利用同心套管的简化CPC式中高温真空管太阳能集热系统设计与实验研究

通过实验研究了一种利用简化复合抛物面聚光器(compound parabolic concentrato,CPC),全玻璃真空集热管和同心套管组成的太阳能中高温空气集热设备,可以满足工业过程对150℃至200℃的中高温度空气需求。该太阳能空气集热系统由8级集热单元串联而成。各单元都包括一个简化式CPC、一个双层玻璃真空管和一根铜套管。套管被安装在玻璃管内,空气在套管内逐级加热。对各种天气条件和流动参数对集热系统出口空气温度、系统功率和集热效率的影响进行了分析和试验研究。结果表明,整个系统具有良好的中高温集热性能。即使出口空气温度达到210℃,系统平均集热效率仍然达到20%;秋天晴天系统出口空气温度可达210℃,秋季阴雨天也可达168℃。试验结果确认这种简化CPC式全真空玻璃集热管和套管的组合装置是一种有工业实用前途的太阳能高温空气集热器。     

改进型微热管平板太阳能空气集热器性能分析

近年来,以空气作为换热介质的太阳能集热器越来越受到重视。本文以微热管阵列为核心传热元件,设计并搭建了改进型微热管平板太阳能空气集热器性能测试系统。通过实验研究了不同空气流量和不同进口温度对集热器集热性能的影响,获得相应参量对集热器的出口空气温度、集热效率和微热管阵列蒸发段温度的影响特性,分析对比了改进前后集热器的集热性能,得到了集热器效率的归一化曲线。实验结果表明,改进型微热管平板太阳能空气集热器在夏季240 m³/h空气流量时集热性能最佳,改进后的集热器相比原集热器在夏季的平均集热效率最高同比提升13.8%;在240 m³/h风量下的平均集热效率最高达到了74%,对应集热器的压降为9.2 Pa。     

散射占比对低倍CPC热性能影响的对比实验研究

搭建聚光比分别为1.5、2.0和3.0的复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)对比实验系统,在集热器进口温度110℃条件下,对比实验研究散射辐照占总辐照比例(散射占比)对3种聚光比CPC系统集热性能的影响,并对我国不同地区典型辐照资源条件下CPC聚光集热的热性能进行分析。结果表明:散射占比对低倍CPC集热性能有明显影响,对于同一聚光比CPC,CPC热效率均随散射占比的降低而提高;对于不同聚光比CPC,1.5×CPC在散射占比高时热效率最高,3.0×CPC仅在散射占比低的晴天具有最高热效率。     

无盖板渗透型太阳能空气集热器热性能的实验研究

无盖板渗透型太阳能空气集热器是一种易于实现建筑一体化的高效新风预热及干燥装置。为了掌握无盖板渗透型集热器在实际工况下的热性能,建造了集热面积为2.2 m2的太阳能空气加热系统实验台,并在2009年2月至2009年4月对其热性能进行了户外瞬态实验研究。实验结果表明出口空气温度随辐射强度的增加而升高,太阳辐射强度是影响集热器出口空气温度的最重要因素,而室外空气温度的影响极小。空气温升随风量的增加而减小,集热器热效率随风量的增加而增大。在三个测试日中集热器的平均热效率分别为58%、63%和72%,高于普通平板太阳能空气集热器。     

太阳集热器中温应用的热性能试验初探

以带CPC反光板的太阳集热器为对象,在承压运行的测试系统上对集热器进行瞬时效率测试,最高进口温度达到108.7℃,得到集热器的瞬时效率曲线和拟合方程,为太阳能中温集热器的研究提供必要的试验数据。     

蓄热水箱水温和水箱体积对太阳能集热系统的性能影响分析

采用实验和模拟计算方法对太阳能集热系统蓄热水箱的水温和水箱体积影响因素开展探究，分析日有用得热量、集热器功率和水箱内平均温度等参数随水箱初始温度和水箱体积的变化规律。研究结果表明：水箱初始温度从10.34℃增加到29.88℃时，日有用得热量减少了19.52%；换算成日太阳辐照量为17MJ/m2时的储热水箱中水的温升值下降了17.66%，储热水箱结束水温下降了10.73%；单位面积日有用得热量减少了17.64%。通过TRNSYS模拟软件，分析出太阳能集热系统全年运行工况时的水箱变量参数对系统性能的影响，获得了日有用得热量、集热器功率和水箱内平均温度的变化规律。通过选取不同月份的若干个时段进行对比分析，得出水箱体积对太阳能供热系统的影响较水箱初始温度大；当下调水箱初始温度和缩小水箱体积时，日有用得热量提升，但集热器功率降低；当上调水箱初始温度和缩小水箱体积时，水箱内平均温度升高；且随着太阳能集热系统运行时间的累加，水箱初始温度和水箱体积对上述各性能参数的影响减弱。日有用得热量、集热器功率和水箱内平均水温随着季节变化明显，秋季和冬季气候下的日有效得热量，集热器功率和水箱内平均水温均低于春季和夏季。     

太阳能中温集热利用制蒸汽系统性能研究

构建了一套供热功率为310kW的太阳能中温集热利用制蒸汽系统,建立了系统主要模块——太阳能集热器与热変换器的热力学模型,研究了变工况下太阳辐射强度、凝水回收比、环境温度对系统效率和供热功率的影响,探讨了不同运行参数条件下集热温度与系统性能之间的关系。研究结果表明:增大辐射强度对系统性能提升显著;回收凝水对系统效率的影响不大,但对制热功率的提升较为明显;系统性能随环境温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势;系统存在最佳集热温度,最佳集热温度随辐射强度和环境温度的增大而升高。     

简化CPC式全真空玻璃集热管太阳能高温空气集热器的传热模型研究

对一种新型简化CPC(非追踪式复合抛物线聚光板)式全真空玻璃集热管太阳能高温空气集热系统的传热过程进行了理论分析和数值模拟计算,通过实验数据对该传热模型进行了验证分析。该系统由多个集热单元组成,每个集热单元包括一个简化CPC集热板,一根全真空玻璃集热管,在玻璃集热管内安装一个U形铜管。流动空气在各级U形铜管内被逐级加热。计算研究表明:系统空气最大出口温度可达到200℃,系统平均集热效率达到0.3以上,整个系统表现了良好的高温集热特性。同时,计算也表明当系统工质流量增加时,只要系统增加更多的集热管以增加系统总功率即可满足工质温度达到200℃的设计要求。研究提出的新型简化CPC式全真空玻璃集热管太阳能高温空气集热系统是一种有工业实用前途的太阳能集热器;研究提出的传热模型模拟效果也可以满足一般性工程计算需求。     

几种能源系统利用技术与经济现状

太阳能热系统太阳能热系统能为家庭、农业与工业加工提供热水或热空气,用于谷物干燥、制浆、低温食品加工等。其中家庭应用较多的是烧水和炊事。其它还有制淡水和致冷。平板集热器供热温度能达到93℃,而真空管集热器则可达到约177℃。如用温不高,也可直接利用太阳能浅池。平板和真空管集热器已商品化生产,渗透到美国住宅和商业大楼采暖等市场。在以色列、奥大利亚、日本、美国等有几千只热水系统在运行。实践证明,太阳能热水系统与常规的热水系统一     

采用抛物面槽聚焦集热器的太阳能双效吸收式制冷系统的性能研究

建立了采用抛物面槽聚焦集热器(PTC)的太阳能双效LiBr/H_2O吸收式制冷系统的理论模型,对其性能进行了数值模拟,研究了运行温度对系统总效率的影响,计算结果显示:PTC在高温工作条件下具有非常高的集热效率;运行温度为173.5℃时,系统总效率最高,达到0.8250;与采用复合抛物面聚焦集热器(CPC)和高效真空管集热器(ETC)相比,采用PTC的太阳能双效吸收式制冷系统具有最佳的系统性能;相同条件下,选用PTC时集热面积最小,但由于PTC的价格很高,导致系统成本很高。     

Correlations for natural convective heat exchange in CPC solar collector cavities determined from experimental measurements

A detailed experimental study was undertaken to analyse the natural convective heat transfer in CPC cavities, a complex function of collector orientation, geometrical aspect ratios and thermal boundary conditions at the enclosure walls. Results are reported for CPC solar collectors with full-, three quarter- and half-height reflectors, C_R = 2 and a 100 mm wide flat plate absorber. Experiments were conducted using a purpose built solar simulator under controlled lab environment employing realistic boundary and thermal conditions. The effects of simultaneous tilting of the solar collectors about both transverse and longitudinal axes, truncation of the reflector walls and inlet water (collector heat removal fluid) temperature on the natural convective heat flow characteristics inside the CPC cavity have been determined. It is concluded that the correlations developed for prediction of natural convection characteristics in rectangular, annuli and V-trough enclosures are not appropriate for application to CPC solar collectors with divergence ranging from 150% to 300%. Based on the experimental data a correlation is presented to predict the natural convection heat loss from the absorber plate of solar collectors for a range of water inlet temperatures.     

基于平板热管的太阳能-空气能双源集热蒸发器性能实验研究

设计一种基于平板热管的太阳能-空气能双源集热蒸发器及由其组成的新型直膨式热泵系统,并对其进行实验研究与分析。实验测试平板热管在制冷剂低温取热条件下的均温性与导热性能,热泵运行工况下集热蒸发器表面温度分布、光电光热性能,以及在不同天气条件不同运行模式下热泵系统性能。结果表明,平板热管在低温取热条件下当量导热系数可达6.8×10⁵W/(m·℃),集热蒸发器运行时纵向最大温差为3.9℃;在夏季晴朗天气条件下运行太阳能模式制热水时热泵平均COP为3.62;在低辐照阴天下运行太阳能-空气能双源模式与太阳能模式相比,单位面积集热功率提高18.8%,系统平均COP提高5.7%;在无辐照的夜晚,运行空气源模式系统COP为2.54。     

Design and analysis of a novel low-temperature solar thermal electric system with two-stage collectors and heat storage units

The proposed low-temperature solar thermal electric generation is based on the compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) of small concentration ratio and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The technologies of CPC and ORC are analyzed, and feasibility of the system is demonstrated. In particular, two-stage collectors and heat storage units are adopted to improve heat collection efficiency. Organic fluid is preheated by flat plate collectors (FPCs) prior to entering a higher temperature heat exchanger connected with the CPC. The two-stage heat storage units are composed of two types of phase change material (PCM) with diverse melting temperatures. The novel configuration is carefully designed to react to different operating conditions. The fundamentals are illustrated for both simultaneous and separate processes of heat collection and power conversion. Mathematic models are built for heat transfer and thermodynamics of the innovative system. Coupling relationship among the proportion of FPC to CPC, the melting temperature of the first-stage PCM and the overall collector efficiency is established. The benefits of the preheating concept and cascaded heat storages are investigated in detail in comparison with the single-stage system. The results indicate that the increase in collector efficiency of the two-stage system is appreciable.     

Salt gradient stabilized solar pond collector

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of a salt gradient solar pond as a steady state flat plate solar energy collector. We explicitly take into account the convective heat and mass flux through the pond surface and evaluate the temperature and heat fluxes at various levels in the pond by solving the Fourier heat conduction equation with internal heat generation resulting from the absorption of solar radiation as it passes through the pond water. These evaluations, in combination with energy balance considerations, enable the derivation of the expressions for solar pond efficiency of heat collection as well as the efficiency of heat removal. The efficiency expressions are Hottel-Whillier-Bliss type, prevalent for flat plate collectors. Numerical computations are made to investigate the optimization of geometrical and operational parameters of the solar pond. For given atmospheric air temperature, solar insolation and heat collection temperature, there is an optimum thickness of nonconvective zone for which the heat collection efficiency is maximum. The heat removal factor is also similar to that of a flat plate collector and the maximum efficiency of heat removal depends on both the flow rate and the temperature in the nonconvective zone.     

太阳能集热器的能质分析

依据热力学第一、二定律，对平板型太阳能集热器的传热和流动过程进行了能质综合分析，提出了一项评价太阳能集热器热力学性能的指标——单位有用收益的Yong损，讨论了雷诺数、无因次入口换热温差和无因次热流密度等参数对太阳能集热器热力学性能的影响。     

Performance of suspended flat plate air heater

In this communication, a heat transfer model to predict the transient behaviour of a suspended flat plate solar collector with constant flow of fluid (air) above the absorber has been presented. A reflecting sheet with an air gap between the absorber plate and bottom insulation to reduce heat loss has been used. The effect, on performance of the air heater, of the parameters viz, spacing between cover and plate, heat capacity of air and absorber plate, flow rate of fluid and collector length have been studied. The effect of changing the averaging inlet temperature with varying collector length has also been studied.     

塔式太阳能热管接收器表面热流密度分布及光学性能研究

该文设计一种用于小型塔式太阳能电站的热管接收器。基于蒙特卡洛光线追迹（MCRT）算法和混合编程方法,开发光学仿真程序。详细研究单根热管表面热流密度时空分布规律和热管接收器表面能量动态分布规律,并分析接收器瞬时光学性能。研究结果表明单根热管表面热流密度具有强烈非均匀性。夏至日正午,吸热面中心单根热管吸收能量约为6.9 kW。春分日和夏至日时,接收器最大光学效率约为75%;冬至日最大光学效率约为61%。研究结果有助于进一步研究热管接收器的光热耦合机理。     

Collector efficiency of upward-type double-pass solar air heaters with fins attached

The collector efficiency of upward-type double-pass flat plate solar air heaters with fins attached and external recycle is investigated theoretically. The double-pass device was constructed by inserting the absorbing plate into the air conduit to divide it into two channels (the upper and lower channels). The double-pass device introduced here was designed for creating a solar collector with heat transfer area double as well as the extended area of fins between the absorbing plate and heated air. Moreover, the advantage of external recycle application to solar air heaters is the enhancement of forced heat convection strength, resulting in considerable device heat transfer performance improvement. This advantage may compensate for the remixing at the inlet which decreases the heat transfer transfer-driving force decrement (temperature difference).     

Experimental study of the performance of a solar collector by closed-end oscillating heat pipe (CEOHP)

An experimental flat plate solar collector operating in conjunction with a closed-end oscillating heat pipe (CEOHP) offers a reasonably efficient and cost effective alternative to conventional solar collector system that use heat pipes. The CEOHP system described in this study relies on the natural forces of gravity and capillary action and dose not require an external power source. The flat plate collector consisted of a 1 mm thick sheet of black zinc covered by a glass enclosure with a collecting area of 2.00 × 0.97 m² , an evaporator located on the collecting plate, and a condenser inserted into a water tank. A length of 0.003 ID copper tubing was bent into multiple turns at critical points along its path and used to channel the working fluid throughout the system. R134a was used as the working fluid. Efficiency evaluations were conducted during daylight hours over a two month period and included extensive monitoring and recording of temperatures with type-K thermocouples placed at key locations throughout the system. The results confirmed the anticipated fluctuation in collector efficiency dependant on the time of day, solar energy irradiation, ambient temperature and flat plate mean temperature. An efficiency of approximately 62% was achieved, which correlates with the efficiency of the more expensive heat pipe system. The CEOHP system offers the additional benefits of corrosion free operation and absence of freezing during winter months.