灰分对柴油机微粒捕集器性能及再生的影响

针对柴油机微粒捕集器(diesel particular filter,DPF)再生的可靠性问题,分析DPF灰分的主要成分及来源,灰分在DPF中的沉积过程,灰分对DPF效率及再生过程的影响。分析表明灰分的主要来源是润滑油,为了满足柴油机润滑要求,润滑油中添加了大量的金属成分,产生大量的灰分影响DPF的再生过程。针对灰分的成分及沉积方式,提出使用低金属含量润滑油降低DPF灰分沉积、采用高压空气反吹作为DPF的主要清灰措施。     

灰分分布系数对柴油机性能的影响研究

通过构建柴油机耦合柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)的一维热力学仿真模型,研究了灰分分布系数对柴油机性能的影响,并重点分析了灰分分布系数对柴油机系统热效率的影响。结果表明:炭载量为6 g/L,灰分量为33 g/L时,DPF压降和捕集效率随灰分分布系数增加而上升;随着灰分分布系数增大,柴油机转矩、缸内最最高燃烧压力及氮氧化物排放量均下降,碳烟排放量升高;灰分分布系数增加,柴油机有效燃油消耗率增加,DPF再生频率增加,包含柴油机热效率和DPF再生效率的柴油机系统热效率降低。单一地依靠DPF压降对主动再生时刻进行判定误差较大,且误差会随灰分量的增加呈现类指数增大。     

柴油机DPF流场压降及微粒沉积特性数值模拟

运用AVL-FIRE软件建立柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)三维模型,模拟柴油机微粒捕集器内部压降和微粒沉积特性.针对DPF不同排气流量、进口温度、微粒沉积量及分布类型,对DPF压降特性进行模拟,并着重研究非对称孔结构(ACT)和灰分沉积量及分布形式对DPF压降和微粒沉积特性的影响.结果表明:随着DPF排气流量、进口温度、微粒沉积量和灰分沉积量的增加,DPF的压降增大,且DPF压降变化与进口温度呈非线性关系;沿DPF轴线方向,微粒沉积量呈先减小后增大趋势;"逐渐减少"型微粒分布形式压降损失较小,且再生速率较快.灰分在壁面上的层状分布对DPF压降和微粒沉积影响较大;非对称孔结构有利于降低DPF压降和提高微粒沉积能力,从而延长DPF寿命.     

柴油机微粒捕集器流通性与微粒加载特性数值模拟

使用AVL-Fire软件建立柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)三维计算模型,模拟DPF内的压降损失、深层微粒沉积、滤饼层微粒沉积和总微粒沉积特性.研究不同的排气流量、排气温度、初始灰分、灰分分布和微粒分布对DPF流通性与微粒加载特性的影响.结果表明:在微粒加载过程中(耂虑微粒再生的影响),DPF压降主要由壁面压降损失、微粒深层压降损失和微粒滤饼层压降损失组成,壁面压降损失呈现主要作用;当排气温度超过610 K时,壁面压降上升速率与深层压降上升速率之和大于滤饼层压降上升速率;升高排气温度和增加初始灰分,DPF压降损失增加;增加排气流量,深层微粒沉积速度和滤饼层微粒沉积速度加快,导致DPF压降损失增加;层状灰分对DPF压降损失升高作用大于堵塞段灰分;微粒在入口孔道表面呈抛物线分布(最小在DPF载体中间)时DPF压降最小;提高排气温度,有利于微粒与O_2迚行再生反应,但C与NO_2反应速率没有明显变化;当排气温度升高到710 K时,深层微粒沉积量先上升后下降,滤饼层微粒沉积量先保持不变后缓慢上升.     

灰分对柴油机颗粒物捕集器性能的影响

为了降低灰分对柴油机颗粒物捕集器(DPF)性能的影响,建立了DPF灰分和碳烟的数学模型,研究了灰分量、碳载量和灰分分布形态等多个因素对多种DPF性能的影响.结果表明:非对称孔结构(ACT)DPF增加了进/出口孔径比例有利于降低压降,但不利于捕集效率的提高;碳烟层的捕集效率高于灰分层,对称结构捕集效率高于ACT结构,低孔隙率捕集效率高于高孔隙率;灰分分布系数增加,DPF压降和捕集效率均上升,灰分分布系数对ACT结构DPF的影响小于对称结构;ACT结构有利于提升DPF容灰能力,延长清灰周期,提高经济性.     

非对称孔结构对柴油机颗粒捕集器压降特性的影响

运用AVL Boost软件建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)模型,研究不同排气流量、温度及碳烟与灰分沉积量对非对称孔结构DPF压降特性的影响,并着重研究不同比例孔结构压降特性的差异.结果表明:排气质量流量增大,入口温度增大,不同比例孔结构的压降敏感性增大;当DPF内碳烟沉积量较少时,通过DPF的压降随着进/出口孔比例的增加而增大;随着碳烟沉积量的增多,进口较小的DPF结构压降升高率大;灰分在DPF壁面上的层状分布可以有效阻止碳烟深层捕集模式,降低DPF压降;使用非对称孔结构可以有效提高碳烟和灰分容量,降低DPF使用后期压降并延长DPF使用寿命.     

载体配比及灰分对DPF压降及内部流场的影响

基于D30 TCI柴油机耦合氧化催化器(DOC)和柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)的试验台架,对3种不同结构DPF开展压降特性试验.并构建了DPF一维仿真模型及三维1/4孔道模型,研究了载体配比、载体孔密度对DPF压降及捕集特性的影响及载体配比及灰分沉积对DPF孔道内部气流运动及颗粒沉积特性的影响.结果表明:同一 DPF配比...     

模拟碳烟在CDPF过滤壁面上的氧化演变特性

基于可视化单通道沉积/再生试验台架,利用固体颗粒发生器对催化型柴油机颗粒捕集器(CDPF)载体切片进行颗粒沉积,激光位移传感器在线测量过滤壁面上颗粒层厚度的变化趋势,耦合压降变化规律,结合过滤表面的扫描电子显微镜图(SEM),探索再生时CDPF切片上颗粒层的氧化演变规律.试验结果表明:再生时CDPF/非催化型(DPF)切片上的颗粒层压降呈现三阶段的变化趋势.再生第Ⅰ阶段,DPF和CDPF的颗粒层压降下降率分别为0.23 Pa/s和0.61 Pa/s,且对应颗粒层厚度的相对占比CDPF比DPF高16%,SEM图观测到CDPF第Ⅰ阶段末期出现少量的有效通孔;第Ⅱ阶段,DPF和CDPF颗粒层压降下降率分别为0.42 Pa/s和1.74 Pa/s,其对应颗粒层厚度的相对占比分别为54%和38%,SEM图观测到CDPF微孔中碳黑燃烧完全,有效通孔增至整个载体切片表面;第Ⅲ阶段,CDPF的催化效果不明显,CDPF和DPF压降变化均逐渐趋于水平,颗粒层厚度值呈现波动.     

非对称孔结构载体对DPF及柴油机性能的影响研究

运用GT-Power建立柴油机整机耦合柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particle filter,DPF)的模型,研究非对称孔道结构DPF的压降特性及其对柴油机整机性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着进/出口孔道比例增加,碳烟容量增大,DPF压降降低,但过度增大进/出口孔道比例会使出口孔径过小而造成压降升高;柴油机加装洁净DPF时,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加而降低,但随着DPF碳烟和灰分沉积量的增加,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加均有所改善。DPF进/出口孔道比例为1.3时,柴油机综合性能最佳。     

DPF降怠速再生温度场分布测试及过滤效率分析

基于柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)降怠速(DTI)再生的特点,介绍了一种DPF极限碳载量、再生温度评估方法.在非道路瞬态循环(NRTC)工况进行DPF碳加载,通过缸内后喷控制再生温度,试验研究了碳载量为8 g/L、不同再生温度下降怠速再生时DPF的内部温度;在再生温度为600℃时测试了不同碳载量下降怠速再生期间DPF内部温度;通过AVL MSS-483烟度计在NRTC工况下分别测量发动机原排、再生前DPF后、再生后DPF后的颗粒物(PM)质量浓度,获得了降怠速再生后的PM质量浓度过滤效率.结果表明:碳载量为8 g/L时,随再生温度降低,DPF内部最高温度变高,降怠速再生导致载体损坏的风险变大;再生前DPF对PM的过滤效率高达99.95%,再生后降至97.10%.再生温度为600℃、碳载量为12 g/L时,DPF内最高温度超过1500℃,碳化硅载体损坏,DPF对PM的过滤效率降至87.30%,碳载量为8 g/L及10 g/L时,载体均未损坏.     

Ash deposited in diesel particular filter: a review

Diesel particle filter (DPF) is widely considered as the most effective approach to reduce and control particle matter (PM) emissions. However, with the continuous accumulation of particles, DPF has poor performance and has to burn PM, i.e. regeneration. Unlike soot, ash cannot be removed from DPF through burning, which shows a negative effect on DPF performance. Therefore, the recent research progress about ash deposited in DPF has been summarized. The chemical composition and formation process were analyzed. The effects of ash on the DPF performance were addressed. The results show that the ash is mainly generated from lubricating oil, and the chemical composition of ash mainly consists of Ca, Mg, P, and S. Meanwhile, the ash morphology and color depended on the ash chemical composition. The flow-induced transport and the regeneration-reduced transport alter the mobility of the ash from the channel walls to the plug. The ash cannot influence the DPF performace in the nomal condition while it has an important effect on back pressure and soot oxidation characteristics. Furthermore, there are still disagreements on the mechanism of the ash distribution process and the effect of the distribution form of ash deposits in the DPF channel on the pressure drop. In the future, the investigations on the ash physico-chemical property and the ash formation process will be helpful to elucidate the abovementioned problems. In addition, in order to reduce the ash deposited and ensure the DPF normal operation, the more strict lubricant regulations should be implemented in China.     

An investigation into the impact of burning diesel/lubricant oil mixtures on the nature of particulate emissions: Implications for DPF ash-loading acceleration method

Ever-tightening particulate emissions regulation and the need of extending diesel particulate filter (DPF) manual cleaning period require an in-depth investigation into exhaust-borne ash components that may potentially deposit in DPF using a variety of methods to accelerate loading. Currently, the most common method used is blending a certain volume of lubricant oil into diesel. Predictably, the addition of lubricant oil will alter the nature of particles emitted from engines, creating an artifact between “accelerated” and real ash and therefore biasing the functionality of this method. However, such impacts haven't been carefully evaluated. In this paper, the mass, number, size-resolved distribution, morphology, and elemental analysis of the particles from a Euro-5 compliant, 2.5 L diesel engine consuming conventional diesel, diesel+2v% lubricant oil, and diesel+4v%lubricant oil were measured and compared 24. The results indicate that with the addition of lubricant oil into diesel, both the particulate mass and number emission increased dramatically, a proportional increase in particle numbers of all size stages was seen with 2% lubricant oil blending, while 4% blending only increased the number concentrations of nuclei-mode and relatively large particles. Adding lubricant oil into diesel tended to complicate the microstructure of particles. Particle-bound phosphorus and zinc were only identified when lubricant oil was dosed. An increased oxygen mass fraction with the presence of lubricant oil also suggests heavier volatile materials emissions. Lastly, although burning diesel/lubricant oil mixtures enables an accelerated ash loading process in a DPF, excessive blending ratio could alter the nature of engine-out particles and increase uncertainty. It is recommended to achieve fast ash accumulation at a high engine load with diesel+2v%lubricant oil.     

Effects of ash composition and ash stack heights on soot deposition and oxidation processes in catalytic diesel particulate filter

In order to provide the theorical basis for regeneration strategy and solid catalytic reaction of catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF), the effects of ash composition and ash stack heights on soot deposition and oxidation processes in CDPF are investigated. The MgO ash nanoparticles have an inert effect on soot oxidation process through a series of thermogravimetric experiments. Based on the visualized single-channel bench, the influence of ash stack height on the soot deposition and regeneration processes is studied. The deposition process of soot particles on the CDPF slice without ash is divided into three stages, including depth filtration, transitional filtration and soot cake formation stages. When the ash stack height is 15 μm, there are only transitional filtration and soot cake formation stages. Then, only soot cake formation stage remains when the height increases to 30 μm. During the regeneration process, the pressure drop mainly has three linear decline stages, the oxidation rates of which are 0.77, 1.78 and 0.54 Pa/s, respectively. When the ash stack height increases from 0 to 30 μm, the oxidation rate of soot layer during Ⅱ-regeneration stage decreases from 1.78 to 0.51 Pa/s. The oxidation rate is 0.51 Pa/s at 30 μm ash stack height, which is close to the 0.55 Pa/s oxidation rate of the clean DPF sample. Consequently, around 30 μm ash stack height is the limit distance of back-diffusion of active oxygen molecules, which leads to the failure of the CDPF catalytic layer.     

机油灰分对柴油机DPF性能影响的分析

随着排放法规的日益严格,要满足我国柴油车的国Ⅳ排放法规,DPF的使用是一个必然的举措。为满足柴油机的润滑性能,需要在机油中加入大量的金属添加剂,这些成分是致使机油中灰分生成的主要因素。机油中的灰分添加剂会致使DPF性能下降,因而针对DPF对机油灰分添加剂的研究,具有重要的意义。     

不同海拔下柴油机颗粒过滤器碳烟加载及再生特性研究

为研究不同海拔下柴油机颗粒过滤器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)碳烟加载规律及再生特性,在一台高压共轨柴油机上分别在两种大气压力(80kPa和100kPa)下进行了试验研究。研究内容包括全球统一瞬态循环(world harmonized transient cycle,WHTC)排放测试、DPF碳烟加载及压降特性、DPF再生过程温度场及压降特性。结果表明:高原环境下DPF的排气温度和各项排放数据指标均高于平原环境。高原环境下压降损失随碳烟的累积呈现出先快速增加后缓慢增加的趋势。再生温度和海拔高度对DPF再生压降、载体再生峰值温度、载体再生径向和轴向温度梯度、再生时机均有影响;再生温度越高及海拔越低,DPF再生压降越高;再生温度及海拔越高,再生时载体的峰值温度越高且载体径向和轴向温度梯度越大。     

Characterization of particulate matter deposited in diesel particulate filters: Visual and analytical approach in macro-, micro- and nano-scales

Multi-scale analytical investigations of particulate matter (soot and ash) of two loaded diesel particulate filters (DPF) from (a) a truck (DPF1) and (b) a passenger car (DPF2) reveal the following: in DPF1 (without fuel-borne additives), soot aggregates form an approximately 130-270 μm thick, homogeneous porous cake with pronounced orientation. Soot aggregates consist of 15-30 nm large individual particles exhibiting relatively mature internal nanostructures, however, far from being graphite. Ash aggregates largely accumulate at the outlet part of DPF1, while minor amounts are deposited directly on the channel walls all along the filter length. They consist of crystalline phases with individual particles of sizes down to the nanoscale range. Chemically, the ash consists mainly of Mg, S, Ca, Zn and P, elements encountered in lubricating oil additives. In the passenger car DPF2 (with fuel-borne additives), soot aggregates form an approximately 200-500 μm thick, inhomogeneous porous cake consisting of several superposed layers corresponding to different soot generations. The largest part of the soot cake is composed of unburned, oriented soot aggregates left behind despite repeated regenerations, while a small part constitutes a loose layer with randomly oriented aggregates, which was deposited last and has not seen any regeneration. Fe-oxide particles of micro- to nano-scale sizes, originating from the fuel-borne additive, are often dispersed within the part of the soot cake composed of the unburned soot leftovers. The individual soot nanoparticles in DPF2 are approximately 15-40 nm large and generally less mature than in the truck DPF1. The presence of soot leftovers in DPF2 indicates that the addition of fuel-borne material does not fully compensate for the temperatures needed for complete soot removal. Ash in DPF2 is filling up more than half of the filter volume (at the downstream part) and is dominated by Fe-oxide aggregates, due to the Fe-based fuel-borne additive, but otherwise its chemical composition reflects compounds of lubricating oil additives.     

Effect of fuel on the soot nanostructure and consequences on loading and regeneration of diesel particulate filters

An automotive diesel engine was tested in three representative modes of soot accumulation, active regeneration and spontaneous regeneration of its catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF), among the typical driving operation modes. During the engine tests, pressure and temperature along the DPF were measured, and soot samples were taken from the exhaust manifold upstream of the DPF for their thermal, structural and morphological characterization. The collected soot samples were subjected to: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for morphological analysis, thermal heating under oxidant atmosphere for studying the oxidation kinetics, Raman spectroscopy for describing their nanostructure and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) for studying their internal lattice parameters. When the engine was operated in a typical accumulation mode, the pressure drop across the DPF increased up to 80 hPa with diesel fuel, while pressure drop stopped increasing after 4000 s of engine testing with biodiesel. In the regeneration mode, the DPF regenerated more slowly in the biodiesel case as a consequence of lower post-injected fuel energy and thus lower exhaust temperature. In the self-regenerating mode, the DPF was charged more slowly with biodiesel than with diesel fuel and its break even temperature was 40 °C lower with biodiesel fuel. These results provide further evidence that biodiesel soot is more reactive to oxidation. Although thermogravimetric results confirmed this tendency based on the differences on the pre-exponential factor, Raman spectra showed that biodiesel soot reached more ordered graphite-like structures and lower amorphous carbon concentration and XRD analysis showed that biodiesel soot displayed a higher degree of graphitization. The TEM analysis of the agglomerates showed that soot primary particles obtained with biodiesel fuel were significantly smaller and had higher specific active surface than those of diesel soot. From these results, an interpretation of the differences in soot oxidation between both soot samples was made based on the different length scales, from the carbon fringes to the particulate filter.