考虑负荷动态特性的多阶段光储协调规划研究

高渗透分布式光伏（DPV）配电网中,对电池储能系统（BESS）规划研究主要基于给定的负荷和DPV,以BESS降低DPV波动对电网造成的负面影响,较少考虑负荷增长和分布（LID）。针对该问题,提出以短期规划经济目标为基础,结合负荷动态增长和随机分布特性,储能和光伏的时序互补性,构建多阶段规划指标体系,并提出不同阶段的规划策略,从而实现BESS和DPV的多阶段协调规划。最后对10 kV 36节点配电网进行仿真,其结果表明,DPV和BESS协调规划能有效降低两者配置容量;且LID在DPV和BESS协调规划中起关键作用。     

Economic evaluation of fast charging electric vehicle station with second-use batteries energy storage system

由于电动汽车快速充电站大功率快速充电的特性会对电网的稳定造成冲击,因此考虑在电动车快速充电站中配置电池储能系统（BESS）,对充电站负荷进行削峰填谷,从而减少充电站变压器配置容量、缓解大功率快速充电对电网的不利影响。考虑到目前我国大量退役动力电池亟待回收利用的现状,结合梯次利用电池储能系统,建立了基于电动汽车快速充电站整体成本与收益的经济性评估模型,以快速充电站年净收益最大为目标函数,采用改进的遗传算法对模型优化求解。结合算例对快速充电站不配置储能、配置常规电池储能和配置梯次电池储能等不同情况进行了经济性评估,并综合考虑经济性与储能削减负荷的效果,确定了梯次电池储能系统最优容量配置方案。     

Distributed generation integrated with thermal unit commitment considering demand response for energy storage optimization of smart grid

This paper deals with an optimal battery energy storage capacity for the smart grid operation. Distributed renewable generator and conventional thermal generator are considered as the power generation sources for the smart grid. Usually, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is used to satisfy the transmission constraints but installation cost of battery energy storage is very high. Sometimes, it is not possible to install a large capacity of the BESS. On the other hand, the competition of the electricity market has been increased due to the deregulation and liberalization of the power market. Therefore, the power companies are required to reduce the generation cost in order to maximize the profit. In this paper, a thermal units commitment program considers the demand response system to satisfy the transmission constraints. The BESS capacity can be reduced by the demand response system. The electric vehicle (EV) and heat pump (HP) in the smart house are considered as the controllable loads of the demand side. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by extensive simulation results which ensure the reduction of BESS capacity and power generation cost, and satisfy the transmission constraints.     

微网系统中电池储能系统应用技术研究

随着可再生能源发电技术的发展,能够整合分布式发电系统的微网成为满足日益增长的电力需求、节省投资和提高能源利用率的一种有效途径。储能系统作为微网必要的能量缓冲环节,其作用越来越重要。文章概述了电池储能系统的基本特性,分析了电池储能系统的运行及控制原理,并详细阐述了其在微网中的作用。基于蓄电池的储能系统,不仅能起到能量缓冲的作用,还能提供短时供电、缓冲微网中负荷波动、改善微网电能质量,对提高微网的经济效益具有重要作用。     

Minimization and control of battery energy storage for wind power smoothing: Aggregated,distributed and semi-distributed storage

A battery energy storage system (BESS) is usually integrated with a wind farm to smooth out its intermittent power in order to make it more dispatchable. This paper focuses on the development of a scheme to minimize the capacity of BESS in a distributed configuration using model predictive control theory and wind power prediction. The purpose to minimize the BESS capacity is to reduce the overall cost of the system as the capacity of BESS is the main cost driver. A new semi-distributed BESS scheme is proposed and the strategy is analyzed as a way of improving the suppression of the fluctuations in the wind farm power output. The scheme is tested for similar and dissimilar wind power profiles, where the turbines are geographically located closer and further from each other, respectively. These two power profiles are assessed under a variety of hard system constraints for both the proposed and conventional BESS configurations. Based on the simulation results validated with real-world wind farm data, it has been observed that the proposed semi-distributed BESS scheme results in the improved performance as compared with conventional configurations such as aggregated and distributed storage.     

应用于分布式能源系统的设备选择和容量配置模型

提出了一种通用的分布式能源系统设备选择方法,建立了分布式能源系统中常用设备的数学模型,以年总费用最优为目标,利用GAMS软件对模型中的设备容量进行求解,对有无蓄能设备的分布式能源系统进行经济性分析。以天津市某办公楼为实例验证了模型及求解方法的有效性,结果表明:系统规划时考虑蓄能设备可以优化供能设备的容量配置,使系统的初投资降低9. 13%;在分时电价体系下,增加蓄能设备的系统可使年总运行费用降低4%。     

Minimizing the energy cost for microgrids integrated with renewable energy resources and conventional generation using controlled battery energy storage

This paper presents a methodology to minimize the total cost of buying power from different energy producers including renewable energy generations particularly within the context of a microgrid. The proposed idea is primarily based on the controlled operation of a battery energy storage system (BESS) in the presence of practical system constraints coupled with our proposed cost optimization algorithm. The complex optimization problem with constraints has been solved using the well-known concept of dynamic programming. The methodology has been assessed using actual power and price data from six different power generation sites and cost reduction has been calculated for a number of BESSs by varying their energy and power capacities. Twofold benefits of the proposed methodology lie in minimizing the total cost along with the constraint-based efficient operation of the BESS. Simulation results depict that the given power demand at a particular region can be fulfilled properly at all times using a BESS and multiple power generation.     

Determination of Battery Storage Capacity in Energy Buffer for Wind Farm

Design of a battery energy storage system (BESS) in a buffer scheme is examined for the purpose of attenuating the effects of unsteady input power from wind farms. The design problem is formulated as maximization of an objective function that measures the economic benefit obtainable from the dispatched power from the wind farm against the cost of the BESS. Solution to the problem results in the determination of the capacity of the BESS to ensure constant dispatched power to the connected grid, while the voltage level across the dc-link of the buffer is kept within preset limits. A computational procedure to determine the BESS capacity and the evaluation of the dc voltage is shown. Illustrative examples using the proposed design method are included.      

A techno‐economic analysis on NaS battery energy storage system supporting peak shaving

The merits of electricity grid in Shanghai and sodium sulfur (NaS) storage techniques situation are introduced. High‐energy NaS battery energy storage system (BESS) is very suitable for peak shaving of electricity grid. A cost–benefit analysis model of NaS BESS is established to study the electricity price mechanism in load shift in the light of an example of NaS BESS in Meisei University. Capacity price, energy price and twofold electricity price mechanism are discussed under the fixed payback period. The results show that twofold electric power price mechanism is fitter for NaS BESS than onefold energy price mechanism while onefold capacity price mechanism is not suitable for NaS BESS. The discharge price of NaS BESS has an advantage over Shanghai's electricity price in industrial and commercial peak periods when its construction cost descends to 1000 yuan kWh^?1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on the operation strategy for integrated energy system with multiple complementary energy based on developed superstructure model

The energy flow in energy supply system has become further complicated due to the addition of multiple clean primary energy and the integration of energy storage technique, which gives rise to the main challenges for integrated energy system (IES) designing on how the IES coordinates the start and stop or varying load operation of multiple equipment so as to maximize the energy conservation and emission reduction and economic benefits. In this paper, with the integration of multiple primary energy utilization technologies and combination of various energy conversions and storage equipment, a superstructure model of IES with multiple complementary energy is established by the way of gradually decomposing and modeling, taking the optimal annual total cost (ATC), primary energy consumption (PEC), and CO₂ emission (CE) as the objective function, which can harmonize the energy supply and demand restrictions and the relations of energy flow in the subsystems of energy production system (EPS), energy conversion system (ECS), and energy storage system (ESS). The scientific installed capacity and optimum operation strategy can be solved by this model, which is applied for the designing of integrated energy supply scheme for one certain park. The result shows that the model is both suitable for the energy supply scheme research and the scientific and rational planning and designing for integrated energy of IES with multiple complementary energy.     

光储微网的储能优化配置与技术经济分析

在储能系统和光伏发电相结合的统筹规划中,电池储能投资成本、光伏装机容量、光伏并网价格以及热电联产(CHP)的采用对电池储能的容量配置和电池充放电策略具有显著影响。基于分时电价下的光伏储能系统,将电池储能的容量和功率的配置转化为根据电价时段划分的约束优化问题。以某工业园区为研究对象,建立光伏-储能系统功率流模型,优化计算得到经济效益最优化的电池容量和功率配置结果及电池充放电策略。基于内部收益率、光伏自我消纳率等指标,根据光伏上网价格和电网谷段电价的关系划分场景,通过光伏发电容量和电池价格的变化探究光伏-储能系统中电池储能的容量配置、经济效益的变化规律和热电联产对系统的影响。     

Integrated standalone hybrid solar PV,fuel cell and diesel generator power system for battery or supercapacitor storage systems in Khorfakkan,United Arab Emirates

Renewable energy resources play a very important rule these days to assist the conventional energy systems for doing its function in the UAE due to high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy demand. In this paper, the analysis and performance of integrated standalone hybrid solar PV, fuel cell and diesel generator power system with battery energy storage system (BESS) or supercapacitor energy storage system (SCESS) in Khorfakkan city, Sharjah were presented. HOMER Pro software was used to model and simulate the hybrid energy system (HES) based on the daily energy consumption for Khorfakkan city. The simulation results show that using SCESS as an energy storage system will help the performance of HES based on the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The HES with SCESS has renewable fraction (68.1%) and 0.346 $/kWh LCOE. The HES meets the annual AC primary load of the city (13.6 GWh) with negligible electricity excess and with an unmet electrical load of 1.38%. The reduction in GHG emissions for HES with SCESS was 83.2%, equivalent to saving 814,428 gallons of diesel.     

冰源热泵系统在设施水产养殖中的技术经济性研究

针对目前刺参养殖的水温调控系统能耗大及适用性差等问题,提出基于冰源热泵的高效清洁供热及结合跨季节蓄冷实现全年冷热管理的技术思路,采用冰源热泵系统和跨季节蓄冷型冰源热泵系统对养殖水体温度进行调控,建立模型定量对比分析系统的运行能效及技术经济性。结果表明:（1）冰源热泵系统供热和供冷时的性能系数分别为3.33和3.39,全年一次能源利用率为1.05,比燃煤锅炉+冷水机组系统高出34.6%;费用年值最低,投资回收期为3 ~ 5年,具有良好的经济效益和应用前景。（2）跨季节蓄冷型冰源热泵系统全年一次能源利用率为1.46,比冰源热泵系统高39.1%,全年运行费用最低;跨季节蓄冷技术的应用有效提升了系统能效,大幅减少供冷运行费用,具有较大发展潜力。     

工作温度对磷酸铁锂电池SOC影响及研究进展

储能电池在新能源并网、新能源汽车等产业领域发挥着重要作用,为了对电池进行有效地控制与管理,需要配备必要的电池管理系统,电池荷电状态（SOC）是其中最为重要的一环。磷酸铁锂（LiFePO4,LFP）电池SOC与多个影响因素密切相关,呈强非线性,本文重点归纳温度对磷酸铁锂电池SOC的影响。首先将工作温度对开路电压、实际容量、充放电效率、自放电率及电池老化等电池特性的影响进行归纳总结,随后通过对工作温度的影响规律进行分析、总结和归纳,基于经典“开路电压 + 安时积分”法将温度参数直接或间接引入到SOC的实时估算模型中,得到考虑温度参数的新模型,进而提高电池SOC的估算精度。     

An analysis for the need of a battery energy storage system in tracking wind power schedule output

电池储能系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)在风储联合应用中具有多种功能,利用电池储能系统提高风电并网调度运行能力是当前研究的热点之一.文章基于我国北方某风电场历史运行数据与预测数据,依据预测误差评价指标和风电场预报考核指标的综合评价方法对风电场预测数据进行分析研究,归纳了预测误差的概率分布特征;提出利用电池储能系统提高风电跟踪计划出力能力,统计并量化出电池储能系统用于跟踪计划出力场合的作用范围;通过仿真验证电池储能系统在风储联合系统中提高风电跟踪计划出力控制策略的有效性和可行性.     

基于风电消纳的多类型储能系统联合经济调度

为使电力系统尽可能提高风电接纳能力,建立了基于风电消纳的实时失调成本模型,考虑到安全性、环保性,分别构建了基于风电-火电调度总成本模型和基于风电-火电-联合储能系统调度总成本模型,并采用HS-PSO混合算法求解调度总成本模型。算例仿真结果表明,抽水蓄能电站、蓄电池和超级电容器混合储能系统在增加经济效益、提高风电接纳能力方面优势明显;同时验证了储能系统容量与弃风率的关系,为含风电并网运行的系统经济调度提供了依据。     

Optimization of operational cost for a grid-supporting PV system with battery storage

Coupling an energy storage to a photovoltaic (PV) system not only increases the self-consumption but also solves the over-voltage issues if the cycling of the storage is properly controlled. Whatever the application the storage is used for, the primary concern of the system owner is to maximize the profits. Therefore, this paper addresses an energy management system for a PV system coupled with battery energy storage, which maximizes the daily economic benefits while curtailing the power injection to the grid in such a way that helps to mitigate over-voltage problems caused by reverse power flow. A time dependent grid feed-in limit is proposed achieve this objective. The daily operational cost that includes the energy cost and the battery degradation cost is considered as the objective function. The non-linear constrained optimization problem is solved using dynamic programming. The analyses are made to investigate the economic benefits of charging the battery from the grid. It is found that there is a possibility for these systems for participating in load-levelling if batteries are charged from the PV system. In order for that to be feasible, the peak-hour sell-back price for the energy from storage should be higher than the off-peak utility electricity price.     

Allocation and sizing of battery energy storage system for primary frequency control based on bio-inspired methods: A case study

This paper presents a new procedure for optimal allocation and optimal sizing of a battery energy storage system (BESS) for primary frequency support in an isolated power system. For the BESS allocation, a transmission bus system with larger frequency decline is recognized and the BESS sizing is performed by a constrained optimization strategy based on a new modified metaheuristic, called Developed Harris Hawks Optimization (DHHO). The simulation results of the suggested DHHO are compared with Bat Optimization Algorithm (BOA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) from the literature to show the method efficiency. The final results showed higher precision with lower required iterations for the suggested DHHO method. Also, the proposed DHHO gives lower investment costs for BESS with lower power and energy requirement toward the other compared methods.     

Structure and properties of cathode materials for ion batteries

近年来,可充电电池以其成本低廉、操作简单、安全环保等优点引起了不少研究者的关注。与锂离子电池相比,钠、钾、镁、锌和铝等离子电池在成本和安全等方面表现出独特的优势,为电池型储能系统（BESS）和电动汽车（EVs）的发展提供了新的思路。正极材料作为离子电池的重要组成之一,其性能的优劣将直接影响整个电池系统的工作状况。本文将介绍离子电池正极材料在容量、循环寿命和能量密度方面的最新进展,以及离子的储存机制。此外,探讨了材料结构和性能间的关系,总结了各种改善离子储存性能的方法,从而使低成本的离子电池更接近可持续大规模储能系统的应用。     

BEBB based design for underground coal mine emergency power application

鉴于目前国内只有48 V锂离子电池组能够通过安全标准认证的现实情况,标准电池储能系统不能被直接用来为几百伏额定电压的电机/泵类电器负荷提供应急电源。本文开发了一种名为电池电子标准单元的模块化设计系统,该系统可以将48 V的电池/变频器模块以即插即用的形式根据负荷的实际需要整合到一起。该系统提供了一种新颖的、集成的电池及电力电子系统控制构架,该构架能够在不使用额外的电池管理系统（BMS）的情况下构建稳定可靠的储能系统。基于上述概念,一种新颖的、被定义为能源计算机的分布式能源系统构架被本文提出并与普通个人计算机进行了类比说明。