含硅微粉变态混凝土浆液性能影响评价及时变演化规律

针对变态混凝土注浆施工中出现浆液堵管、扩散不均等问题，研究了不同硅微粉掺量对浆液的流动性、流变性、稳定性、强度和时变特性的影响。采用熵权理想点法综合考虑浆液工作性及经济性确定最优配合比。试验结果表明，掺加硅微粉可改善浆液泌水率，提高抗压强度。水胶比0.4时，掺硅微粉使浆液屈服应力与流动度减小、塑性粘度增大；水胶比0.5～0.7时，流变参数随硅微粉掺量增加而增大，浆液流变性与水膜厚度呈线性相关。随水胶比增大，硅微粉对浆液性能的影响逐渐减弱。浆液屈服应力随时间呈线性增长趋势，塑性粘度呈指数增长。基于熵权理想点法，可得到固定水胶比下的最优配合比方案。     

一种碾压变态混凝土加浆搅拌设备的开发研究

针对常规变态混凝土人工加浆方式施工作业效率低、加浆均匀性差导致变态混凝土强度低,抗渗能力差的问题,研究开发了一种变态混凝土加浆搅拌设备。该设备由车身行走机构、液压动力功能模块、浆液供给模块、混凝土搅拌工作模块和浆液流量控制模块组成,通过机械搅拌并同步加浆方式将水泥浆液均匀添加到碾压混凝土中,同时采取电磁流量计控制注入流量动态调整加浆效果,方便现场加浆管理,提升了变态混凝土精细化施工水平。与传统加浆方式的对比试验和施工现场运用效果表明,该设备可明显改善变态混凝土的施工工效和成型质量,并可满足工程实际需要。     

一种碾压变态混凝土加浆搅拌设备的开发研究

针对常规变态混凝土人工加浆方式施工作业效率低、加浆均匀性差导致变态混凝土强度低,抗渗能力差的问题,研究开发了一种变态混凝土加浆搅拌设备。该设备由车身行走机构、液压动力功能模块、浆液供给模块、混凝土搅拌工作模块和浆液流量控制模块组成,通过机械搅拌并同步加浆方式将水泥浆液均匀添加到碾压混凝土中,同时采取电磁流量计控制注入流量动态调整加浆效果,方便现场加浆管理,提升了变态混凝土精细化施工水平。与传统加浆方式的对比试验和施工现场运用效果表明,该设备可明显改善变态混凝土的施工工效和成型质量,并可满足工程实际需要。     

粉煤灰掺量对非连续级配混凝土新拌流变性影响

利用自研流变仪设备,基于非连续级配粗骨料条件,试验研究了粉煤灰掺量对新拌混凝土的浆体包裹层厚度、流变屈服应力与塑性粘度的影响;同时分析了掺粉煤灰非连续级配混凝土的坍损、流变参数经时变化。结果表明,与连续级配混凝土相比,缺级配粗骨料新拌混凝土掺入粉煤灰后浆体包裹层厚度有所增加;屈服应力先增后减,而塑性粘度则先减后增;粉煤灰掺入同时可降低级配不良新拌混凝土塌损和减缓流变参数的经时变化,改善非连续级配拌合物的流变性能效果显著。     

填料中水泥用量对天然砾石骨料与沥青胶浆的粘附性影响

采用天然砾石骨料和石灰石粉填料配置心墙沥青混凝土时,存在粘附性与水稳定性不足的问题,考虑将水泥与石灰石粉混合,根据填料中水泥和石灰石粉的比例不同配置7种沥青胶浆,分别研究了其针入度、软化点和拉伸强度变化规律,再用光电比色法测得不同沥青胶浆裹附天然砾石骨料后沥青膜的剥落率,研究填料中水泥用量对沥青胶浆各项性能的影响。结果表明,水泥可提高沥青胶浆的粘度和适应变形能力,随着水泥用量的增加,沥青胶浆针入度先下降后上升,而软化点先升高后降低,拉伸强度和延度则一直上升;水泥可有效改善沥青胶浆与天然砾石骨料的粘附性,水泥用量越多,天然砾石骨料表面沥青胶浆膜剥落率越小;水泥用量仅需2%～4%,天然砾石骨料与沥青胶浆的粘附性就可达到碱性骨料的水平。     

石油焦焦质特性对水焦浆稳定性影响的实验研究

为了优化水焦浆的稳定性,实验研究了4种石油焦成浆的静态稳定性,分析了石油焦的可磨性、表面电性和孔隙结构对水焦浆稳定性的影响规律。实验结果表明:4种不同的石油焦,在同等条件下制备水焦浆,静置7 d后,水焦浆在硬沉淀产生量和析水产生量方面呈现较大差异,浆体稳定性悬殊。不同石油焦的可磨性不同,致使各焦粉的粒度分布特征有异,焦粉粒度分布峰高且窄、粒径集中时,颗粒堆积效率低,浆体稳定性差;粒度分布峰扁平且宽、粒径均匀时,不同粒度级间能够达到较好的填充效果,颗粒堆积效率高,成浆浓度高,浆体稳定性好。石油焦颗粒表面荷电量也各不相同,焦粒Zeta电位绝对值越大,焦粒间的静电排斥力越强,越能有效的阻碍颗粒间的凝聚,从而使颗粒在浆体体系中得以稳定分散,使浆体呈现较好的静态稳定性。石油焦微观孔隙结构特征与水焦浆的稳定性之间存在一定的内在联系,石油焦比表面积越小、平均孔径越大,水焦浆的稳定性就越好。     

外掺MgO混凝土技术在韩江高陂水利枢纽工程中的应用

针对韩江高陂水利枢纽工程采用外掺MgO筑坝技术,研究了外掺MgO水泥砂浆与一级配混凝土压蒸安定性、MgO常态混凝土自生体积变形和坝体混凝土中MgO均匀性、温度与应变。结果表明,在水泥砂浆与一级配混凝土体系中,外掺MgO的极限掺量分别为7.3%和11.5%,以水泥砂浆压蒸试件的MgO极限掺量作为混凝土配合比设计参考;MgO碾压混凝土的自生体积变形随养护温度提高而增大,养护温度相差10℃,外掺MgO常态混凝土自生体积变形增加或减少12.1×10~(-6)～31.1×10~(-6);施工过程的碾压混凝土中MgO的均匀性好,外掺MgO坝体混凝土产生微膨胀补偿混凝土温度应力;控制变态混凝土与碾压混凝土的最高中心温度分别为41.6、33.1℃,应变值分别为60×10~(-6)、20×10~(-6)。研究结果可为外掺MgO碾压混凝土重力坝的温控抗裂措施提供借鉴。     

SH固化黄土的土—水特征曲线试验

为提高黄土的强度和稳定性,采用新型高分子材料SH固化黄土,就固化黄土的击实、液塑限特性和土—水特征曲线进行试验研究。结果表明,固化黄土的最优含水率随SH掺量的增加而增大,而最大干密度则呈减小趋势;SH掺入后,黄土的液塑限、塑限指数均明显增大,但液限、塑性指数随SH掺量的增加先增后减;固化黄土的土—水特征曲线随着干密度的增大由陡变缓,干密度不变时,相同基质吸力下,SH掺量大的试样体积含水率大,固化黄土持水特性强,水稳定性高。     

硬沥青水浆工业制浆工艺的研究

通过对硬沥青水浆制浆工艺进行的研究 ,提出了预混合式制浆新工艺 ,制取了粒度分布、粘度和稳定性满足要求的硬沥青水浆 ,较好地解决了硬沥青水浆工业连续制浆难的问题 ;并提出了硬沥青喷射制浆的低能耗清洁制浆工艺设想。     

外波纹管管外降膜流动过程液膜厚度及速度分布特性

针对外波纹管管外降膜流动过程,采用实验结合数值模拟的方法,考察了液体喷淋密度、管间距和管径变化对液膜厚度周向分布的影响,并与光滑管进行了比较,同时分析了外波纹管管外液膜速度分布特性。结果表明:光滑管外液膜厚度由上至下沿周向呈先减小、后增加的趋势,在90°～120°之间液膜最薄;外波纹管去除波纹间凹槽内的液体后,波纹外的液膜厚度数值及其周向分布规律与相同直径的光滑管相似,周向平均液膜厚度随着液体喷淋密度的增加、管间距及管径的减小而增大;液膜沿周向分布的均匀程度及流动速度大小均与液膜厚度有关,波纹外液膜沿周向分布的不均匀性随着液膜厚度的增加而增加,气液界面处的液体速度沿周向分布规律与液膜厚度分布规律相反;相邻两波峰间凹槽内的液体存在局部循环流动。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093