Kinetics of Ignition of n—Pentane in a Shock—Tube

ＫｉｎｅｔｉｃｓｏｆＩｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｎ－ＰｅｎｔａｎｅｉｎａＳｈｏｃｋ－Ｔｕｂｅ￥ＭｉｃｈａｅｌＤｖｉｎｙａｎｉｎｏｖ；ＡｌｅｘａｎｄｅｒＢｕｒｃａｔ（ＦａｃｕｌｔｙｏｆＡｅｒｏｓｐａｃｅＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｏｎ－ＩｓｒａｅｌＩｎ...     

A High—Resolution Hybrid Scheme for solving Three Dimensional Euler Equations of High Speed Inlet Flows

ＡＨｉｇｈ－ＲｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＨｙｂｒｉｄＳｃｈｅｍｅｆｏｒＳｏｌｖｉｎｇＴｈｒｅｅＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＥｕｌｅｒＥｑｕａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＨｉｇｈＳｐｅｅｄＩｎｌｅｔＦｌｏｗｓＷａｎｇＢａｃ－Ｇｕｏ；ＬｉｕＱｉｕ－Ｓｈｅｎｇ（ＣＦＤＢｒａｎｃｈ，Ｄ...     

Study on Friction Factor of Developing and Developed Laminnr Flow in Annular－Sector Ducts

ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＦｒｉｃｔｉｏｎＦａｃｔｏｒｏｆＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄＬａｍｉｎｎｒＦｌｏｗｉｎＡｎｎｕｌａｒ－ＳｅｃｔｏｒＤｕｃｔｓＭ．Ｊ．Ｌｉｎ；Ｗ．Ｑ．Ｔａｏ（ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＥｎｅｒｇｙａｎｄＰｏｗｅｒＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎ...     

Research and Development on PFBC—CC in China and Jiawnag Pilot plant Project

ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｎＰＦＢＣ－ＣＣｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄＪｉａｗａｎｇＰｉｌｏｔＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｊｅｃｔＮｉｎｇｓｈｅｎｇＣａｉ；ＭｉｎｇｙａｏＺｈａｎｇ；ＤａｎＬｉ；ＷｅｎｔｉｎｇＦｕ（ＴｈｅｒｍａｌＥｎｅｒｇｙＥｎｇｉｎ...     

Numerical Simulation of 3—D Turbulent Gas—Particle FLows In a Nonslagging Cyclone COmbustor

ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆ３－ＤＴｕｒｂｕｌｅｎｔＧａｓ－ＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅＦｌｏｗｓＩｎａＮｏｎｓｌａｇｇｉｎｇＣｙｃｌｏｎｅＣｏｍｂｕｓｔｏｒ￥ＢｉａｏＺｈｏｕ，ＷｅｎｙｉＬｉｎ，ＬｉｘｉｎｇＺｈｏｕ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｇ...     

An Experimental Study on the Motion of Droplets in Flue Gas Humidification Activator with Pulse Laser Sheet Photography

ＡｎＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＭｏｔｉｏｎｏｆＤｒｏｐｌｅｔｓｉｎＦｌｕｅＧａｓＨｕｍｉｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎＡｃｔｉｖａｔｏｒｗｉｔｈＰｕｌｓｅＬａｓｅｒＳｈｅｅｔＰｈｏｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ￥ＫｅＪｉａｎｇ；ＸｕｃｈａｎｇＸｕ；Ｘｕｅｇ...     

Local Heat and Mass Transfer for Gas—Solid Two Phase Flow in CFB

ＬｏｃａｌＨｅａｔａｎｄＭａｓｓＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｏｒＧａｓ－ＳｏｌｉｄＴｗｏＰｈａｓｅＦｌｏｗｉｎＣＦＢＦｅｎｇＬｕ；Ｍｉｎｇ－ＨｅｎｇＳｈｉ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＰｏｗｅｒＥｎｇ．，ＳｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ，２１００１８，...     

Heat and Mass Transfer Enforcement of Vibrating Fluidized Bed

ＨｅａｔａｎｄＭａｓｓＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒＥｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＶｉｂｒａｔｉｎｇＦｌｕｉｄｉｚｅｄＢｅｄ￥ＣｈｕＺｈｉｄｅ；ＹａｎｇＪｕｎｈｏｎｇ；ＬｉＸｕｈｕｉ；ＳｏｎｇＹａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｈｅｒｍａｌＥｎｅｒｇｙＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ...     

Analysis of a Coal Fired Combined Cycle with Carried—Heat Gasification

ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆａＣｏａｌＦｉｒｅｄＣｏｍｂｉｎｅｄＣｙｃｌｅｗｉｔｈＣａｒｒｉｅｄ－ＨｅａｔＧａｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ￥ＸｕＸｉａｎｇｄｏｎｇ；ＺｈｕＷｅｉｍｉｎＺｈａｏＬｉ（ＤｅｐｅｄｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｈｅｒｍａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｔｓｉｎｇ...     

动态数据交换（DDE）技术的研究与应用

本文阐述了在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ环境下，使用动态数据交换（ＤＤＥ）技术进行应用程序之间交换数据的方法，并结合实际给出了ＶｉｓｕａｌＢａｓｉｃ（ＶＢ）程序作为用户应用程序、Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ的ＦＩＸＤＭＡＣＳ作为服务器应用程序实现ＤＤＥ的实例。     

Round robin test of a wood stove: The influence of standards, test procedures and calculation procedures on the emission level

As a part of the IEA Bioenergy, Task X-Conversion, Combustion activity, an international round robin test of a wood stove supplied with a catalytic afterburner (JØTUL 3TDCI-2) has been performed to investigate and compare the emission level of CO, particles/tar, hydrocarbons and NO_x. The participating countries were Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden. U.K. and U.S.A. The wood stove was tested according to national standards and test procedures. In addition, a comparison of the calculation procedures used to convert measured transient volumetric emission levels into average emission levels in g/kg dry fuel was performed, based on both arithmetic and weighted averaging. The results uncovered significant differences in ways of doing environmental evaluation. Particle emission measurements were found to be the best method to evaluate the environmental acceptability of the tested stove, since the particle emission level was least dependent of the national standards, test procedures and calculation procedures used. Finally, transient particle emission measurements are presented, which reveal a close relationship between particle and hydrocarbon emissions.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Properties of solvent extracted low-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Corn-based ethanol is exponentially growing in the US, as is the need for valuable uses for coproducts of the production process, such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Currently, DDGS is used as livestock feed, thereby replacing some corn components in animal diets. As the industry continues to grow, there will be an increased need to find additional uses for DDGS. Physical and chemical properties of coproduct streams are becoming increasingly investigated, as these characteristics affect many aspects of utilization, such as target species, optimal dietary substitution rates, transportation, flowability, and behavior during storage. Potential avenues for future use of DDGS may include value-added feed, food, and industrial products. Additionally, much interest lies in extracting oil from DDGS to produce bio diesel and other products. If oil is extracted from DDGS, the resulting chemical and physical properties of the remaining constituents may be substantially altered. The objective of this study was to quantify, using standard laboratory methods, physical and chemical property values for low-oil DDGS. The extracted DDGS exhibited water activity, thermal properties, bulk density, and angle of repose values similar to unmodified DDGS. Color values were substantially lighter, however. Additionally, fat levels (2.7% db) were much lower, while protein (34.0% db) and fiber (8.4% db) were higher than traditional DDGS. Results from this study will be valuable to ethanol manufacturers and livestock producers alike, as more uses for ethanol coproducts are implemented. Thus more value can be extracted from the humble kernel of corn.     

Organic,Chemical and Elemental Characterization of Components of Nigerian Bituminous Sands Bitumen

Abstract

Nigerian bitumen components (asphaltene, oil, and resins) were analyzed for functional groups of compound types present in them using infrared specrophotometry technique. These components were also subjected to trace metal analysis using the Buck Model 200 A atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Infrared peaks of alkenes, aldehydes, anhydrides, aromatics, and amides were shown in the bitumen components indicating that they were mixtures of paraffinic, aldehydric, anhydic, naphthenic, and heteroatomic containing compounds. Concentration of 8 metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, V, Mn, and Fe) in the samples were studied to know the extent of possible catalytic poisoning and environmental degradation capacity, and more so the components in which these metals were more concentrated. The AAS result showed high concentration of Zn, Ni, V, and Fe in some components while other metals were not detected in the amount that were present in the bitumen components.     

Pyrolysis of North-American grass species: Effect of feedstock composition and taxonomy on pyrolysis products

In the Midwest of the U.S., several members of the Poaceae family can be grown as bioenergy crops. Besides Miscanthus and switchgrass, which have been extensively studied, native Midwestern grasses such as big bluestem, coastal panicgrass, deertongue, indiangrass, sandreed and sideoats grama can be grown in monoculture or polyculture plantations. In addition to climate, soil fertility and water availability, the selection of bioenergy crops depends on the choice of conversion technology. One such technology, fast pyrolysis, is a thermochemical approach for converting biomass into a liquid product known as bio-oil, a hydrocarbon fuel intermediate. In this research, the eight aforementioned grass varieties were characterized by fiber and metal analyses as well as calorimetry and thermal gravimetry. Conversion by analytical pyrolysis showed that although variability exists, all eight grasses produced a similar spectrum of chemical compounds. Principal component analysis of pyrolysis-GC/MS data detected statistically significant differences amongst the grass varieties on the basis of six key chemical markers: glycolaldehyde, acetic acid, acetol, methyl glyoxal, 4-vinylphenol and levoglucosan. Though taxonomic classification was not found to affect product composition, correlation analysis verified that biomass composition and thermal properties might be responsible for the differences in pyrolysis products.     

Ensiling - Wet-storage method for lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production

Ensiling of humid biomass samples wrapped in plastic bales has been investigated as a wet-storage for bioethanol production from three lignocellulosic biomass samples i.e. maize, rye, and clover grass. During the silage process, lactic acid bacteria fermented free sugars to lactic acid, and consequently by lowing pH, inhibiting other microbes to degrade the polysaccharides. Following silage treatment, enzymatic convertibility tests showed that 51.5%, 36.5%, and 41.9% of the cellulose was converted by cellulytic enzymes in ensiled maize, rye, and clover grass, respectively. In addition, tests of SSF (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) were carried out using combined enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with two different microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus. The ethanol production was 33.0%, 27.5%, 36.9% (by K. marxianus) and 29.0%, 28.1%, 34.5% (by S. cerevisiae); the yields significantly increased after hydrothermal pretreatment: 77.7%, 72.8%, 79.5% (by K. marxianus) and 72.0%, 80.7%, 75.7% (by S. cerevisiae) of the theoretical based on the C6 sugar contents in maize, rye, and clover grass, respectively.     

Analysis of steel production in Thailand: Environmental impacts and solutions

Steels were the upstream of various products. The environmental performance of steel can affect those of the downstream products. In this work, environmental impacts of individual steels, i.e. slab, hot-rolled, cold-rolled, hot-dipped galvanized, and electro-galvanized steels, were studied, via life cycle assessment. The impact assessment methods of IPCC 2007 GWP 100a and Eco-indicator 99 (H) were used to cover the impact categories of Global warming potential, Fossil fuels, Ecotoxicity, Minerals, Carcinogens, and Respiratory inorganics. In all categories, the slab showed the lowest impacts and the hot-dipped galvanized steel showed the highest impacts. The main causes of the impacts were attributed to these inputs; steel, energy, and zinc. The emissions from steel production plants showed relatively low impacts. Small amount of zinc input can cause huge environmental impacts. The impacts of Fossil fuels, Minerals, and Ecotoxicity, of 1-kg zinc were 2.9, 116.9, and 39.6 times of those caused by 1-kg cold-rolled steel, respectively. The reduction of zinc consumption and the improvement of zinc production process, in terms of reduction of heavy metal emissions, could largely improve environmental performance of the galvanized steels.     

一种太阳光照明系统

介绍了一种太阳光的照明系统,主要采用滤红外光片、双凸非球面透镜、多进一出塑料光纤、光敏电阻阵列和双步进电机实现太阳光的采集、传输、跟踪和照明。采用多镜头采集的方法,可以实现几十米的传输距离,成本较低、精度较高并易于加工。此系统可以自动跟踪太阳,实现健康、高效的室内照明。     

Current Technologies for Biomass Conversion into Chemicals and Fuels

Thermal depolymerization and decomposition of woody biomass structural components, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, form liquids and gas products as well as a solid residue of charcoal. The direct thermo-chemical conversion technologies that have been developed are classified into two groups: high pressure liquefaction and fast pyrolysis. Bio-oils derived from biomass have been increasingly attracting attention as alternative sources of fuels and chemicals. The bio-oils were composed of a range of cyclopentanone, methoxyphenol, acetic acid, methanol, acetone, furfural, phenol, formic acid, levoglucosan, guaiocol and their alkylated phenol derivatives. The structural components of the biomass samples mainly affect pyrolytic degradation products.