尾缘造型及冷气喷射对跨声速涡轮叶栅损失的影响

通过对不同尾缘造型、不同尾缘冷气喷射量下某跨声速涡轮叶栅的数值模拟,初步得出了尾缘劈缝冷却对尾缘损失以及叶栅能量损失影响的规律。其主要表现为:从减小叶栅能量损失角度来讲,尾缘冷气喷射流量存在最佳值,且随劈缝长度增加,此最佳冷气喷射流量越小;从减小尾缘激波强度角度来讲,较大的冷气流量以及较长的尾缘劈缝有利于减小激波损失,但会消耗过多冷气并增加掺混损失,导致总损失增加。     

跨声速涡轮叶片半劈缝长度及冷气量对叶栅流场的影响

通过在不同尾部劈缝结构以及冷气量情况下对某型跨声速叶栅数值模拟,得出了劈缝长度及冷气量对叶栅流道内及尾缘附近流场结构影响的规律。主要表现为:尾缘劈缝结构使叶片尾缘内伸波变为两道;长尾缘劈缝以及大尾缘冷气量不仅能够减小尾迹宽度、降低尾缘损失,也能够使叶片吸力面分离泡减小,黏性损失降低。     

吹风比和唇板厚度对叶片尾缘气膜冷却的影响研究

为了探究吹风比、唇板厚度对叶片尾缘半劈缝冷却结构气膜冷却特性的影响,采用数值模拟方法对比唇板厚度为4,5和3 mm,吹风比Br为0.5,0.8,1.0和1.5条件下叶片尾缘后台阶上的气膜冷却效率。结果表明：在吹风比Br为0.5时,叶片尾缘后台阶上产生的回流区大,冷气向展向扩散范围广,冷气在近劈缝一端向展向覆盖的较好,由于吹风比小,冷气流速慢,动量小,在后台阶远端燃气与冷气掺混量大,导致冷气冷却能力降低;在大吹风比下（Br=1.5）,冷气流速快,冷气从劈缝射出集中覆盖在劈缝下游处,而肋下游冷气覆盖效果差。唇板厚度影响着唇板出口处形成的回流区,增大唇板厚度将导致半劈缝出口气流分离所产生的涡强度变大,促进燃气与冷气的掺混,降低冷却效率,薄唇板会使尾缘气膜冷却效率显著提高。     

后台阶三维缝隙冷却效率的数值模拟

针对涡轮叶片尾缘冷却结构特点,建立了后台阶三维缝隙结构气膜冷却特性计算模型,计算了冷却效率在出口壁面的分布,研究了不同雷诺数(5 000~15 000)与吹风比(0.5~2.0)影响,计算结果表明:在缝后壁面冷却效率是单调递减的,而肋后冷却效率是先增大后减少的分布规律;二次流出口壁面冷却效率受吹风比影响较大,冷却效率随吹风比增大而减小;壁面缝后冷却效率受雷诺数的影响较小。     

涡轮叶片尾缘气膜冷却耦合传热的数值模拟

采用耦合方法对燃气轮机涡轮叶片尾缘气膜冷却流场进行数值模拟,并与绝热方法下的结果进行对比,得到不同吹风比和不同吸力面厚度下的气膜冷却规律。结果表明:与绝热方法相比,采用耦合方法时气膜冷却效率曲线更平缓,吸力面温度分布均匀,压力面尾部上方区域温度梯度较大;增大吹风比可以减弱吸力面导热对气膜冷却效率的影响,且能有效抑制流体与壁面的分离;随着吸力面厚度的增加,0.6～0.76等温度比线区域内流体温度发生变化,在劈缝出口下游温度升高,在下游的远距离处温度降低。     

带沟槽涡轮叶片颗粒沉积特性和气膜冷却性能研究

为探究带沟槽叶片的颗粒沉积特性以及气膜冷却性能,以某型高压涡轮含有尾缘劈缝结构的涡轮叶片为原型,针对实际工况建立沉积模型,采用数值模拟方法研究了0<M≤2不同吹风比下沟槽结构对叶片表面颗粒沉积特性和叶片表面气膜冷却性能的影响规律。结果表明：沟槽结构提高了总碰撞效率,降低了总沉积效率,颗粒易沉积于气膜孔下游以外区域以及端壁两侧,沟槽导致压力面中后部颗粒沉积的区域增大;随着吹风比的增加,沟槽内部捕获效率提高,整体颗粒捕获效率降低,沟槽内部的气膜冷却性能不断下降,但沟槽下游部分区域的气膜冷却性能优于原始结构;沟槽的存在使下游附近沿展向的气膜覆盖区域变大,冷却性能提升,沿孔流向的展向平均气膜冷却效率最高可提升18%。     

基于涡轮导叶复合结构设计平台的叶片强度分析技术

基于开发的涡轮导叶复合冷却结构设计平台实现了对涡轮导叶强度的计算分析。设计平台包括参数化建模-网格剖分-叶片强度计算3个主要模块。在参数化建模模块中对复合冷却导叶中存在的结构形式(壁厚、隔板、劈缝、扰流柱、气膜孔、冲击孔以及缘板等结构)分别实现了精确的参数化描述,并最终生成冷却结构的固体域和流体域模型;在叶片强度计算模块中,基于网格剖分结果以及ANSYS-APDL的二次开发实现复合冷却结构导叶的强度分析。     

燃气轮机叶片气膜冷却研究进展

综述了近年来燃气轮机涡轮叶片气膜冷却技术的研究成果.介绍了气膜冷却的基本原理,总结了叶片端壁、顶部、前缘及尾缘区域气膜冷却的研究进展和气膜孔流量系数的研究状况,阐述了影响气膜冷却效果的各种因素及气膜冷却对气动损失的影响.最后指出将气膜冷却与其它涡轮叶片冷却技术相结合的复合冷却,应是未来涡轮叶片冷却技术的发展方向.     

跨音速透平叶栅尾缘劈缝射流的数值研究

采用Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型对跨音速导叶尾缘劈缝射流的定常流动结构进行了模拟分析,研究不同尾缘射流压比对尾缘激波结构与强度、尾迹形态、各种能量损失的影响规律.结果表明:劈缝射流可以减小尾迹宽度与低速峰值,降低尾缘燕尾波的强度,射流对压力面侧激波的削弱作用更大;射流使燕尾波的形成位置更接近尾缘,导致燕尾波张角增大;射流可以降低叶栅的总动能损失,压比对激波损失和尾迹损失的影响更明显,但对边界层损失的影响较小;根据叶栅出口的状态可知,存在一个最佳的射流压比.     

基于强化换热的偏斜尾缘设计

采用SST湍流模型对偏斜尾劈缝射流的流动结构与传热特点进行模拟分析,研究不同尾缘射流速比,入口攻角及偏折角对于尾缘位置边界层状态、涡流结构、尾迹形态及流动损失的影响规律。结果表明:偏斜尾缘劈缝射流的使用能够有效改善尾缘位置的换热性能,射流对于尾缘折转区的冲刷作用使得吸力面侧得到较好的冷却;偏斜尾缘的采用也能够有效抑制大入口攻角下吸力面的负压梯度;过大的转折区将在下游引起较大的尾迹涡,并造成更大的尾迹损失;根据不同入口条件,存在一个最佳的射流偏折角。     

Numerical Investigations of the Influence of Unsteady Vane Trailing Edge Shock Wave on Film Cooling Effectiveness of Rotor Blade Leading Edge

Unsteady numerical simulations of a high-load transonic turbine stage have been carried out to study the influences of vane trailing edge outer-extending shockwave on rotor blade leading edge film cooling performance. The turbine stage used in this paper is composed of a vane section and a rotor one which are both near the root section of a transonic high-load turbine stage. The Mach number is 0.94 at vane outlet, and the relative Mach number is above 1.10 at rotor outlet. Various positions and oblique angles of film cooling holes were investigated in this research. Results show that the cooling efficiency on the blade surface of rotor near leading edge is significantly affected by vane trailing edge outer-extending shockwave in some cases. In the cases that film holes are close to leading edge, cooling performance suffers more from the sweeping vane trailing edge outer-extending shockwave. In addition, coolant flow ejected from oblique film holes is harder to separate from the blade surface of rotor, and can cover more blade area even under the effects of sweeping vane trailing edge shockwave. As a result, oblique film holes can provide better film cooling performance than vertical film holes do near the leading edge on turbine blade which is swept by shockwaves.     

具有新型双层壁结构的透平叶片流热耦合研究

多通道壁面射流冷却结构是一种新型的燃气透平动叶内部冷却结构,具有消耗冷气少、压力损失小等优点。本文构建了简化的壁面射流冷却叶片与GE-E3冷却结构叶片模型,采用流热耦合方法对比研究了其流动与换热特性。结果表明,壁面射流冷却通道内的狭小空间抑制了横流的产生,冷气在冷却通道中形成了流向涡;前缘冷气流道中的大量冷气流经吸力侧冷却区,并从出口压力更小、面积更大的尾缘排出,使得前缘气膜孔出流的冷气流量和动量较小,冷气在叶片外表面的气膜覆盖特性更好;离心力的影响导致前缘冷气流道中叶根处的压力较低,叶根附近的气膜孔出现燃气主流入侵现象。相比于GE-E3叶片,壁面射流冷却叶片的前缘温度和温度梯度都较小,因此多通道壁面射流冷却在前缘具有更优异的冷却特性。     

Conjugate heat transfer analysis of a rotor blade with coolant channels

The present study deals with the conjugate heat transfer analysis of a cooled high-pressure turbine rotor blade consisting of eight cooling channels. Computational investigations are performed in a five-bladed cascade to determine characteristics of flow and heat transfer at different values of mainstream and coolant flow rate. Surface temperature measurements using infrared thermography are performed for validating the computational fluid dynamics results. The results show nonuniform variation of surface effectiveness: (a) higher average surface temperature on the pressure side than on the suction side, (b) peak surface temperature at the pressure side trailing edge region, (c) lowest temperature at midspan region of both pressure and suction sides, (d) intermediate values of temperature on the leading edge, and (e) these temperature patterns vary with the changes in mainstream Reynolds number and coolant flow rates, signifying the importance of carrying out conjugate heat transfer analysis. This study also emphasizes the importance of considering realistic coolant channel geometry over the idealized, an illustration showed that the maximum Nusselt number may vary up to 200% due to idealization.     

Conjugate heat transfer investigation on the cooling performance of air cooled turbine blade with thermal barrier coating

A hot wind tunnel of annular cascade test rig is established for measuring temperature distribution on a real gas turbine blade surface with infrared camera. Besides, conjugate heat transfer numerical simulation is performed to obtain cooling efficiency distribution on both blade substrate surface and coating surface for comparison. The effect of thermal barrier coating on the overall cooling performance for blades is compared under varied mass flow rate of coolant, and spatial difference is also discussed. Results indicate that the cooling efficiency in the leading edge and trailing edge areas of the blade is the lowest. The cooling performance is not only influenced by the internal cooling structures layout inside the blade but also by the flow condition of the mainstream in the external cascade path. Thermal barrier effects of the coating vary at different regions of the blade surface, where higher internal cooling performance exists, more effective the thermal barrier will be, which means the thermal protection effect of coatings is remarkable in these regions. At the designed mass flow ratio condition, the cooling efficiency on the pressure side varies by 0.13 for the coating surface and substrate surface, while this value is 0.09 on the suction side.     

Unsteady numerical investigation of back‐step three‐dimensional slots on film cooling effectiveness

A numerical investigation was carried out to study the aerodynamics and cooling effects of a trailing edge. For a greater understanding and to learn more details, an unsteady numerical model has been proposed based on a steady model. The unsteady numerical simulation was conducted under different blowing ratios (0.5, 2.0) to show their effects on film cooling effectiveness. The computational results show that the turbulence intensity downstream of a trailing edge outlet tends to be enhanced by the unsteady flow effect. Film cooling effectiveness of an unsteady model is weaker than that obtained by a steady model. When the blowing ratio is 0.5, the mixing and intersecting of the main flow and secondary flow is rapid and fierce; with the increase of blowing ratio up to 2.0, the secondary flow plays a dominant role on the flow characteristics near the outlet of the trailing edge. The mixing and intersecting of the main flow and secondary flow become smooth. The unsteady computational results agree better with the experiment results than those of steady computation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20236     

基于流热耦合的燃气轮机透平叶顶冷却设计

燃气轮机透平叶顶区域存在复杂的流动和换热问题,承受很高的热负荷。为了降低透平动叶叶顶温度,在透平叶顶现有结构的基础上提出气膜冷却和气膜+内冷通道冷却两种叶顶冷却方案,并通过流热耦合计算分析冷却升级前后叶顶区域的换热和流动特性。研究发现：叶顶气膜冷却方案可有效降低叶顶温度,特别是叶顶前缘至中弦区域;而气膜＋内冷通道冷却方案基于外部气膜冷却,结合内部冷却通道设计,可进一步降低叶顶尾缘的温度;与原型叶片相比,气膜+内部冷气通道的复合冷却设计可以使叶顶尾缘最高温度降低24 K。     

Heat transfer in high‐aspect‐ratio rectangular passage with skewed ribs

The heat transfer characteristics and flow behavior in a rectangular passage with two opposite 45° skewed ribs for turbine rotor blade have been investigated for Reynolds numbers from 7800 to 19,000. In this blade, the spanwise coolant passage at the trailing edge region whose thickness is very thin is chosen, so the channel aspect ratio (=width/height of channel) is extremely high, 4.76. Therefore the heat transfer experiment in the high‐aspect‐ratio cooling channel was performed using thermochromic liquid crystal and thermocouples. Furthermore, the calculation of flow and heat transfer was carried out using CFD analysis code to understand the heat transfer experimental results. The enhanced heat transfer coefficients on the smooth side wall at the rib's leading end were the same level as those on the rib‐roughened walls. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 89–104, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10018     

Three Dimensional Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Wedge Angle of a Passage with Pin-fin Arrays

Heat transfer in passage with pin-fin arrays for cooling blade trailing edge was studied numerically. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were carried out for steady laminar flow in passages with different wedge angles between pressure surface and suction surface of cooling blade trailing edge to study the effect of different wedge angles (from 0°to 30°) on heat transfer and pressure losses. Research was carried out for both in-line array and staggered array. From this investigation, wedge angle 10°gives the best heat transfer performance.     

Numerical Simulation of Transpiration Cooling for Sintered Metal Porous Strut of the Scramjet Combustion Chamber

The strut structure in a scramjet combustion chamber is used to inject fuel into the main stream. The environment surrounding the strut in the scramjet chamber is supersonic flow at very high temperatures. Thus, the leading edge of the strut is easily ablated due to aerodynamic heating. This study analyzes the effect of a transpiration cooling scheme using a sintered metal porous media surface to protect the strut from ablation. Numerical simulations are used to study the transpiration cooling for different strut structures and coolant conditions. The influences of these parameters on the transpiration cooling of the strut are analyzed for a main stream Mach number of 2.5 and a total temperature of 1700 K. The surface temperature can be reduced to a safe temperature with a coolant mass flow rate through the porous media of 27.5 kg/ m²-s. The coolant flow near the leading edge is most important, with less flow needed downstream.     

Investigation of Combined Transpiration and Opposing Jet Cooling of Sintered Metal Porous Struts

Struts are used to inject fuel into the supersonic mainstream of scramjet combustion chambers. The leading edge of the strut experiences the maximum temperature due to tremendous aerodynamic heating. This study describes a combined transpiration and opposing jet cooling system for sintered metal porous struts with a jet flowing out of a micro-slit along the stagnation point line against the incoming flow with methane as the coolant. The combined cooling method for the struts is then compared to cooling by the standard transpiration method. The influences of different slit widths and coolant injection conditions on the strut cooling are numerically investigated. The results show that the combined cooling method significantly reduces the maximum strut temperature. The maximum strut temperature decreases but the coolant consumption increases with increasing micro-slit width. Increasing the micro-slit width more effectively balances the increased cooling effectiveness with the increased coolant flow than just increasing the coolant injection pressure. Coolant injection with non-uniform pressures with higher pressure in the front cavity and lower pressure in the back cavity more effectively enhances the cooling effectiveness and reduces the thermal gradient.