防爆门质量对瓦斯爆燃泄爆特性影响实验研究

对透明玻璃空腔中的甲烷-空气预混气体爆燃的泄爆过程进行了实验研究。通过在腔体顶部安装不同质量的防爆门,对预混可燃气体的爆燃压力、火焰速度等参数进行了测量,分析了防爆门在开启过程中火焰结构、爆燃压力和火焰传播速度随时间的变化规律。结果表明:防爆门质量越大,腔体内部的爆燃超压越高,开启防爆门所需时间越长,火焰锋面传播速度的峰值也越大。此外,与质量对称防爆门相比,质量不对称防爆门在泄爆过程中的开启时刻和火焰速度达到最大值时刻均更为提前。     

障碍物结构对管道中预混火焰加速的影响

在一端封闭、一端开口的火焰传播管中均匀布置障碍物，研究了障碍物结构对管道中预混火焰传播的影响。结果表明，由于障碍物的扰动，火焰不断加速，在阻塞比相同的条件下，最终的火焰稳态速度与障碍物的形状和间距基本无关，其中障碍物间距仅仅影响火焰的加速速率，在障碍物间距约等于火焰传播管内径（W/D≈1.0）时，平均火焰速度达到最大值，火焰到达稳态传播的距离最短。同时，本文用一维简化模型模拟了火焰在障碍物管道中的加速过程，计算结果与实验测试结果在定性上比较吻合，说明在管内火焰速度较低的情况下，用一维可压缩流动近似处理能初步揭示管内火焰的加速机制。     

氢/空气火焰在半开口有障碍管道中的传播特性

针对氢／空气混合物，通过实验研究了其预混火焰在半开口管道中的火焰传播加速现象。结果表明，火焰传播状态随着氢气当量比的变化而发生改变。当氢／空气混合物被点燃后，由于障碍物的扰动，火焰在管道中不断加速传播，并最终到达一准稳态传播。在氢气当量比0．34附近时，火焰速度发生跃变。当氢气当量比足够大时，火焰传播由爆燃态转变为爆轰态。在本实验条件下，爆燃转准爆轰的临界条件是d/λ=2.6(d是圆环形障碍物内径，λ是爆轰格胞尺度）。障碍物阻塞比的变化对最大火焰速度和压力提升的影响不明显。     

喷雾爆震起爆过程实验观察

实验测量了爆震室内不同轴向位置的压力和离子信号的演变过程,并利用高速阴影系统直接观察了透明方形管道内汽油/空气两相混合物动态填充过程中,弱火花点火后火焰加速传播、火焰与障碍物的相互作用、激波的出现、热点形成、爆燃向爆震转变、爆震波在障碍物管道中和光滑管道中的传播过程,分析影响爆震波传播速度的关键因素,用烟膜板记录了起爆区的胞格结构.     

不同初始压力下氢气燃烧的胞状不稳定性及自加速性

采用高速纹影摄像系统和定容燃烧弹对不同初始压力下(0.1~0.5,MPa)氢气燃烧的不稳定性和自加速性进行了实验研究,分析了火焰胞状不稳定性的发展过程和变化规律,分别对比了火焰轮廓及火焰传播速度的自加速表现.研究结果表明,在火焰没有达到一开始就完全胞状化之前,随初始压力的增大,氢气燃烧的不稳定性增强;胞状不稳定的火焰会出现自加速,而稳定火焰不会出现自加速;火焰的加速特性在均布的胞状结构形成后便会出现,其始点与胞状不稳定的火焰临界半径一致,始点过后,火焰的传播速度(或燃烧速度)随着燃烧半径的增加(或燃烧时间的增加)而不断地自加速.     

氮气稀释气对天然气燃烧特性的影响

为获得氮气稀释气对天然气燃烧特性的影响规律,在定容燃烧反应器中对不同当量比与初始压力下天然气的火焰传播特性、燃烧稳定性及燃烧特性进行了试验测试,并分析了氮气稀释度对天然气火焰传播特性、燃烧稳定性及燃烧特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着初始压力与氮气稀释度的升高,火焰前锋面将出现细小裂纹,火核逐渐向定容燃烧反应器上部漂移,火焰稳定性变差;随着初始压力的提高,马克斯坦长度明显变短,火焰稳定性变差,无拉伸火焰传播速度与层流燃烧速度明显降低,但最大燃烧压力显著升高。随着当量比的提高,层流燃烧速度与最大燃烧压力出现先增加后降低的趋势,两者的最大值出现在当量比为1.0时。马克斯坦长度随氮气稀释度的增加逐渐变短,表明火焰逐渐趋于不稳定;同时,无拉伸火焰传播速度、层流燃烧速度与最大燃烧压力随氮气稀释度的增加显著降低。     

含水乙醇-空气预混层流燃烧特性的试验

在383,K、0.1,MPa的初始条件下,利用定容燃烧弹装置和高速纹影摄像系统开展了含水乙醇在不同的体积分数(水的体积分数为0～30%)和当量比(0.8～1.6)下与空气预混的层流燃烧特性试验.结果表明:混合气的无拉伸层流火焰传播速率和燃烧速率随含水量的增加而降低;当水的体积分数小于30%,火焰速率的最大值出现在当量比为1.2附近,而在水的体积分数达到30%时,其最大值开始向1.0的方向移动;含水乙醇-空气火焰的马克斯坦长度和前锋面的稳定性都随当量比增加而下降,随含水量的增加而增加,并在当量比为1.6时,马克斯坦长度由正值变为负值;无量纲的层流燃烧速率随水的稀释率呈线性下降,随当量比的影响不大.     

复合稀释燃烧汽油机分层火焰特征

SI-CAI复合燃烧是一种双阶段放热的稀释燃烧方式,可以提升点燃式发动机的热效率.但是其前期的稀释火焰易产生明显的放热量波动,进而导致后期自燃过程失稳.分层火焰引燃策略(stratifiedflame ignition,SFI)尝试利用浓混合气火焰传播速度快的特点,抑制复合燃烧前期火焰传播的不稳定性.但是,复合燃烧通常会采用高压缩比提高温度并同时采用高稀释策略控制放热速度,其前期火焰特征与传统稀释火焰存在区别,为此,本研究通过光学实验分析复合燃烧高温和高稀释背景条件下的火焰特征.结果显示:在废气稀释条件下,浓混合气相对于稀混合气,火焰传播速度下降较少,分层火焰引燃策略具有可实现性,但废气分布的不均匀会导致火焰传播速度的各向异性.缸内温度的升高有助于加速稀释火焰,在高温、高稀释和浓混合气综合作用下,稀释火焰锋面前会出现少量自燃点,并逐渐与主火焰融合,从而提升火焰在局部方向上的传播速度,改善放热稳定性.     

气道和燃烧室形状对汽油机缸内流场影响的计算研究

为探究气道及燃烧室形状对汽油机缸内流场的影响,以某1.4L多点进气道喷射(MPI)汽油机为研究对象,利用AVL-FIRE软件对原机进气道形状进行稳态数值模拟计算,并对原汽油机在2 800r/min最低比油耗工况点进气及燃烧过程进行瞬态数值模拟计算。基于计算结果对进气道及燃烧室形状进行优化设计,提出4种计算方案,对优化前后各计算方案的缸内速度场、湍动能场、火焰前锋面密度和瞬时放热率进行对比分析。结果显示:改进气道的滚流比明显高于原机气道;结合改进气道,进气侧凸起活塞能够更好地维持滚流;在点火时刻,改进气道结合进气侧凸起活塞这一计算方案的缸内湍流分布及湍动能优于改进气道结合大曲率凹坑活塞、原机气道结合原机活塞(压缩比12)与原机计算方案,点火后火焰传播速度最大,燃烧速度最快。优化进气道及燃烧室形状能够加强缸内气流运动,提高点火时刻缸内湍流强度,加速火焰传播,改善燃烧过程。     

基于火焰OH自发光技术的贫燃旋流预混燃烧吹熄机理

利用火焰OH自发光技术研究了湍流状态下贫燃旋流预混燃烧的吹熄过程,获取了不同当量比下的平均火焰图像、瞬时火焰图像、二维火焰表面密度和OH平均强度.将当量比从0.90降低至0.46,即由火焰的稳定燃烧状态转变至临界吹熄状态,火焰由中间凹陷的紧缩形变为柱状.当量比位于0.90～0.55时,火焰表面密度下降约10%,可以认为此时火焰处于稳定燃烧状态.当量比位于0.55～0.50时,进度变量最大值从1.0变为0.5,说明火焰锋面处于强烈脉动中,且OH强度骤降约为67%.通过观察OH强度突变区域内的瞬时火焰图像,发现火焰锋面经历了脱离钝体、向燃烧室下游移动,再燃的往复过程.最后比较了不同旋流数(0.45、0.61和0.90)对于OH强度突变区间的影响,结果表明旋流数对于该区间的影响并不明显.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.