热力学[火用]及其普遍化表达式的动力学特征

分析了功、热、能和[火用]的物理意义以及与热力学定律的关系，做功和传热是能和[火用]传递与转换的两种途径，从热力学第一定律定义的能量只有相对意义。[火用]是系统相对于环境所具有的做最大有用功的能力，相对于选定的环境，[火用]是系统的状态参量。常规的[火用]计算式是从热力学第一和第二定律导出的结果，从动力学的角度讨论了[火用]及其普遍化表达式的物理含义。[火用]起源于系统与环境的不平衡，如果系统与环境之间存在着某种（或几种）强度量差，在强度量差的推动下系统可能自动地变化到与环境相平衡的状态（寂态），在这样的过程中系统可以对外做功，这种做最大有用功的能力就是系统的[火用]。在能量公设的基础上，[火用]的微分被普遍地表示为强度量差与其共轭的广延量微分的乘积。[火用]的普遍化表达式完整地反映了[火用]的物理含义及其动力学特征，利用能量和[火用]的普遍化表达式导出了[火用]损失的普遍化表达式。     

电站热力系统能级理论泛化方程

工质实际做功能力(与汽轮机轴功等效)是热力系统状态的函数,在数学上是全微分。根据工质实际做功能力的全微分特征,提出了描述热力系统特征量的构造性定义方法。利用多元函数微积分和热力学第一定律,导出了一组热力系统泛化方程。提出了热力系统的泛型描述,分析了热力系统特征量的物理意义及相互作用关系。通过两个例子说明了泛化方程的普遍适用性。     

基于效率的综合能源系统能效分析模型

基于热力学第一定律的"能量分析"与基于热力学第一以及第二定律的"分析"方法是两种主要的热效率评价方法。以能源互联网能源侧重要组成部分-综合能源系统为研究对象,构建了不同类型综合能源系统能量分析与分析数学模型,对北京市亦庄路南区能源互联网项目综合能源系统规划方案进行了能量效率和效率计算,得出不同规划方案能源系统与系统子模块的能量效率和效率。研究结果表明,不同规划方案的能源系统能量效率为71%~93%,效率为34%~40%。对于包含电、冷、热不同形态能源的区域综合能源系统,分析方法是评价系统热效率较为有效的方法。     

600MW超临界燃煤锅炉分析

煤炭一直以来都是中国最主要的一次性能源,相应地,燃煤锅炉也占有电力市场绝大部分份额。燃煤锅炉存在诸多能量损失途径,能量转换效率较低。系统地分析燃煤锅炉的热力性能非常必要。是热力学第二定律中的一个重要概念,它不仅能反映能量的数量,更能反映能量的品质。基于概念,对某600MW超临界燃煤锅炉模型进行了详细的分析,综合考虑物理和化学,计算了系统的损失、耗散等参数,对锅炉的设计、优化提供了可靠依据。     

四热源吸收式热泵的传热面积优化

建立一种不可逆的四温度位吸收式热泵模型，导出其最小传热面积与四热源熵变化率的关系并得到了热力学第二定律的类比表达式，获得了最佳供热率、性能系数和传热面积之间的优化关系，所得结论可为四热源吸收式热泵的优化设计和最佳工况选择提供新的理论途径。     

地源热泵空调系统的能量与分析

以60m2空调测试房间安装的地源热泵空调系统为研究对象,利用热力学第一定律能量分析与第二定律分析相结合的方法,对该实验系统进行能量及的平衡与效率分析。研究结果表明:整个系统的能量效率与效率分别为61%、4.8%。系统部件中地埋管换热器(Borehole heat exchanger,简称BHE)的平均损失为9.993kW,对应该系统的制冷性能系数为3.02。压缩机、冷凝器、蒸发器、BHE及循环泵的效率分别为47.1%、24.4%、42.2%、7.2%、47.7%。同时数据表明系统部件中BHE的平均能量效率最高,达到96.1%,但其效率最低只有7.2%;BHE中热量损失相对最少,可用能损失相对最多,当BHE中换热量与进口温度不变时降低循环介质流量可以有效提高系统效率。     

天然气压力能透平回收分析与联合循环研究

从热力学第二定律角度分析透平膨胀过程中降的构成,对管输天然气做功能力进行理论分析,得出了温度、压力、化学的计算方法和透平膨胀输出轴功极限能力的评价因子。在理论分析的基础上,进一步给出了现有的基于冷电联产的联合循环方式,从机电一体化角度提出了该领域基于总能系统理论的多学科的研究思路。     

热力学(火用)函数的基本微分关系与特征函数

从(火用)的普遍化表达式出发,推导出了热力学体系(火用)函数的第一、二基本微分关系式,这两个微分式将不可直接测量的(火用)表示为可测参数的函数.利用基本微分关系式不仅可以通过实验的方法研究体系(火用)函数的特性,而且还可以求解体系的(火用)函数.在恰当的选择了自由变量之后,体系的(火用)函数可以作为特征函数,由此可求出所有其它热力学函数.     

什么是永动机

永动机是指违反热力学基本定律的、不能实现的发动机。更通俗地可以理解为，永动机是一类想象中的不需外界输入能源、能量或在仅有一个热源的条件下便能够不断运动并且对外做功的机械。不消耗能量而能永远对外做功的机器．它违反了热力学第一定律，故称为“第一类永动机”。在没有温度差的情况下．从自然界中的海水或空气中不断吸取热量而使之连续地转变为机械能而不产生其他影响的机器，     

基于热力学第二定律的燃气轮机故障性能研究

本文利用热力学第二定律的功势转化指标标之一的推力功势转化性能指标。对燃气轮机在故障状态下的推力功势性能进行分析。对比用传统的部件效率来衡量的故障性能变化,分析并量化了几种典型故障下功势的转化性能的变化程度。结果表明：推力功势转化性能指标从能源转化为有用功的角度更好地衡量燃气轮机的故障性能,为进一步研究各种故障下燃气轮机的能源转化性能奠定了基础。     

热力循环的特性函数

在热力循环理论中引入了"热流体"。热流体由温度、焓和熵等核心热力学参数来描述,证明了热力循环新函数-工质实际作功能力函数的存在性和回路作功能力原理的正确性,在热力学基本定律和不可逆多能级热力循环理论之间建立了新的联系。给出了新的热力循环特性函数的解析式,并对公式中各项的物理意义进行了详细阐述。将跨能级独立蒸汽冷却器当作辅助循环来处理,无需另外推导公式。工质实际作功能力等同于机械功,其价格恒等于功的价格,用工质实际作功能力概念来建立新的总能系统统一性评价体系,可避开方法中的定价难题。     

原油管输不可逆过程火用的传递和转换规律研究

基于不可逆过程热力学的基本理论,探讨了原油管输过程各不可逆过程的强度量势场梯度驱动力作用下的火用流传递现象,结合原油管道输送过程的基本场平衡方程组和普遍化热力学体系的火用平衡动力学方程,推导了管输过程的热火用和压火用传递和转换方程,进一步建立管输过程的总火用传递方程。以某原油管道为例,对管道输送过程进行数值分析得到管输过程中热火用和压火用的传递和转换火用流分布规律,为将火用的传递转换规律应用到管道节能体系中提供理论基础和合理依据。     

燃气机热泵的热力学分析

燃气机热泵是以燃气机作为动力来驱动的压缩式热泵。对燃气机热泵的热力学第一定律、Yong分析和能级平衡理论分析结果表明：其一次能源利用率可达1.76，Yong效率为0.291，能级平衡系数为0.394。与电动热泵等其他供热装置相比，燃气机热泵有着较高的热力学完善性，是一项高效节能技术。由于能级平衡理论分析考虑了Wu的作用，而热泵供暖时其性能系数的提高主要是利用了环境热量，所以建议采用能级平衡理论来分析评价热泵的性能。     

An attempt to introduce dynamics into generalised exergy considerations

In previous research, the author developed a general abstract framework for the exergy content of a system of finite objects [Grubbström RW. Towards a generalized exergy concept. In: van Gool W, Bruggink JJC, editors. Energy and time in the economic and physical sciences. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1985. p. 41–56]. Each such object is characterised by its initial extensive properties and has an inner energy written as a function of these properties. It was shown that if these objects were allowed to interact, there is a maximum amount of work that can be extracted from the system as a whole, and a general formula for this potential was provided. It was also shown that if one of the objects was allowed to be of infinite magnitude initially, taking on the role as an environment having constant intensive properties, then the formula provided took on the same form as the classical expression for exergy.As a side result, the theoretical considerations demonstrated that the second law of thermodynamics could be interpreted as the inner energy function being a (weakly) convex function of its arguments, when these are chosen as the extensive properties.Since exergy considerations are based on the principle that total entropy is conserved when extracting work, these processes would take an infinite time to complete. In the current paper, instead, a differential-equation approach is introduced to describe the interaction in finite time between given finite objects of a system. Differences in intensive properties between the objects provide a force enabling an exchange of energy and matter. An example of such an interaction is heat conduction. The resulting considerations explain how the power extracted from the system will be limited by the processes being required to perform within finite-time constraints.Applying finite-time processes, in which entropy necessarily is generated, leads to formulating a theory for a maximal power output from the system. It is shown that such a theory is possible to develop, and the resulting equilibrium conditions are compared with to those of the exergetic equilibrium.     

Comparison of the theoretical performance potential of fuel cells and heat engines

Fuel cells have decided advantages including compatibility with renewable fuels such as hydrogen, methanol and methane. It is often claimed that they have greater potential for efficient operation than heat engines because they are not restricted by the Carnot limitation. However, in this paper a generalized (exergy analysis) approach is utilized to clarify the comparison of the theoretical performance potential of heat engines and fuel cells, in particular, to show that fuel cell conversion is restricted by the second law of thermodynamics in the same way as heat engines. The Carnot efficiency is simply a manifestation of the second law for the heat engine excluding the combustion process. It is shown that the maximum work obtainable from the conversion device is related to the change in flow exergy between reactants and products, that is in general, not equivalent to the change in Gibbs free energy. For equivalent reactant and product temperatures, the difference between the change in Gibbs free energy and the change in flow exergy is equal to the exergy flux of heat transfer that must be rejected by the device due to absorption of entropy from the reactant-product flow. The importance of exergetic (second-law) efficiencies for evaluating performance is demonstrated. Also, exergy analysis is utilized to resolve a number of efficiency related issues for endothermic reactions.     

直接膨胀式太阳能热泵系统的理论分析

简述了直接膨胀式太阳能热泵的基本工作原理,从热力学理论出发,对直接膨胀式太阳能热泵的循环进行了理论热力分析,提出了系统各主要部件的能量平衡和火用平衡方程,分析了系统的性能系数COP和火用效率Eη。     

Thermodynamical analysis of human thermal comfort

Traditional methods of human thermal comfort analysis are based on the first law of thermodynamics. These methods use an energy balance of the human body to determine heat transfer between the body and its environment. By contrast, the second law of thermodynamics introduces the useful concept of exergy. It enables the determination of the exergy consumption within the human body dependent on human and environmental factors. Human body exergy consumption varies with the combination of environmental (room) conditions. This process is related to human thermal comfort in connection with temperature, heat, and mass transfer. In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of human heat and mass transfer based on the 2nd law of thermodynamics in presented. It is shown that the human body's exergy consumption in relation to selected human parameters exhibits a minimal value at certain combinations of environmental parameters. The expected thermal sensation also shows that there is a correlation between exergy consumption and thermal sensation. Thus, our analysis represents an improvement in human thermal modelling and gives more information about the environmental impact on expected human thermal sensation.     

A method to determine stratification efficiency of thermal energy storage processes independently from storage heat losses

A new method for the calculation of a stratification efficiency of thermal energy storages based on the second law of thermodynamics is presented. The biasing influence of heat losses is studied theoretically and experimentally. Theoretically, it does not make a difference if the stratification efficiency is calculated based on entropy balances or based on exergy balances. In practice, however, exergy balances are less affected by measurement uncertainties, whereas entropy balances can not be recommended if measurement uncertainties are not corrected in a way that the energy balance of the storage process is in agreement with the first law of thermodynamics. A comparison of the stratification efficiencies obtained from experimental results of charging, standby, and discharging processes gives meaningful insights into the different mixing behaviors of a storage tank that is charged and discharged directly, and a tank-in-tank system whose outer tank is charged and the inner tank is discharged thereafter. The new method has a great potential for the comparison of the stratification efficiencies of thermal energy storages and storage components such as stratifying devices.     

Energy and Exergy Analysis on Drying of Banana Using Indirect Type Natural Convection Solar Dryer

Abstract

Energy and exergy analysis, in the thermodynamics, is an important tool used to predict the performance of drying system. In this work, energy and exergy analyses are made during the drying process of banana using an indirect type passive solar dryer. Solar flat plate air collector is used to heat the air. Banana gets sufficiently dried at temperatures between 28 and 82?°C. Solar radiation is measured and it is ranged from 335 to 1210?W/m². Using the first law of thermodynamics, energy analysis was carried out to estimate the amounts of energy gained from solar air heater. Also, applying the second law of thermodynamics, exergy analysis was carried out to determine exergy losses during the drying process. The exergy losses varied from 3.36 to 25.21?kJ/kg. In particular, the exergy efficiency values vary from 7.4 to 45.32%.     

Energy and exergy analysis of a latent heat storage system with phase change material for a solar collector

Analysis of energy and exergy has been performed for a latent heat storage system with phase change material (PCM) for a flat-plate solar collector. CaCl₂·6H₂O was used as PCM in thermal energy storage (TES) system. The designed collector combines in single unit solar energy collection and storage. PCMs are stored in a storage tank, which is located under the collector. A special heat transfer fluid was used to transfer heat from collector to PCM. Exergy analysis, which is based on the second law of thermodynamics, and energy analysis, which is based on the first law, were applied for evaluation of the system efficiency for charging period. The analyses were performed on 3 days in October. It was observed that the average net energy and exergy efficiencies are 45% and 2.2%, respectively.