出不同的变化趋势,但变化均不显著,基本上未通过置信水平检验,非常湿天、极端湿天在西北和东南方向的各测站均表现为上升趋势,雨日数在位于北部的部分测站表现为上升趋势,日最大降水量在大部分测站均表现为上升趋势;各指数突变年主要集中于20世纪后期,2001年后明显减少,表现突变减少年的测站数量明显多于表现突变增加年的测站数量。     

海河流域极端降水时空变化规律及其与大气环流的关系

为了解海河流域极端降水时空变化规律,基于海河流域40个气象站1960～2016年逐日降水资料,采用线性回归、M-K趋势检验法、Pearson相关性分析法,分析了海河流域近57年来10个极端降水指数的时空变化及其与大气环流的相关性。结果表明,除了持续干期(CDD)和持续湿期(CWD)外,大多数极端降水指数多年平均值在空间上呈自东南向西北减少的分布规律,CDD呈现自北向南减少的规律,CWD呈现自东南向西北增加的规律;在时间变化上,所有极端降水指数均呈下降趋势,只有最大一日降水量(RX1day)的下降趋势显著;在空间变化上,除中雨日数(R10mm)和降水强度(SDII)呈上升趋势的站点与呈下降趋势的站点个数相同外,多数站点各极端降水指数呈下降趋势;除CDD与其他极端降水指数相关性较弱外,各极端降水指数的变化具有较好的一致性;除CWD外,极端降水指数与厄尔尼诺—南方涛动(ENSO)现象关系密切,而AO(北极涛动)和NAO(北大西洋涛动)是CWD变化的重要因素。研究成果对于海河流域水灾害防治及水资源配置有重要意义。     

澜沧江流域近51年来极端降水事件的变化趋势和突变特征

基于澜沧江流域1960～2010年31个气象站点的逐日降水资料,采用百分比阈值法定义了不同站点极端降水事件的阈值,应用Mann-Kendall检验方法分析了极端降水事件的降水量、降水频率、降水强度和严重干旱频率等的时空变化特征。结果表明,澜沧江流域极端降水阈值的空间分布呈西北至东南逐渐增大的分布趋势;极端降水事件整体上呈显著上升趋势,且在空间上存在差异,各指标均呈西北向东南逐渐增加的趋势,尤其是德钦站以南的澜沧江中下游地区为干湿事件发生较频繁的区域;极端降水事件在气候的长期变化过程中还存在突变现象。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.