机车柴油机喷油凸轮副有限元分析与滚轮母线修形

根据接触力学理论合理建模,用有限元法对机车柴油机供油凸轮副进行了三维模拟计算,分析了凸轮副的接触应力和等效(Von Mises)应力的分布规律;针对凸轮副的边界应力集中问题,对滚轮进行母线修形,用有限元法对修形方案进行了初步的优化,并对修形效果进行了模拟。有限元分析结果表明,通过母线修形可以避免机车柴油机供油凸轮副的边界应力集中,大大降低最大应力,从而能够极大地提高凸轮副的疲劳寿命。     

凸轮表面损伤分析及改进

为解决某船用发动机耐久试验中凸轮表面出现裂纹和材料剥落的问题,通过宏观形貌观察、金相分析及硬度检测等对凸轮进行失效分析,确认凸轮表面失效模式为接触疲劳失效,主要原因为凸轮在加工过程中磨削量太大,经磨削液冷却造成表面二次淬火,在长期较高的接触应力作用下,引起凸轮表面压碎,表层金属材料剥落。优化凸轮精磨过程中的磨削参数,降低磨削速度和径向进给量,再次进行耐久试验,凸轮表面完好。     

燃油系统凸轮机构接触应力分析

利用动力学分析软件ADAMS对喷油泵凸轮机构的运动规律进行分析,通过有限元分析软件对不同种凸轮-滚轮进行接触应力有限元计算,从而得出凸轮-滚轮接触应力的分布规律,以及凸轮型线和滚轮外形对接触应力分布情况的影响,并对柱塞腔内燃油压力进行了测量,验证了边界条件的正确性。结果表明,在柱塞腔油压一定的情况下。适宜采用推程启始角较小、推程运动角较大的凸轮和大弧度的鼓底滚轮．由此可以减小凸轮-滚轮的接触应力,提高滚轮与凸轮的使用寿命。     

关于高压喷油泵滚轮与凸轮间润滑的探讨

对喷油泵中的凸轮与滚轮这对摩擦副的润滑情况进行了计算分析,发现喷油泵转速、凸轮以及滚轮表面加工质量、最小曲率半径等参数对润滑情况的影响比较大,而喷油泵的泵端压力、凸轮与滚轮的接触宽度、及材料对润滑情况的影响则相对较小。     

基于Hysim的凸轮滚轮多学科联合仿真分析

在柴油机高压油泵的设计过程中,针对凸轮滚轮设计所需仿真计算学科多、学科间继承性差等问题,开发了多学科联合仿真平台(Hysim).基于该平台,依次完成了凸轮滚轮结构的参数化建模、动力学分析、强度分析、疲劳分析与型线优化.以凸轮滚轮接触应力为评价参数,通过将仿真结果与理论公式计算结果对比,验证了该平台的有效性,表明该平台能...     

柴油机喷油泵凸轮承载能力和加速度的关系

凸轮和滚轮接触表面常见的损伤是: (a) 赫兹损伤 (b) 表面疲劳高载荷下凸轮工作表面的疲劳可用工艺和润滑措施来避免。赫兹损伤与赫兹压力——即和接触应力有关。常规方法设计的凸轮只在凸轮工作面的1～2点上赫兹压力接近许用值,而在其它点则低于或大大低于许用值。为了利用这种潜力,人们力图设计一种在供油阶段为等赫兹压力的凸轮,为此必须首先导出凸轮承载能力与加速     

柴油机喷油泵滚轮外形优化研究

选择合适的柴油机喷油泵滚轮外形结构,可以解决滚轮与凸轮接触应力不均匀的问题,从而可提高滚轮与凸轮的使用寿命.本研究首先借助动力学分析软件ADAMS对喷油泵的凸轮挺柱的运动规律进行分析,而后通过有限元分析软件ANSYS对目前流行的几种滚轮外形进行优化研究,从而得出滚轮外形改变对接触应力分布的影响规律,并通过Herz理论计算,验证了仿真结果的精确度并满足要求.     

内燃机凸轮滚轮转速测量系统及滑差特性研究北大核心CSCD

搭建了基于某型号内燃机凸轮–滚轮机构的滚轮转速测量系统,初步研究了滚轮打滑特性。该系统采用巨磁阻(giant magneto resistance,GMR)传感器测量滚轮转速,得到实际运动下凸轮与滚轮间的平均滑差值。试验结果表明:真实工况下凸轮与滚轮间确实存在打滑,而且打滑受到工况条件的影响。试验发现,随凸轮转速增大,滚轮打滑总体增加,增大凸轮-滚轮接触副压力可以抑制凸轮与滚轮间打滑,低黏度润滑油也能够削弱打滑。     

6200Z型柴油机射油凸轮表面剥落原因及解决措施

由于凸轮和滚轮间接触应力大,凸轮表面硬度低且发生龟裂,滚轮与滚轮轴间润滑不良,造成柴油机射油凸轮表面脱落.针对具体原因采取措施,解决了凸轮表面脱落问题,使6200Z型柴油机使用寿命得到提高.     

挺柱/凸轮材料配对试验研究

通过试验研究凸轮/挺柱在700 MPa和800 MPa接触应力下,材料配对、材料工艺处理方法及挺柱底面形状等对凸轮/挺柱这对摩擦副磨损的影响.结果表明:钢凸轮/钢挺柱磨损性能最差；球面挺柱与平面凸轮配对不能获得良好的耐磨性能；淬火回火、离子氮化、调质氮化等工艺处理方法对配对摩擦副耐磨性有很大的影响.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.