N2和CO2稀释对氢气-空气湍流扩散燃烧及NO生成特性的影响

采用18组分47步H2-N2-CO2反应机理模型、可实现k-ε模型及涡流耗散概念(EDC)模型研究了N2和CO2稀释作用对氢气-空气同轴射流湍流扩散燃烧过程的影响.结果 表明:2种稀释剂均能有效降低氢气燃烧温度,降低NO质量分数,且NO峰值质量分数随着火焰峰值温度的升高而上升;与稀释剂N2相比,CO2对降低氢气燃烧温度和NO质量分数的效果较好;2种稀释剂对火焰峰值温度及NO峰值质量分数的影响是非线性的,随着稀释率的增大,稀释剂降低火焰峰值温度的效果明显增强,而抑制NO生成的效果逐渐减弱;当稀释剂为N2、稀释率为0.5或稀释剂为CO2、稀释率为0.3时,能使火焰峰值温度处于中等水平情况下NO峰值质量分数依然较低,有利于实现氢气的高效低污染燃烧.     

氧质量分数对高温空气下火焰氮氧化物生成影响

揭示高温空气燃烧过程中的火焰结构和氮氧化物生成机理.以对向流扩散火焰为对象,利用基于详细基元反应动力学模型的燃烧数值解析方法研究了氧质量分数对高温空气(温度为1 300 K)/甲烷扩散火焰火焰结构和氮氧化物生成的影响.结果表明,随着氧质量分数的逐渐减小,火焰结构和NO的生成机理发生显著变化,扩散火焰的NO生成主要由热力...     

预热温度对高温空气/甲烷扩散火焰中NO生成的影响

NO生成机理的基础研究对利用高温空气燃烧技术非常重要.本文以对向流扩散火焰为对象,利用基于详细基元反应动力学模型的燃烧数值解析方法研究了预热温度对高温空气(630～1 800 K)/甲烷扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成的影响.结果表明,随着预热温度的逐渐升高,NO的生成机理发生显著变化,扩散火焰中的NO生成主要由快速型机理控制变...     

CO_2稀释对不同燃料无焰燃烧及NO生成特性的影响

为探讨CO_2稀释对不同燃料无焰燃烧机理的影响,通过实验和数值模拟研究了CO_2稀释率对CH_4、C_3H_8和H_2扩散燃烧的火焰温度、NO排放摩尔分数及无焰燃烧的影响.结果表明:随着CO_2稀释率的增大,峰值温度和NO排放摩尔分数逐渐下降,峰值温度距燃烧器喷嘴的距离逐渐增大,炉内温度分布更加均匀,更有利于达到无焰燃烧状态;相同稀释率下,CO_2稀释对降低炉内峰值温度及出口NO排放摩尔分数的效果由好到坏依次为:H_2燃烧、CH_4燃烧、C_3H_8燃烧;当CO_2稀释率足够大时,炉内燃烧处于无焰燃烧状态.     

富氧空气/甲烷扩散燃烧的NO抑制机理的数值研究

为了开发适用于富氧燃烧的NO抑制技术,以对向流扩散火焰这一扩散燃烧的典型形态为对象,利用所建立的基元反应动力学模型研究了燃料稀释（CO2为稀释剂）以及速度梯度的改变对富氧空气/甲烷扩散火焰中NO生成的影响.用CO2稀释燃料甲烷得到的计算结果表明,随着燃料中CO2浓度的增大,火焰结构和NO生成的机理发生了显著变化,NO排放指数EINO（Emission index of NO）单调减少.改变速度梯度发现,随着速度梯度的增加,热力型NO质量生成速率以及EINO快速下降.这些研究表明,用CO2稀释燃料以及增加速度梯度可以减少富氧火焰中NO的生成.     

掺混H_(2)对CH_(4)-空气对冲扩散火焰温度和NO_(x)生成影响的数值研究北大核心CSCD

文章基于CHEMKIN软件对CH_(4)-空气对冲扩散火焰燃烧过程中掺混H_(2)对火焰温度以及NO_(x)生产量的影响进行了数值研究,分析了不同H_(2)摩尔分数和火焰拉伸率下火焰温度的变化特性以及NO_(x)的生成特性。研究结果表明:受到燃料气体传质能力和燃烧产热能力的综合影响,随着H_(2)摩尔分数的增加,混合燃料主燃烧区的峰值火焰温度点更靠近空气区;随着火焰拉伸率的增大,主燃烧区的范围变窄,反应物在燃烧区的滞留时间缩短,NO的生成受到抑制;NO_(2)和NO的摩尔分数表现出正相关的关系;随着混合燃料中H_(2)摩尔分数的增大,NO和NO_(2)的峰值摩尔分数显著增大。     

CO2和N2稀释对CO混合燃料扩散火焰NO生成排放特性的影响

以CO为主燃料的混合燃料为研究对象,以层流对冲扩散火焰为基础,应用CHENKlN软件的OPPDIF模型,采用包含53种组分、325个基元反应的甲烷燃烧详细反应机理(GRI-Mech 3.0),研究以CO为主燃料混合燃料燃烧特性和NO抑制措施.结果表明:CO2和N2无论是稀释空气侧还是燃料侧都可以显著降低NO的生成,稀释...     

稀释燃烧的火焰稳定性

采用实验研究的方法探讨了反应物预热温度与稀释率两个因素对稀释燃烧火焰稳定性的影响.实验以氮气稀释的甲烷-空气对冲扩散火焰为研究对象,确定了不同反应物预热温度与氧化剂稀释率(氧气体积分数)时火焰的熄火极限,结果表明,增大反应物预热温度拓宽了火焰稳定燃烧区域,而增加氧化剂稀释率(降低氧气体积分数)会降低稀释火焰的稳定性,二者对火焰稳定性的影响作用相反.为了进一步分析反应物预热温度与稀释率对火焰稳定性的影响程度,引入了估算的Damkohler数,分析表明,在实验研究范围内,反应物预热温度对火焰稳定性的影响比稀释率的影响显著,是火焰稳定性的主要影响因素.     

不同空气稀释剂对合成气扩散火焰NO_x生成特性的影响

针对合成气燃烧中NOx的生成机理,以结构简单的对冲火焰作为研究对象,利用化学反应动力学模型研究了不同稀释剂对火焰特性、自由基浓度及NOx生成的影响.结果表明:3种稀释剂降低NO排放效果的顺序为:CO2＞H2O＞N2,少量的CO2或H2O稀释空气时能有效地降低NOx排放;稀释剂量的增加对合成气中是否存在CH4时的影响趋势基本一致;合成气中CH4的存在降低了火焰温度和热力型NO生成,促进了快速型NO的生成;火焰拉伸率的提高使火焰温度和NO的生成降低.说明采用CO2和H2O稀释空气能有效抑制NOx的生成.     

一种新型平焰烧嘴在空气和氧气助燃条件下燃烧特性对比研究

为了研究新型平焰烧嘴的纯氧燃烧特性,通过空气与纯氧助燃对比实验,对新型平焰烧嘴在不同工况下的火焰分布、火焰面上方50 mm处温度分布及CO体积分数分布进行分析。助燃管至烧嘴中心轴线距离变化范围为0～60 mm,燃气流量为0.5 m~3/h,空气(氧气)过量系数为1.06。研究表明:空气(氧气)旋流造成的负压区使回流的阻力减小,高温炉气回流到焰心挤压在旋流的中心,促进气流附壁,使燃烧稳定;在相同的助燃管距离下,纯氧助燃旋流强度总低于空气助燃,燃烧区域较小,燃烧温度提高,CO排放量低于空气助燃;燃气和助燃气混合流股的旋流强度与CO峰值体积分数成反比,随着助燃管至烧嘴中心轴线距离增大,两种助燃条件的旋流强度随之增加,燃烧范围扩大,火焰峰值温度和CO体积分数总体降低;当助燃管距离为60 mm时,纯氧助燃旋流强度和燃烧面积达到最大,火焰峰值温度和CO体积分数降至最低,混合程度最好,燃烧效果最佳。     

Development of high intensity CDC combustor for gas turbine engines

Colorless distributed combustion (CDC) has been demonstrated to provide ultra-low emission of NOx and CO, improved pattern factor and reduced combustion noise in high intensity gas turbine combustors. The key feature to achieve CDC is the controlled flow distribution, reduce ignition delay, and high speed injection of air and fuel jets and their controlled mixing to promote distributed reaction zone in the entire combustion volume without any flame stabilizer. Large gas recirculation and high turbulent mixing rates are desirable to achieve distributed reactions thus avoiding hot spot zones in the flame. The high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) technology has been successfully demonstrated in industrial furnaces which inherently possess low heat release intensity. However, gas turbine combustors operate at high heat release intensity and this result in many challenges for combustor design, which include lower residence time, high flow velocity and difficulty to contain the flame within a given volume. The focus here is on colorless distributed combustion for stationary gas turbine applications. In the first part of investigation effect of fuel injection diameter and air injection diameter is investigated in detail to elucidate the effect fuel/air mixing and gas recirculation on characteristics of CDC at relatively lower heat release intensity of 5 MW/m³ atm. Based on favorable conditions at lower heat release intensity the effect of confinement size (reduction in combustor volume at same heat load) is investigated to examine heat release intensity up to 40 MW/m³ atm. Three confinement sizes with same length and different diameters resulting in heat release intensity of 20 MW/m³ atm, 30 MW/m³ atm and 40 MW/m³ atm have been investigated. Both non-premixed and premixed modes were examined for the range of heat release intensities. The heat load for the combustor was 25 kW with methane fuel. The air and fuel injection temperature was at normal 300 K. The combustor was operated at 1 atm pressure. The results were evaluated for flow field, fuel/air mixing and gas recirculation from numerical simulations and global flame images, and emissions of NO, CO from experiments. It was observed that the larger air injection diameter resulted in significantly higher levels of NO and CO whereas increase in fuel injection diameter had minimal effect on the NO and resulted in small increase of CO emissions. Increase in heat release intensity had minimal effect on NO emissions, however it resulted in significantly higher CO emissions. The premixed combustion mode resulted in ultra-low NO levels (<1 ppm) and NO emission as low as 5 ppm was obtained with the non-premixed flame mode.     

聚甲氧基二甲醚-甲醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性研究

将甲醇按体积比0、10%、20%、30%分别掺混到聚甲氧基二甲醚(polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers,PODE)中制备出PODE-甲醇混合燃料,并依次标记为M0、M10、M20和M30,在一台高压共轨发动机上研究了最大转矩转速不同负荷下混合燃料的缸内燃烧过程和排放性能。结果表明:在PODE中添加甲醇后,各负荷下缸内压力降低,滞燃期逐渐延长,放热始点推迟。低负荷和中负荷时甲醇体积比的增加会使放热率峰值先增加后减小,而高负荷下放热率峰值却逐渐升高。甲醇体积比较低时,各负荷下燃烧持续期缩短;当甲醇体积比为30%时,中低负荷下燃烧持续期延长,各负荷下燃烧重心(CA50)推迟。掺烧甲醇可以降低NO_x浓度,M30较M0降低幅度为28.1%;而随甲醇体积比的增加,各负荷下HC和CO排放量均呈上升趋势,烟度则先减小后增大。甲醇的低温氧化使混合燃料的甲醛排放量上升,同时NO_2排放量及NO_2占NO_x比例随甲醇体积比的升高而增加,与纯PODE相比,低负荷下M30的NO_2排放量和NO_2占NO_x比例增幅分别为65%和107%。     

Distributed swirl combustion for gas turbine application

Colorless distributed combustion (CDC) has been shown to provide significant improvement in gas turbine combustor performance. Colorless distributed combustion with swirl is investigated here to develop ultra-low emissions of NO and CO, and significantly improved pattern factor. Experimental investigations have been performed using a cylindrical geometry combustor with swirling air injection and axial hot gas exit stream from the combustor. Air was injected tangentially to impart swirl to the flow inside the combustor. The results obtained from the combustor have demonstrated very low levels of NO (∼3 PPM) and CO (∼70 PPM) emissions at an equivalence ratio of 0.7 and a high heat release intensity of 36 MW/m³-atm under non-premixed combustion. To further simulate gas turbine operating conditions, inlet air to the combustor was preheated to 600 K temperature and the combustor operated at 2 atm pressure. Results showed very low levels of CO (∼10 PPM) but the NO increased somewhat to ∼10 PPM at an equivalence ratio of 0.5 and heat release intensity of 22.5 MW/m³-atm under non-premixed combustion conditions. For premixed combustion, the combustor demonstrated low levels of both NO (5 PPM) and CO (8 PPM) at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 and a heat release intensity of 27 MW/m³-atm. Results are reported at different equivalence ratios on the emission of NO and CO, lean stability limit and OH^* chemiluminescence. These results suggest that further performance improvement can be achieved with improved fuel mixture preparation prior to the ignition of fuel at higher operational pressures using swirling combustor design for our quest to develop ultra low emission high intensity combustor for gas turbine application.     

NOx formation in post-flame gases from syngas/air combustion at atmospheric pressure

Species concentration measurements specifically those associated with nitrogen oxides (NO_x) can act as important validation targets for developing kinetic models to predict NO_x emissions under syngas combustion accurately. In the present study, premixed combustion of syngas/air mixtures, with equivalence ratio (Φ) from 0.5 to 1.0 and H₂/CO ratio from 0.25 to 1.0 was conducted in a McKenna burner operating at atmospheric pressure. Temperature and NO_x concentrations were measured in the post-combustion zone. For a given H₂/CO ratio, increasing the equivalence ratio from lean to stoichiometric resulted in an increase in NO and decrease in NO₂ concentration near the flame. Increasing the H₂/CO ratio led to a decrease in the temperature as well as the NO concentration near the flame. Based on the axial profiles above the burner, NO concentration increases right above the flame while NO₂ concentration decreases through NO₂-NO conversion reactions according to the path flux analysis. In addition, the present experiments were operated in the laminar region where multidimensional transport effects play significant roles. In order to account for the radial and axial diffusive and convective coupling to chemical kinetics in laminar flow, a multidimensional model was developed to simulate the post-combustion species and temperature distribution. The measurements were compared against both multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and one-dimensional burner-stabilized flame simulations. The multidimensional model predictions resulted in a better agreement with the measurements, clearly highlighting the effect of multidimensional transport.     

外二次风旋流数对燃烧室内湍流燃烧与NOx生成的影响

建立了采用分级进风方式的旋流燃烧室实验装置。在此实验装置上分别对天然气进行了湍流旋流燃烧的实验研究。在保持过量空气系数不变的条件下,测量了在不同外二次风旋流数下,燃烧室内烟气的时均温度场,O2,CO2,CO和NO浓度场的分布。由实验结果分析讨论了二次风旋流数对旋流燃烧室内湍流燃烧及NOx生成的影响。     

An experimental study of mild flameless combustion of methane/hydrogen mixtures

This paper presents an experimental study of mild flameless combustion regime applied to methane/hydrogen mixtures in a laboratory-scale pilot furnace with or without air preheating. Results show that mild flameless combustion regime is achieved from pure methane to pure hydrogen whatever the CH₄/H₂ proportion. The main reaction zone remains lifted from the burner exit, in the mixing layer of fuel and air jets ensuring a large dilution correlated to low NOx emissions whereas CO₂ concentrations obviously decrease with hydrogen proportion. A decrease of NOx emissions is measured for larger quantity of hydrogen due mainly to the decrease of prompt NO formation. Without air preheating, a slight increase of the excess air ratio is required to control CO emissions. For pure hydrogen fuel without air preheating, mild flameless combustion regime leads to operating conditions close to a "zero emission furnace", with ultra-low NOx emissions and without any carbonated species emissions.