回转式空气预热器传热模型动态仿真

根据回转式空气预热器的传热机理进行了理论分析,给出了相应的传热计算模型.并根据空气预热器的动态平衡过程和结构特性,结合金属蓄热板径向温度场的二维分布假设,提出采用解析-数值混合计算方法求解换热模型的数学方程,并将解析-数值方法与传统的矩阵迭代法分别计算某电厂的实际空气预热器从启动到正常运行阶段蓄热板和工质温度分布,结果表明传统的矩阵迭代法计算对特征值的要求很严格,而解析-数值方法对任意特征值均可以收敛,并且计算结果的工程精度也很高,因此对电厂安全经济运行提供了可靠的理论依据.     

三分仓回转式空气预热器传热的数值解法

根据回转式空气预热器的工作机理,通过理论分析,把金属蓄热元件视为某一假想的流体,将非稳态传热与金属蓄热元件的机械运动等同于稳态换热过程,采用控制容积法建立了回转式空气预热器的流体动力学传热微分方程组与对应的差分方程组,详细给出了数值解法的计算过程,并以某220 MW锅炉机组的三分仓冷、热分段回转式空气预热器为例,结合实际运行参数进行了校核热力计算.结果表明:该数值解法合理、收敛快且具有合理的计算精度,可以得到空气预热器运行中金属蓄热元件、烟气与空气的温度分布;经与实际运行参数校核,与设计工况参数较吻合.     

提高回转式空气预热器性能途径的研究

回转式空气预热器是大型电站锅炉广泛采用的尾部换热设备,空气预热器的性能对锅炉机组的效率有很大影响。通过对回转式空气预热器在运行过程中常见的问题进行分析,提出了提高空气预热器整体性能的方案,并针对这些问题,总结分析并提出了对策,对提高空气预热器的性能具有指导性的意义。     

回转式空气预热器非稳定换热的分析

根据回转式空气预热器的工作机理,分析了非稳定换热对其热力计算的影响,详细介绍了所建立的非稳定换热的计算模型,模型反映了空气预热器的转速、受热面的质量和比热、烟气和空气的流量和比热、各分仓的角度和受热面积、传热系数等诸多因素对非稳定换热的影响.以烟气和空气的流量、传热系数以及受热面动态热容的改变为例,给出了非稳定换热影响系数和受热面温度发生相应变化的计算结果.分析了各类因素的影响程度大小和模型的合理性.与目前仅根据空气预热器转速,插值计算非稳定换热影响系数的方法相比,该模型具有更好的合理性和广泛适用性.图6参5     

电站翅片热管空气预热器变壁温数值模拟

介绍了用数值模拟计算方法和FLUENT软件相结合,对带翅片热管空气预热器进行三维数值模拟的方法.模型采用标准κ-ε湍流模型,用数值模拟计算方法计算管壁温度,并将之作为模型的边界条件,用流固耦合法研究了翅片的温度场分布.研究结果表明:换热管翅片迎风面换热效果明显高于背风面;换热管下游存在回流区,背风侧气流速度急剧下降;换热管迎风侧压力高于背风侧相应点的压力,沿流动方向压力分布具有分段降低的特征;模拟结果与已有文献的试验结果吻合良好,所以该方法能有效地模拟预热器流场与温度场的细观信息,为空气预热器的进一步理论研究和推广应用提供了依据.     

回转式空气预热器传热元件阻力特性试验研究

回转式空气预热器的阻力特性是决定空气预热器转子尺寸的主要依据之一.回转式空气预热器的阻力特性主要受传热元件结构参数影响.试验利用大型传热风洞试验系统,在模拟回转式空气预热器实际运行工况条件下,通过测量试验段整包传热元件压降,得到了传热元件摩擦因子对数与雷诺数对数之间相互关系,为空气预热器数值计算提供基础数据.通过不同类...     

回转式空气预热器换热性能在线监测

以燃煤机组三分仓回转式空气预热器为研究对象,提出一种受热面换热性能在线监测方法。基于微元传热分析,计算流经空气预热器的烟气和空气温度分布,在此基础上利用能量衡算估计一次风和二次风漏风量。再由空气预热器进出口烟气与空气宏观能量平衡关系计算烟气放热量,进而得到空气预热器传热系数来表征受热面积灰程度。仿真结果表明:在线监测结果能满足需求。     

漏风分配对回转式空气预热器热力性能的影响

通过对回转式空气预热器进行机理分析,将旋转运动的蓄热元件作为金属流体,与烟气(一、二次风)在微元控制体中进行直接换热,建立了传热微分方程及差分方程.根据某600 MW亚临界机组的空气预热器的结构参数及设计参数,通过模型求解得到空气预热器蓄热元件壁温及工质温度分布,并改变漏风分配系数,得到排烟温度及空气出口温度的变化规律.结果表明:漏风率增大会导致排烟损失增大,锅炉效率下降;随着热端漏风占比增大,空气预热器排烟温度呈上升趋势,一、二次风出口温度呈下降趋势.     

四分仓回转式空气预热器三维数值分析

针对四分仓回转式空气预热器实际运行中存在的低温腐蚀问题,基于CFD软件Fluent,将转子受热面温度定义为用户自定义标量(UDS)并求解标量方程,建立了四分仓回转式空气预热器的传热三维数值模型.以某300 MW循环流化床锅炉的四分仓空气预热器为例,模拟得到工质和受热面的三维温度分布,分析了转子热段和冷段受热面传热性能存在差异的原因.结果表明:受热面板型和板材的不同是造成热段、冷段受热面传热性能和传热量差异的主要原因;右二次风仓的热段入口处受热面是发生低温腐蚀的危险区域,使其壁温高于酸露点可有效减缓低温腐蚀.     

某300MW机组回转式空气预热器性能试验及改造方案

回转式空气预热器是大型电站锅炉广泛采用的尾部换热设备,其性能对锅炉效率有很大影响。文中依据某300MW机组回转式空气预热器的漏风、换热效率、烟气侧阻力及出口烟温试验结果,分析其运行中所存在的问题,提出相应的改造方案,并对该方案进行运行经济性和可靠性评估。     

Indirect Estimation of Leakage Distribution in Steam Boiler Rotary Regenerators

Leakages are inherently associated with the heat transfer process in a rotary heat exchanger, owing to clearances brought about by construction difficulties and rotor-housing thermal distortions. The method proposed permits one to evaluate leakage distributions within steam boiler rotary regenerators. In principle, the method is based on a gas flow diagram of the regenerator, where gas streams are arranged into a network in which the corresponding mass flow rates are governed by pressure drops in the seals and matrix rotation. Moreover, energy and mass balances are taken into account where appropriate. On this basis, a nonlinear equation system modeling gas flows within the rotary regenerator is derived. Supplementing this system with data determined experimentally, one obtains a closed form of the gas flow problem, the solution of which gives particular gas mass flow rates within the regenerator and the leakage distribution resulting from it. On the basis of experiments carried out on real devices, the approach presented is exemplified with two particular cases accompanied by evaluation of uncertainties in the final results. A comparison of the results presented with those available by another method concludes the article.     

Temperature Distribution and Heat Saturating Time of Regenerative Heat Transfer

In this paper, heat transfer of the ceramic honeycomb regenerator was numerically simulated based on the computational fluid dynamics numerical analysis software CFX5. The longitudinal temperature distribution of regenerator and gas were obtained. The variation of temperature with time was discussed. In addition, the effects of some parameters such as switching time, gas temperature at the inlet of regenerator, height of regenerator and specific heat of the regenerative materials on heat saturating time were discussed. It provided primarily theoretic basis for further study of regenerative heat transfer mechanism.     

新型回热器结构设计及换热特性研究

回热器作为斯特林热机的关键部件,对于太阳能斯特林热机整机性能有着重要影响。为克服传统金属丝网回热器结构存在的填料单一,制造成本较高,工艺复杂问题,采用实用等温分析法,以回热器的长径比、通流面积、填料种类以及孔隙率各项回热器参数为基础,设计了一种新型斯特林热机回热器,该回热器具有轴向压降小,换热性能高,结构稳定,加工制造简单的特点。开展了新型回热器和传统金属丝网回热器的换热性能对比研究,采用振荡条件下的局部热平衡方法研究回热器的传热过程,对比传统金属丝网回热器和新型回热器的温度变化,速度变化以及压力变化。结果表明:在整体孔隙率相同的条件下,新型回热器和传统金属丝网回热器相比,整体启动速率相似,但新型回热器压降减少0.04 MPa,速度出现分段式变化,有利于回热器的换热和结构稳定。因此,新型回热器不但在结构上优于传统金属丝网回热器,在换热特性上也优于传统金属丝网回热器。     

An analytical solution for a cyclic regenerator in the warm-up period in presence of an axially dispersive wave

Regenerative heat exchangers are important components of energy intensive sectors such as chemical process, power, metallurgical and cryogenic industry. The challenge of simulating regenerators accurately is considerable in view of the transient cyclic process taking place in it. The simulation of warm-up period is even more challenging due to the change in temperature profiles after each cycle. In the present work a modern technique based on the “axial dispersion model” has been utilized to simulate the regenerative heat exchanger both in the warm-up and pseudo-steady state operation. The advantage of this model is that it takes all the flow maldistribution and backmixing effects into consideration instead of idealizing the flow to be so called “plug flow”. In contrast to previous studies with dispersion, in the present study the dispersion is considered to propagate with a finite propagation velocity following a hyperbolic law which is physically more consistent. The effect of different parameters on the cyclic response has been brought out and the results have been verified by comparing results of a rotary regenerator available in literature. The technique utilized in the present study can act as a tool for modelling regenerators where non-uniformity in flow distribution is significant.     

新型档位蓄热器的开发与研究

研究开发了一种可应用在高温空气燃烧（HTAC）技术中的新型蓄热器--档位蓄热器.档位蓄热器吸收了回转式蓄热器的思想,结合了切换式蓄热器的特点,将二者的优势融合在一起,其外观类似于回转式蓄热器,但运动型式却由回转式蓄热器的连续运动变为间歇转动,且具有了新型的密封结构.对档位蓄热器的基本工作原理、具体设计方案、实验研究及应用前景进行了详细介绍.研究结果表明档位蓄热器具有以下特点：可实现对炉窑的连续供气,保证了炉内火焰的稳定性,从而使炉内工况不易波动;另外系统的漏风率较低,阻力损失也较低,并且设备紧凑、操作安全可靠,易于实现标准化生产.实验研究的结果证明该蓄热器的温度效率可达88%,热效率可达77%.     

固体蓄热装置蓄热过程模拟分析与实验研究

设计一种采用分组投切的固体蓄热装置,并以此设计搭建总加热功率150 kW的固体蓄热实验装置,搭建热物理参数非定值的数值计算方法,模拟出炉体的温度场分布,并与定值参数进行对比,得到热物理参数非定值与定值的温度曲线和蓄热量曲线;通过数值模拟和实验数据相结合的方法,确定非定值法数值计算方法的可行性;设计一种分组投切的加热方式,对分组加热的固体蓄热装置进行蓄热量及温度分析。结果表明,采用整体加热的炉体温度梯度分布区间较大,传感器点温度有温差;采用分组加热的炉体温度梯度分布区间相对缩小,传感器间温度几乎相等,相同蓄热目标温度下,提高蓄热量6.0%。     

Some Essential Principles for Adjustment of Seal Clearances in Rotary Regenerators

Abstract

In the present study, attention is paid to some indispensable principles for making a useful adjustment of seal clearances in a rotary regenerator, illustrated by means of examples. First, the effect of leakages and their distribution within such a heat exchanger on the efficiency of a steam power plant is presented. In this way it is shown that not only total leakage but also the distribution of the leakages within the rotary regenerator have an important influence on the efficiency. An interesting conclusion appears here—reduction in total leakage may even bring about a drop in power plant efficiency if distribution of leakages changes unfavorably. Second, in order to show in which rotor state seal clearances should be adjusted, appropriate examples of experimental results concerning radial seal clearances in the hot and cold rotor state are compared. Next, on the basis of a leakage network and some experimental data before and after reduction in radial seal clearances, the effect of reduction in seal clearances on the total leakage and its distribution within a rotary regenerator is shown. Thus the value of such a reduction for the efficiency of a steam power plant is evaluated.     

Thermal performance analysis on a two composite material honeycomb heat regenerators used for HiTAC burners

Honeycomb heat regenerators do not only reduce the fuel consumption in a high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) burning system but also provide the necessary high temperature of combustion air. A two-dimensional simulation model was developed to numerically determine the dynamic temperature and velocity profiles of gases and solid heat-storing materials in a composite material honeycomb regenerator. Consequently, the energy storage and the pressure drop are calculated and the thermal performance of honeycomb heat regenerator is evaluated at different switching times and loading. The model takes into account the thermal conductivity parallel and perpendicular to flow direction of solid and flowing gases. It considers the variation of all thermal properties of solid material and gases with temperature. Moreover, the radiation from combustion flue gases to the storage materials was considered in the analysis. The results are presented in a non-dimensional form in order to be a design tool as well. These analyses were applied on a regenerator made of two layers of ceramic materials, one is pure alumina and other is cordierite. This regenerator is contained in a 100 kW twin-type regenerative-burning system used for HiTAC. The effectiveness and the energy recovery rate were 88% and 72% respectively at nominal operating range of the regenerator and the pressure drop across the twin regenerator system was 1.16 kPa. The periodic steady state condition is reached after about 11 min and it takes only 2 min of operation until the temperature of combustion air remains above the self-ignition temperature that is required for HiTAC. Furthermore, these mathematical analyses show good agreement with experiments made on the same regenerator. In the experiments, the dynamic behavior of the heat regenerator operation was considered in order to compensate measurement readings for this effect.     

Probing the Rayleigh–Benard convection phase change mechanism of low-melting-point metal via lattice Boltzmann method

A double distribution function lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with multirelaxation time is implemented to simulate the Rayleigh–Benard convection melting of a typical low-melting-point metal in a rectangular cavity. Typical cases frequently encountered in practice with constant heat flux/constant temperature boundary conditions are parametrically investigated, with corresponding dimensionless results outlined; the influence of inclination angle of the cavity is also clarified. The computational speed of the current LBM would reach about 40 times faster than that of conventional finite volume method as performed by commercial software Fluent. The obtained results would be valuable for guiding practical thermal design.