水合物沉积物三轴试验存在的关键问题分析

三轴剪切试验是获得含水合物沉积物强度参数最有效的途径之一。目前国内研究者从不同的角度进行了大量研究,在某些关键科学问题上形成了共识,但仍存在诸多科学问题需要业内同仁共同探讨。本文在充分调研国内外含水合物沉积物三轴力学测试成果的基础上指出：由于缺乏统一的测试标准和规范,目前国内含水合物沉积物三轴剪切试验仍存在不同研究成果横向可比较性差、经验模型通用性不足、测试结果与现场实际差距大等关键科学问题;制样方法、粒度分布规律、沉积物本身固结程度、试验温度、剪切速率、气体类型、饱和度测量方法、试样尺寸等的差异是造成上述问题的关键因素。为了增强研究成果的指导意义,笔者建议各研究者在发表研究成果的同时公布详细的测试方法和测试条件,通过建立统一的行业标准来促进含水合物沉积物三轴剪切试验的发展,从而为水合物资源的安全高效开采提供科学依据。     

天然气水合物储层力学特性研究进展

自然界中的水合物一般产出于深水海底浅层未固结成岩的松散沉积物中和陆域冻土区岩石裂隙或孔隙中。水合物的分解会导致地层胶结强度、孔隙度、地质结构等发生变化，从而引发地质灾害，严重威胁水合物资源的安全开采。本文在大量调研文献的基础上，结合已有的天然气水合物制样、三轴力学测试研究现状和本构模型研究进展，系统分析影响含水合物沉积物的力学特性的主要因素和本构模型的发展趋势，梳理了获得的共识和存在的问题，提出了下一步研究方向，从而为下一步含水合物沉积物力学强度实验、本构模型开发以及储层稳定性研究等提供参考。     

堆石料三轴固结排水剪切试验全过程颗粒破碎特性研究

为研究灰岩堆石料三轴固结排水剪切试验全过程的颗粒破碎特性,通过对不同初始孔隙率下制备试样、不同围压下固结试样、不同围压下三轴固结排水(CD)剪切破坏的试样进行筛分试验,研究了三轴CD剪切试验过程中制样、固结和剪切三个试验阶段的颗粒破碎特性。结果表明,剪切过程中的颗粒相对破碎率最大,固结过程的次之,制样过程的最小;制样过程中的颗粒相对破碎率随试样初始孔隙率的增大基本呈线性减小变化;固结过程中的颗粒相对破碎率随固结压力的增大呈线性增大变化,随试样初始孔隙率的增大基本呈线性减小变化;剪切过程中的颗粒相对破碎率随剪切围压的增大呈线性增大变化,随试样初始孔隙率的增大基本呈线性减小变化。     

天然气水合物沉积物分解过程中本构关系研究

天然气水合物具有储量大、分布广泛、清洁燃烧等优点,近年来受到研究人员的广泛关注。为了实现天然气水合物资源的安全高效开采,对其沉积层的力学稳定性进行系统评估是十分必要的。本研究在实验室内重塑了40%孔隙度的天然气水合物沉积物试样,并基于力学实验设备,对其在不同围压条件下分解过程中的力学强度及变形进行了一系列测试,获取了相应的应力应变数据。研究结果表明,水合物分解会造成沉积层强度的降低。此外,基于实验数据,在借鉴土力学邓肯-张本构模型的基础上,考虑了围压及分解时间对沉积物力学特性的影响,本文构建了适用于不同围压条件下天然气水合物沉积物分解过程中的本构模型,研究结果表明,该模型可以较好地模拟沉积物试样在分解过程中的应力应变关系,可为实现天然气水合物的安全开采提供一定的理论依据。     

节理三维形貌与抗剪强度相关性研究

岩石节理的表面形貌对其力学特性具有重要影响。运用JAW 1000试验系统开展不同节理试样的剪切试验,得到不同法向应力条件下节理试样的剪切变形曲线和法向变形曲线,并利用KEYENCE_LK G5000激光扫描仪在剪切前后对节理试样表面形貌进行高精度激光扫描测试,得到节理试样表面三维形貌数据。根据改进的节理三维形貌表征参数的算法,分析剪切试验前后节理试样表面三维形貌变化,研究节理三维形貌表征参数与抗剪强度的关系。结果表明,三维平均视倾斜角越大,抗剪强度越大,并提出了三维平均视倾斜角与抗剪强度的经验模型。     

含甲烷水合物沉积物电–声响应特性联合探测：装置开发与实验研究

为了满足开展天然气水合物模拟实验、测试电学和声学特性参数以及建立特性参数与含水合物饱和度之间关系的需求，开发了一套电–声响应特性联合探测实验装置，以海沙模拟松散沉积物开展了甲烷水合物生成和分解模拟实验，联合探测了电学和声学参数，分析了被测体系的电学和声学响应特性。研究表明：（1）通过电–声响应联合探测实验装置能够同步获取宽频率范围电学阻抗谱和超声波接收信号波形；（2）通过设计电声复合传感器及其阵列式排布方式和“分时轮流”工作模式能够获取电学和声学参数的空间分布信息；（3）基于所提出的波动百分比和相关系数指标对不同频率阻抗模值进行评价所获得的100 kHz阻抗模值随含水合物饱和度的增加先减小后增大，经过有效压力校正后的超声波接收信号波动幅度值随含水合物饱和度的增加而升高；（4）上述两者分别可以作为分析和建立与含水合物饱和度之间关系的电学和声学有效特征参数。所开发的实验装置为将来开展含水合物复杂沉积物的模拟实验与测试工作提供了必要条件，所得到的电学和声学有效特征参数为含水合物饱和度计算模型的建立奠定了基础。     

含水合物沉积物的渗透率实验研究

天然气水合物储层的渗透率是影响水合物开采时气、水运移的关键,也是水合物开采潜力评价、资源评价、开采工艺选择等需要了解的关键参数。目前,国内外学者对天然气水合物储层的渗透率进行了一定的研究并有了初步认识。但是,对于围压、轴向压力、水合物饱和度、赋存模式等对水合物沉积物渗透率的影响机制和机理还不清楚。本文在自主设计的水合物储层三轴渗透率测试平台上,实验研究了粒径、围压、轴向压力、水合物饱和度等对沉积物渗透率的影响。结果表明,采用不同围压测得的水合物沉积物渗透率存在较大差异：多孔介质粒径的减小会降低沉积物渗透率;甲烷水合物沉积物渗透率随着饱和度升高呈指数型下降;轴向压力的升高会降低甲烷水合物沉积物渗透率,沉积物水合物饱和度越高,轴向压力对沉积物渗透率的影响越小;轴压加载条件下甲烷水合物沉积物相对渗透率随饱和度变化与Masuda沉积物渗透下降模型拟合良好。     

石料骨架结构软岩筑坝料三轴剪切试验

以石料骨架结构下软岩筑坝料为例，开展系列三轴剪切试验，研究级配和密度对软岩料强度变形特性的影响。结果表明，软岩筑坝料的应力应变曲线呈弱硬化型，偏应力峰值表现不明显且峰值强度低；随着大于5 mm的土粒含量P₅含量降低（细粒含量增多）,试样更密实，剪切强度增大，剪胀性更强，颗粒破碎量更低，且临界状态线呈整体下移趋势；随着密度增大，软岩料内摩擦角增大，颗粒间排列更紧密，抗剪强度更高，剪胀性更强，试样的颗粒破碎量增大。     

单轴压缩下加载速率对石膏波速变化影响的试验研究

为研究单轴压缩下加载速率对石膏波速变化的影响,在4种不同加载速率下对石膏试样进行了单轴压缩试验,测试了加载过程中试样横向的纵波波速随应力的变化关系。结果表明,随着加载速率的增大,试样弹性模量和单轴抗压强度增大,峰值波速增大明显,与加载速率呈二次方关系;随加载速率增大,试样微裂纹更发育,材料更破碎,试样破坏类型向锥形破坏演变,使破坏点的波速明显随加载速率增大而减小;应力—波速曲线的斜率在峰值前随加载速率增大而减小,在峰值后则呈相反规律;随加载速率增加,在应力—波速曲线破坏点前,存在波速缓慢减小的过渡段与应力—应变曲线上由线弹性区向塑性区的转变段（损伤阈值出现段）相对应,其应力值占单轴抗压强度的60%~70%。     

基于宽频复电阻率的含黏土沉积物中水合物饱和度计算方法

天然气水合物沉积物中的黏土成分显著影响沉积物的电学特性以及水合物饱和度的计算模型。以自主设计开发的复电阻率参数测量装置为实验平台,在20 Hz ~ 100 kHz频率范围内测试了黏土条件下含水合物海沙体系的复电阻率,分析了复电阻率的频散特性、黏土影响以及主导的电极化机制,利用泥质修正Archie公式建立了基于宽频复电阻率的水合物饱和度计算模型。研究结果表明：（1）含水合物海沙体系的复电阻率呈现出显著的频散特性,双电层极化和界面极化分别是20 Hz ~ 1 kHz和1 ~ 100 kHz频段主导的极化机制;（2）黏土颗粒表面的双电层发生形变增强了含水合物沉积物双电层极化作用,提高了复电阻率相角和虚部的绝对值;（3）在20 Hz ~ 100 kHz频率范围内泥质修正Archie公式岩性系数较为稳定,而胶结指数和饱和度指数与测试频率之间的关系在20 Hz ~ 1 kHz和1 ~ 100 kHz频段差异显著,因此应分频段建立水合物饱和度计算模型。本研究为探讨含水合物沉积物的低频电学特性和建立含黏土沉积物中水合物饱和度计算模型提供了新的途径。     

Compressional wave velocity of hydrate-bearing bentheimer sediments with varying pore fillings

A potential alternative energy resource to meet energy demands is the vast amount of gas stored in hydrate reserves. However, major challenges in terms of exploration and production surround profitable and effective exploitation of these reserves. The measurement of acoustic velocity is a useful method for exploration of gas hydrate reserves and can be an efficient method to characterize the hydrate-bearing sediments. In this study, the compressional wave velocity (P-wave velocity) of consolidated sediments (Bentheimer) with and without tetrahydrofuran hydrate-bearing pore fillings were measured using the pulse transmission method. The study has found that the P-wave velocity of consolidated sediments increase with increasing hydrate formation and confining pressure. Of the two samples tested, the increase in wave velocity of the dry and hydrate-bearing samples amounted to 27.6% and 31.9%, respectively. Interestingly, at the initial stage of hydrate formation, there was no change in P-wave velocity, which was followed by a steady increase as the hydrate crystals began to agglomerate and then it increased rapidly to a constant value, suggesting that the test solution had converted to a hydrate solid.     

Modeling the mechanical response of gas hydrate reservoirs in triaxial stress space

Exploitation of gas from deep-sea methane hydrate-bearing layers might lead to some geological disasters, including marine landslides and excessive settlement of marine ground. The first offshore gas production tests for methane hydrate-bearing sediments were carried out in eastern Nankai Trough. However, knowledge on mechanical behavior of gas hydrate reservoirs with similar gradation and minerology component to the marine sediment is still insufficient. Consequently, proper modeling of geomechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediments is crucial for reservoir simulation and deep ocean ground stability analysis for long-term gas production in the future. This study conducted a series of triaxial shear tests to examine the shear response of methane hydrate-bearing sediments with a similar grading curve and minerology components to the hydrate-rich sediments in Nankai Trough. The test results demonstrated that the presence of hydrate mass between sand grains altered the stress-strain pattern from strain-hardening to postpeak strain-softening. A simple constitutive model based on several empirical relationships of granular materials is proposed to describe the stress-strain relationship of methane hydrate-bearing sediments under triaxial stress condition. This model can reproduce the enhancement of shear strength, initial stiffness, and dilation behavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediments containing different amounts of fines content with a rise in the methane hydrate saturation at a wide range of effective confining pressures. The numerical results indicate that the parameter A associated with initial stiffness of stress-strain curve and the parameter $\text{α}$ related with dilation properties are jointly governed by the confining pressure, fines content, and hydrate saturation.     

Experimental study on dynamic acoustic characteristics of natural gas hydrate sediments at different depths

Acoustic properties are important geophysical parameters, compared to resistivity, pore water and other parameters that need to be obtained through drilling, the acoustic wave velocity of hydrate deposits is much easier to obtain. Therefore, the study of acoustic characteristics of hydrate reservoir is the basis for geophysical exploration and resource evaluation for hydrates. In this study, an experimental apparatus was developed to measure dynamic P- and S-wave velocity of gas hydrate bearing sediment. The effect of sensitivity factors including hydrate saturation, confining pressure, and reservoir solid phase particle size on the acoustic characteristics of hydrate reservoir were explored. The experimental results showed that the longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of natural gas hydrate rock samples correlated positively with hydrate saturation and confining pressure and the particle size of the solid phase exhibited little effect on the vertical and horizontal wave velocity of the gas hydrate reservoir. The results of this study indicated that the compression factor of different rock samples is the main factor affecting the vertical and horizontal wave velocity of the reservoir through mechanical experiments. At the same time, acoustic experiments and computed tomography results revealed the existence of different contact modes between natural gas hydrate and sediment particles under different saturations. Furthermore, the possibility of detecting the microscopic distribution of hydrates in sediments by acoustic waves was verified. The data can be used in well logging to determine hydrate saturation and other properties of hydrate bearing formations.     

A state-dependent subloading constitutive model with unified hardening function for gas hydrate-bearing sediments

Natural gas hydrate in ocean sediments and permafrost areas may become a significant potential energy resource. Since the hydrate dissociation may affect the stability of production wells and even lead to geological hazards, it is essential to study the mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) for the efficient and safe extraction of gas hydrate. This study presents an extended subloading Modified Cam-Clay model for clayey-silty and sandy GHBS. The state-dependent unified hardening function and equivalent skeleton void ratio are newly introduced to consider the coupled effects of stress level, void ratio, dilatancy, and hydrate saturation on the mechanical behavior of GHBS. Based on the theory of hyperelasticity, an elastic constitutive relation accounting for the influences of cementation caused by hydrate formation and sediment structure change caused by hydrate dissociation is established by using a stiffness evolution function related to hydrate saturation. The bonding and debonding law of strength reflecting the hydrate cementation and its degradation are used. The model is applied to simulate different triaxial tests of GHBS, and its performance in predicting the isotropic compression, strain hardening and softening, shear contraction and dilation, and collapse induced by hydrate dissociation is investigated.     

广义塑性模型在海洋砂土中的适用性研究

为研究广义塑性模型在海洋砂土中的适应性,采用静、动三轴仪对海洋砂土进行了固结排水剪切及固结不排水循环剪切试验,根据试验结果拟合出砂土的广义塑性模型参数,并利用此参数对动模量和阻尼比试验进行了数值模拟,比较了试验结果与模型拟合结果的差异。结果表明,计算结果与试验测定的动模量、阻尼比与动应变的变化规律一致,该模型能很好地反映砂土单调加载的应力－应变特性及小应变阶段的循环加载条件下的变形特性。     

微机控制多功能土工三轴试验仪研制

简要介绍一种新型的微机控制多功能土工三轴仪。它可以在静力和动力,应力控制和应变控制,单向激振和双向激振（不同相位关系）,均压、偏压固结和Ｋ０固结,静应力与动应力不耦和变化和耦合变化（σ１,σ３单独分别增减或以组合增减）,低围压和高围压（３ＭＰａ）,小型试样和中型试样,全部试验均可用微机实现控制、采样、保存、处理、显示和打印,是目前功能最全的一种新型三轴试验设备。     

Analysis of physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing unconsolidated sediment samples from the ultra-deepwater area in the South China Sea

Marine natural gas hydrate has recently attracted global attention as a potential new clean energy source. Laboratory measurements of various physical properties of gas hydrate-bearing marine sediments can provide valuable information for developing efficient and safe extraction technology of natural gas hydrates. This study presents comprehensive measurement results and analysis of drilled hydrate-bearing sediments samples recovered from Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea. The results show that the gas hydrate in the core samples is mainly methane hydrate with a methane content of approximately 95%, and the other components are ethane and carbon dioxide. The saturation of the samples fluctuates from 2%–60%, the porosity is approximately 38%–43%, and the water content is approximately 30%–50%, which indicate that high water saturation means that timely drainage should be paid attention to during hydrate extraction. In addition, the median diameter of the sediment samples is mainly distributed in the range of 15 to 34 μm, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of sand production in the mining process. Moreover, the thermal conductivity is distributed in the range of 0.75 to 0.96 W/(m∙K) as measured by the flat plate heat source method. The relatively low thermal conductivity of hydrates at this study site indicates that a combined approach is encouraged for natural gas production technologies. It is also found that clay flakes and fine particles are attached to the surface of large particles in large numbers. Such characteristics will lead to insufficient permeability during the production process.     

基于电-力-声多物理场耦合数值模型的含水合物多孔介质声速和衰减特性研究

在物理模拟实验中对水合物微观赋存模式和饱和度进行准确控制和评价尚存在技术困难,仅依赖实验技术研究含水合物沉积物声学特性、建立储层参数解释模型存在局限性。采用基于有限元的数字岩石物理技术,针对悬浮、接触和胶结三种典型的水合物微观赋存模式分别建立多孔介质的三维电-力-声多物理场耦合模型,考察了微观赋存模式和水合物饱和度对多孔介质声速和衰减的影响规律,对比了声速数值模拟与理论模型计算结果,建立了声波衰减参数与水合物饱和度之间的关系式。研究结果表明：（1）对于三种水合物赋存模式,由于水合物相比孔隙水具有更高的弹性模量,多孔介质的声速随着水合物饱和度的增大而增大;水合物的存在导致声波在传播过程中遇到更多不连续的声阻抗界面,声衰减随着水合物饱和度的增大而近似线性增大;（2）悬浮和接触赋存模式条件下,水合物饱和度对多孔介质的声速和衰减影响规律基本一致;对于相同的水合物饱和度,胶结模式条件下含水合物多孔介质具有更高的声速和更小的声衰减;（3）通过合理选择参数值,利用权重方程与Lee改进的Biot-Gassmann Theory（BGTL）模型估算的含悬浮和接触模式水合物多孔介质的声速较为准确;通过等效介质理论模型C计算的含胶结模式水合物多孔介质的声速更为准确。研究结果可为获取复杂条件下含水合物沉积物的声学特性提供数值建模方法,为基于声波测井数据的水合物储层精细评价提供理论支撑。