顺流流程多效蒸馏海水淡化系统的热力学分析

建立了顺流进料流程低温多效蒸馏海水淡化系统的热力过程数学模型;考虑了过程中物性变化和压力损失引起的传热温差变化,计算分析了在相同淡水产量下,蒸发器效数、末效蒸发器蒸发温度、加热蒸汽温度和浓缩比变化时,造水比、冷凝器海水流量、蒸发器总传热面积的变化规律.结果表明:蒸发器效数对系统性能有显著影响;末效蒸发器蒸发温度和加热蒸汽温度对蒸发器总传热面积影响较大;浓缩比在一定范围内,系统热力性能最优.     

TVC在MED海水淡化装置中的作用和性能分析

建立了蒸汽热力压缩器(thermal vapor compressor,TVC)和多效蒸发(multi-effect distillation,MED)海水淡化装置热力过程数学模型,计算分析了TVC对MED海水淡化装置性能的影响,讨论了对于一定设计条件下的海水淡化装置,蒸发器效数,TVC引射蒸汽、工作蒸汽及抽汽位置和装置的造水比、蒸发器传热面积、喷射系数的关系。结果表明:蒸发器效数、TVC吸入蒸汽温度的增加都会升高造水比;根据造水比和蒸发器传热面积,适当设置TVC在多效蒸发海水淡化装置中的抽汽位置,海水淡化装置的能效可以有很大的提高。     

低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统不同进料方式的热力学分析

应用Aspen Plus软件,建立了平流、顺流、逆流三种进料方式的低温多效蒸发海水淡化工艺流程,并进行了流程模拟,模拟结果与文献[6]进行了对比,验证了所建工艺流程的可靠性和流程模拟的准确性。在加热蒸汽质量流量和热力压缩机引射率相同的情况下,应用等温差分配法对三种进料方式海水淡化系统进行模拟计算,获得了造水比和比传热面积与蒸发器效数、浓缩比、效间温差和进料海水温度之间的关系。研究结果表明:蒸发器效数对系统的热力性能有显著影响,当效数较少时,采用平流进料方式较为合适;增大浓缩比可以提高造水比,且比传热面积变化不大;当浓缩比较大时,可采用顺流进料,以降低结垢风险;增大效间温差,会降低逆流进料方式的造水比,但会增加平流和顺流的造水比;提高进料海水温度可以提升系统热力性能,但进料海水温度受末效二次蒸汽温度的限制。     

低温多效蒸发海水淡化装置的计算分析

建立了多效蒸发海水淡化装置计算模型,对串流、并流和并叉流三种不同工艺流程下的低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统进行了计算和分析。计算结果显示,对于给定的多效蒸发海水淡化装置,提高加热蒸汽温度,可大大提高装置的淡化水量,同时对加热蒸汽的需求量也增大,但造水比随加热蒸汽温度的升高呈减小趋势;就三种工艺流程而言,并叉流具有较好的热利用率。     

水-溴化锂-硝酸锂与水-溴化锂吸收式制冷循环的比较

比较了水-溴化锂-硝酸锂三元工质与传统的水-溴化锂工质的单、双效吸收式制冷循环，分析了发生温度、冷凝温度和蒸发温度对系统性能的影响；同时也分析了直燃型双效制冷系统。结果表明：采用新工质后，系统的热力系数COP有了明显的提高，其它表征系统热力性能的经济指标也均有不同程度的改善，尤其在直燃型双效冷热水机组中有明显的优势，热力系数COP提高约30％，溶液循环倍率f降低12％。因此，该新工质与传统的水-溴化锂工质相比，具有较好的热力性能。     

蒸汽双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机的新流程

针对目前国产蒸汽双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机体积大、性能系数（ＣＯＰ）低、铜材耗量多、制造成本高的特点,在认真分析传统蒸汽双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机流程的基础上,经过大量对比计算,提出了两种新溶液循环流程系统,新循环流程方案与传统流程方案相比,传热面积可大大减小,性能系数（ＣＯＰ）可大幅度提高,不但能降低制造成本,还可节省运行费用。     

塑料管单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机理论研究

分析了塑料管单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机的理论循环，对塑料管单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机进行了热力计算和传热计算，为塑料管单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机的结构设计及实验研究提供理论依据。     

低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统的变工况性能分析

建立了低温多效蒸发系统在变工况运行条件下的数学模型,分析了加热蒸汽温度、加热蒸汽流量和供入海水流量对系统的蒸发产物负荷率和单位蒸发产物热耗率的影响,探讨了各效蒸发器中海水的温度和浓度的变化与装置结垢问题的关系。结果表明,在控制结垢发生的前提下,即盐水浓缩比不超过2.5、顶值盐水温度低于75℃时,降低供入海水流量、增加加热蒸汽流量和提高加热蒸汽温度有利于系统运行。     

基于当量抽汽压力的大型热电联产供热模式研究

建立了大型热电联产机组变工况分析模型,揭示出不同热网回水温度和热网回水温升条件下,单效溴化锂吸收式热泵驱动热源饱和蒸汽压力和热力系数的变化规律.提出2种不同供热模式选取的判据,即当量抽汽压力.以某300 MW直接空冷抽凝供热机组为例,进行了变工况计算及分析.结果表明:随热网回水温升的增大以及热网回水温度的升高,驱动热源饱和蒸汽压力升高,而吸收式热泵热力系数则减小;对于300 MW等级及以上供热改造机组,由于汽轮机中低压缸抽汽压力高于对应的当量抽汽压力,采用吸收式热泵供热模式更节能.     

浓缩果汁的高效节能低温热泵并流多效蒸发系统

为了大幅减少果汁蒸发工艺的能耗,创新设计了一种结合蒸汽喷射式热泵技术和引出额外蒸汽预热果汁两种节能措施的果汁低温热泵并流多效蒸发系统,建立了用矩阵方程描述的该系统的数学模型,研究了求解该模型的算法即迭代法结合矩阵法。浓缩橙汁的低温热泵并流3效蒸发系统的模拟结果表明,将橙汁预热至70℃,热泵的喷射系数设置为0.7、抽汽位置设置在第2效时节省的生蒸汽消耗量高达46%左右。采用上述两种节能措施的低温热泵并流多效蒸发系统在最佳的热泵喷射系数和抽汽位置的条件下是高效节能的,特别适用于果汁等热敏性溶液的蒸发。     

Performance analysis on a new multi-effect distillation combined with an open absorption heat transformer driven by waste heat

In this paper, a new water distillation system, which consists of either a single- or multi-effect distiller combined with an open absorption heat transformer (OAHT), has been proposed.The new integrated system can be used for distilling waste water with high amounts of SiO₂ from heavy oil production, and the resultant distilled water can be supplied to steam boilers to produce high quality steam which in turn is injected into oil reservoirs to assist with heavy oil recovery. The thermodynamic cycle performances for these new integrated distillation systems were simulated based on the thermodynamic properties of the aqueous solution of LiBr as well as the mass and energy balance of the system. The results indicate that combined with OAHT, the waste heat at 70 °C can be elevated to 125 °C and thereby produce steam at 120 °C in the absorber, which is able to drive a four-effect distiller to produce distilled water. For a single-effect and four-effect distiller, the coefficients of performance (COP) are approximately 1.02 while the performance ratios are 2.19 and 5.72, respectively. Therefore, the four-effect distillation system combined with an OAHT is more thermally effective and is an ideal option to process the waste water in oilfields.     

Estimating the maximum possible internal heat integrations of individual processes

This paper presents the estimating of maximum possible internal heat integration regarding individual processes by using the graphical technique, including basic knowledge of pinch analysis. The fraction of maximum possible internal integration during the process is calculated as from 1 to 0. This technique includes those additional sources which approach the fraction of the maximum possible internal integration to the value 1. The graphical technique is composed of two steps:

• First step – analysing efficiency

• Second step – modifying the process

Both steps are already used in the existing formaldehyde process and therefore the use of solution heat during higher pressure absorption was useful integrating with distillation, and so steam was unnecessary for heating the reboiler.     

Application of absorption heat transformer to recover waste heat from a synthetic rubber plant

This paper reports the test results of the first industrial-scale absorption heat transformer (AHT) equipment in China, to recover the waste heat released from mixture of steam and organic vapor at 98 °C in coacervation section, synthetic rubber plant of Yanshan Petrochemical Corporation, Beijing, China. The recovered heat is used to heat hot water from 95 to 110 °C, feeding back to the coagulator as the supplementary heating source. The AHT system is operating with H₂O/LiBr solution with heat flow of 5000 kW. The coefficient of performance (COP), the thermal efficiency and the temperature lift of the AHT system are presented. The heat transfer characteristics of the AHT components, i.e. absorber, generator, evaporator, condenser and the liquid–liquid solution heat exchanger, are also illustrated by comparison of experimental data and the model calculated results. The results show that the mean COP is 0.47, the gross temperature lift of 25 °C can be realized and the payback period is ≈2 years.     

Augmentation of solar-assisted humidification-dehumidification water desalination system using heat recovery and thermal energy storage system

In previous investigations, humidification-dehumidification (HDH) solar-assisted desalination systems were designed produce the daily fresh water during sun hours which lead to big sizes and unsteady systems. In the present study, integration of solar-assisted HDH desalination system with heat recovery and thermal energy storage unit is developed to enhance system productivity, reduces auxiliary power consumptions and system size and assure system continuous operation. The mathematical modelling based on energy and mass conservation equations is presented and solved using iterative techniques by C++ and engineering equation solver software. Detailed parametric study of the developed system is conducted for wide ranges of operating conditions and design parameters to study the effects of integrating the HDH system with solar collectors, heat recovery and thermal energy storage units on the system performance. The results revealed that (i) this integration improves system productivity and reduces operating cost, (ii) increasing air to water mass ratio and sea water temperature and decreasing ambient humidity decrease water productivity and gained output ratio (GOR) and increase operating cost parameter (OCP) and (iii) increasing air inlet temperature and sea water flow rates increase GOR and decrease OCP. Comparison with previous systems showed that the proposed system reduces the electric heating power of the system at solar noon by 37% at MR = 0.5 and gives daily fresh water productivity (123.7 kg/h) two times more than previous systems with comparable OCP (0.099 $/kg).     

LiBr吸收式空调与海水淡化联合运行装置工艺流程的研究

将LiBr吸收式空调排放出的废热应用于多效蒸馏法 (MED)海水淡化工艺流程是海水淡化领域一个全新的设计概念。本文对这种联合运行的热力循环进行了描述和论证 ,并用一算例证明此工艺流程在技术上是可行的。该装置利用LiBr冷水机组排出的废热加热预处理后的海水。本文给出算例中的理论计算值可供设计做参考     

洛阳石化延迟焦化装置节能分析

洛阳石化140×104t/a延迟焦化装置采用"一炉两塔"和"可灵活调节循环比"的工艺流程,2008年和2009年装置综合能耗分别为35.42kg标油/t和33.36kg标油/t,与设计值、中国石化平均水平(24.27kg标油/t)相比差距较大。综合分析,能耗较高的原因包括蜡油汽包产0.4MPa蒸汽未计入能耗、1.0MPa蒸汽放空、低温热回收系统未投用、蜡油热输出量小、装置加工负荷率低以及加热炉效率低等。为此,对装置采取用0.4MPa蒸汽替代1.0MPa蒸汽;回收分馏塔顶油气、接触冷却塔顶油气和冷焦水低温热量;增加稳定汽油热出料流程;增设节电变频设施,减少电耗;降低加热炉排烟温度和炉外壁温度;加热炉进料泵叶轮抽级或更换为小叶轮,降压节能;增上加热炉先进控制(APC)手段,保证加热炉最佳燃烧;加热炉出口管线保温及管托更新换型,增加空气预热器等措施,有效降低装置能耗。     

A mathematical model with experiments of single effect absorption heat pump using LiBr–H2O

A mathematical model of a single effect, LiBr–H₂O absorption heat pump operated at steady conditions is presented. This model took into consideration of crosscurrent flow of fluids for heat and mass exchangers, two-dimensional distribution of temperature and concentration fields, local values of heat and mass transfer coefficients, thermal parameter dependent physical properties of working fluids and operation limits due to the danger of the LiBr aqueous solution hydrates and crystallization. Improvements of the calculation method make this simulation much more convenient and efficient. An improved absorber experiment set-up and a complete absorption heat pump were built and tested for further study. It was found that the mass flux of vapor increased with the increase of absorber pressure, coolant flow rate, spray density of LiBr solution and decrease of coolant and input temperature of solution. And the vapor mass flux increased almost linearly with the increase of absorber pressure. Results derived from this model show agreement within 7% with experimental values.     

Falling-film and droplet mode heat and mass transfer in a horizontal tube LiBr/water absorber

A model for a horizontal tube absorber using LiBr/water as the working fluid was developed to predict heat and mass transfer in falling-film and droplet mode flow. In the analysis the effect of incomplete wetting is considered by introducing the wetting ratio. To validate the developed model a series of calculations is carried out under the same conditions as in experiments performed by other investigators. The simulation results for temperature, concentration variations, and heat and mass transfer rates are presented and compared with these experimental data. The effects of wetting ratio and solution flow rate on cooling capacity are discussed in detail.     

溴化锂溶液除湿系统再生过程实验研究

溶液除湿技术是解决空调热湿解耦控制以及将废热与太阳能引入空调的有效途径.溶液再生则是溶液除湿的一个关键过程.设计了一套溴化锂溶液再生实验装置,对溶液流量、进口溶液温度、空气流量、进口空气温度、进口空气相对湿度对系统的再生性能进行了实验研究.结果表明:对于一定结构参数和进出口溶液、空气参数的再生装置,溶液流量存在一个最佳...