4D47Ti型柴油机排放达欧Ⅱ的试验研究

从试验的角度,分析了柴油机的活塞压缩比、燃烧室、喷油泵、增压器、喷油嘴偶件、中冷温度等对排放的影响;介绍了使4D47Ti型增压中冷柴油机排放达到欧Ⅱ标准所采取的措施。     

柴油机边界条件对排放污染物的影响

以直喷柴油机为对象,研究柴油机排放特性以及边界条件对柴油机主要有害排放物的影响。在2种柴油机上分别进行部分工况排放试验,分析其排放特点,监测CO、NO_x和THC等主要尾气排放物,对比和分析不同工况下排放物随燃油温度、中冷后温度、排气压力等的变化规律。结果表明:中冷后温度和排气背压对NO_x排放均有明显的影响;中冷后温度对THC与CO排放影响较小;燃油温度对THC、NO_x和CO影响不大。     

车用增压柴油机中冷技术的试验研究

对柴油机，增压器和中冷器的匹配进行了试验研究。结果表明，采用中冷后的增压柴油机的动力性，经济性及排放性能的均匀有较大改善，并且热负荷也有所降低。     

4D47Ti型柴油机排放达欧Ⅱ的试验研究

在试验的基础上,分析了柴油机的活塞压缩比、燃烧室形状、喷油泵、增压器、喷油嘴偶件、中冷温度等参数对排放的影响,在不降低经济性与可靠性的同时,采取了相应的措施,使4D47Ti型增压中冷柴油机的排放达到EuroⅡ标准,这些措施经最终试验验证是有效的。     

CA4D32-12柴油机中冷器和增压器的试验研究

通过在CA4D32-12型车用柴油机上对上海联信公司生产的4种增压器方案和2种中冷器方案对发动机性能和排放的对比试验,分析了增压器及中冷器匹配参数对燃油消耗率和排放物的影响,得到了CA4D32-12型柴油机的优化匹配方案,为柴油机满足欧洲Ⅱ号排放法规奠定了基础。     

柴油机PN及NO_x排放特性影响因素的研究

为了研究柴油机颗粒数(PN)及NO_x排放特性的影响因素、程度和规律,以1台12 L车用重型柴油机为研究对象,分析了柴油机转速、扭矩、轨压、喷油提前角、中冷后进气压力和温度分别对PN和NO_x排放特性的影响规律。结果表明:在扭矩、轨压和喷油提前角一定的情况下,随着柴油机转速增大,PN排放逐渐增大,而NO_x比排放呈大幅下降趋势;在转速和轨压一定的条件下,随柴油机扭矩增大,PN排放先下降后上升,在1 400 N·m时出现拐点,而NO_x比排放逐渐减小;轨压、喷油提前角、中冷后进气压力和温度对PN排放和NO_x排放均有较大影响。     

某电控柴油机满足非道路国三排放的试验研究

为了满足非道路国三排放标准,在某非道路国二柴油机基础上,采用增压中冷+高压共轨的技术路线,开发非道路国三柴油机。通过对样机进行内部EGR、喷油器、增压器的选型匹配,喷油正时、轨压等参数的试验研究,确定了柴油机的配置和标定MAP。结果表明,不用内部EGR,采用增压中冷和共轨技术,柴油机能够满足非道路国三排放标准,同时具有良好的动力性、燃油经济性。     

柴油机尾气中二氧化氮的测量方法及其排放特性研究

分析了目前柴油机尾气中NO2测量方法及排放特性的现状,并在一台高压共轨增压中冷柴油机上进行了NO2排放试验。试验结果表明化学发光分析仪CLD和紫外分析仪NDUV均可用于柴油机NO2排放的测量,连续再生捕集器CRT的使用增加了柴油机的NO2排放以及NO2占NOx百分比。     

中冷后进气温度对国六柴油机NO_x排放的影响

为研究中冷后进气温度对国六柴油机NO_x排放的影响,对中冷后进气温度与柴油机缸内燃烧温度和NO_x浓度关系进行理论模拟和台架试验研究。模拟结果表明,柴油机缸内最高燃烧温度和涡轮后排气温度都随着中冷后进气温度的升高而升高;台架试验结果表明,提高中冷后进气温度有助于降低世界统一瞬态测试循环(world harmonized transient cycle,WHTC)废气中NO_x的体积分数;一级中冷系统和二级中冷系统对WHTC瞬态循环中冷后气温的冷却效果对比表明,采用二级中冷系统能够较好地保证试验结果的一致性和有效性。     

喷油系统参数对重型车用增压直喷柴油机NOx排放的影响

本文针对一台重型车用增压中冷电控直喷式柴油机,试验研究了喷油系统参数如喷孔直径、喷孔锥角、喷油压力、喷油定时等对NO_x排放和排气烟度的影响,指出了通过它们的优化匹配,改善柴油机排放特性的途径。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.