大气呼吸模式激光推进的理想动力循环模型

大气呼吸模式激光推进的比冲和冲量耦合系数受制于其能量转换效率,对能量转换效率进行分析具有重要意义。建立了大气呼吸模式激光推进的理想动力循环模型,分析了激光推进过程中的能量转换效率,并探讨了提高能量转换效率的可行途径。研究结果表明,增大冲压比或定容增压比是提高能量转换效率的有效途径,其中增大飞行速度能有效增大冲压比,提高激光功率密度和改变工质掺杂特性能有效增大定容增压比。掺入水滴杂质形成的气液两相工质在激光推进领域具有较好的发展前景。     

复杂系统振动能量平衡方程中SEA参数的测定

本讨论了利用功率射入法解决由实验测定结构内部损失参数和耦合损失参数的问题，研究了ＳＥＡ能量平衡方程系数矩阵的方法，提出了一种简便实用的由理论结合实验确定子系统能量和等效质量的方法，并岂此计算能量平衡系统内部损失参数和耦合损失参数。中还导出了在结构２响应频带内存在模态密集和拍振现象时，分析测定系统平衡能量和计算能量损失参数的方法。     

汽轮机凝汽器喉部与排汽缸耦合流动的数值模拟

为了更加透彻的认识凝汽器喉部的流动状况,通过求解由κ-ε双方程湍流模型封闭的三维时均N-S方程,对凝汽器喉部和排汽缸的耦合流动进行了数值模拟.结果表明:凝汽器喉部和排汽缸耦合计算的结果,完全不同于凝汽器喉部单独计算的结果,喉部出口的速度分布和喉部的能量损失系数都差异很大.喉部流场受入口来流的影响较大.采用耦合计算,能够获得更加接近实际的数值结果,为凝汽器喉部的优化设计、改造和性能研究奠定了基础.     

气膜冷却对高压涡轮叶栅损失特性的影响研究

为获得全气膜气冷涡轮叶栅的损失特性，采用试验及数值仿真方法，研究了不同冷气流量、不同叶栅出口马赫数条件下冷气射流对叶栅损失的影响。通过叶栅槽道静压云图及叶片表面压力分布等试验及数值仿真结果对比，验证了通冷气叶栅性能仿真分析方法的准确性。结果表明：同一冷气流量比下，通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着马赫数的增大先减小后增大，在设计马赫数附近损失最低；通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着冷气流量的增大而增大，且前后腔均通冷气时能量损失系数最大，前腔单独通冷气时能量损失系数最小；通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着冷气与主流温比增大而增大。     

太阳能/氢能长航时无人机重量能量耦合分析

提出一种太阳能/氢能长航时无人机重量能量耦合分析方法,即在太阳能/氢能长航时无人机的概念设计阶段,通过在质量与能量迭代求解过程中嵌入与能量相关的参数的求解,从而计算出相应总体参数下的质量和能量情况,得到无人机基本性能指标的估算。通过重量能量耦合分析方法,无人机的质量迭代计算得到收敛、能量结余系数和有效载荷系数2个重要设计指标在求解过程中获得收敛。由于提出的分析方法可完成无人机重量估算,及重要设计指标的估算,因而对于太阳能/氢能长航时无人机的概念设计具有重要意义。     

水在玻璃管真空管太阳集热器热性能计算与分析

在水在玻璃管式全玻璃真空管集热器能量平衡分析的基础上，推导了集热器热损系数、效率因子等性能参数计算公式，理论计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。计算分析表明，真空管热损系数与吸热管温和环境温度之差是非线性关系，将两者的计算关系式按环境温度分段整理将使计算结果更接近实际；随着吸热管内对流换热系数的增大，其对效率因子和效率的影响逐渐减小，这说明对于水在玻璃管连接方式而言，为得到较大的管内对流换热系数而将流速过度提高是没有必要的；涂层发射率对集热器的热损系数和效率影响较大，降低涂层发射率是提高集热器效率的有效途径。     

脉冲液体射流泵性能的研究

为获得脉冲液体射流泵性能方程中各参数对其性能的影响规律,用数值计算的方法对脉冲液体射流泵的基本性能方程进行了系统的研究,得出了脉冲射流主要是提高射流泵的卷吸率的结论。定量分析了喉管流速系数和喉管进口段的流速系数等参数的变化规律及其对性能的影响程度,进一步探明了其内部流动规律,对设计性能优良的射流泵具有理论指导意义。     

管段参数对供热管网流动传热特性影响研究

针对热电联产中供热管网能量损失问题,根据供热管道温度压力耦合计算模型,采用编程计算的方法,采用不同入口温度、入口压力、流量、管道直径,探究管道各项参数对蒸汽运输中能量损耗的影响.研究结果表明:管道入口温度升高会使工质与外部环境温差增大从而使能量损失增多且会使蒸汽的动力黏度变化导致压损增多;入口压力增大时会导致工质摩擦力...     

柴油机排气道改进对散热量的影响

降低缸盖排气道的散热量能提高发动机热效率和排气温度,以某6缸重型柴油机为研究对象,结合流固耦合计算和一维、三维耦合计算,获得了较为准确的一维热力学模型．在此基础上设计不同表面积和直径的排气道方案,采用一维热力学仿真,计算各方案在多工况下的对流换热系数、散热量和涡前排气温度．结果表明：气侧对流换热系数基本不受气道表面积影响,但会随着气道直径的增大而迅速下降,并与直径的平方呈反比．散热量随着气道表面积减小等比例减小,也会随着直径增大而降低,且降低比例稍低于气侧对流换热系数的降低比例．涡前排气温度随着排气道散热量的降低而升高,A4方案的涡前排气温度最高,表面积减小到60%,标定工况点可以提升22.6℃．     

激光脉冲法测量半透明材料的热扩散率

激光脉冲法测量半透明材料导热性能时,包含了热辐射传热的贡献。提出了一个新的物理模型,将传导和热辐射的耦合传热分开,通过对相关参数的估计,使模型模拟曲线与实际探测曲线一致,此时计算得出的热扩散率为半透明材料的传导热扩散率,所得结果与采用反射层去除热辐射的方法所得结果吻合。方法可大大简化激光脉冲法测量半透明材料的实验镀膜工艺,可减小测量薄膜材料时镀膜带来的偏差。     

Effect of multi-pulses train on the thermomechanical response of a metal thin film

Ultrafast thermoelasticity based on hyperbolic two-step heat conduction model with electron-phonon interaction was applied to investigate the thermomechanical coupling responses of an immense homogeneous, isotropic gold film, which was irradiated by various ultrashort laser pulse trains. The solution to the problem was obtained by solving finite element governing equations. For the same energy injection, a new micromachining technique using laser pulse trains can offer certain advantages compared with a single laser pulse micromachining, such that the laser pulse train is provided with the advantages of long and short laser pulses. The effects of the pulse number and the pulse separation times for a laser pulse train on ultrafast thermomechanical coupling responses, i.e., the temperature, displacement as well as stress, are presented graphically and analyzed. It was found from the numerical results that the expected machining results (or thermomechanical responses) may be obtained by using pulse train technology with optimal pulse number and pulse separation time.     

柴油机冷却水套空化两相流三维瞬态数值模拟研究

为了深入研究柴油机湿式气缸套振动引发穴蚀的机理和影响因素,在水套内部冷却液流动稳态数值模拟得到冷却液压力场与速度场的基础上,以完整单缸水套为研究对象,提取6缸稳态模拟结果作为边界条件。基于Mixture多相流模型与Singhal完全空化模型,采用动网格技术建立柴油机冷却液空化数值模拟的气液两相流仿真模型,进行冷却液空化瞬态数值模拟。计算结果表明:振动导致的冷却液对壁面的脉冲压力是缸套穴蚀的主因,冷却液脉冲压力幅值随壁面振动速度升高而增大,在6.75°即振动速度最大时刻出现最大脉冲压力。在柴油机一个工作循环内,缸套主、次推力侧均有可能发生穴蚀现象,其中主推力侧发生穴蚀现象的可能性更高,且存在4个易发生穴蚀的区域。按壁面所受脉冲压力幅值进行排序,发生穴蚀可能性由大到小依次为主推力侧的中上部、顶端、中下部及底端。最后从抑制振动、缸套表面改性处理和降低脉冲压力角度提出了降低穴蚀风险的措施。     

Successive laser-induced breakdowns in atmospheric pressure air and premixed ethane–air mixtures

Two successive focused laser pulses are employed to experimentally simulate laser-induced breakdown plasmas at high repetition rates. We find that energy absorption of the second laser pulse by the plasma produced by the first laser pulse is enhanced slightly when the time interval between the pulses is shorter than several tens of nanoseconds but falls to almost zero when the time interval is between a few hundreds of nanoseconds and several tens of microseconds. This behavior is attributed to gas heating by the first breakdown event. In premixed ethane–air mixtures, we identify another strong reduction in the second laser pulse absorption when this pulse coincides with the heat released by combustion, typically milliseconds after the first laser pulse. The fuel–air equivalence ratio (?) and base flow speed are also varied in this study. The results show that the window of reduced absorption coinciding with heat release due to combustion is narrowed when the base flow speed is increased, and also under fuel lean and fuel rich conditions. These results suggest that the use of pulsed high frequency laser breakdowns for premixed combustion stabilization is optimized when laser pulse repetition rates below a certain frequency (e.g., 500 Hz at the conditions that ? is 1 and the base flow speed is 4.9 m/s) to maximize laser energy coupling and for improved anchoring of the flame base.     

Performance of nano-hydraulic turbine utilizing waterfalls

The aim of this investigation was to develop an environmentally friendly nano-hydraulic turbine utilizing waterfalls. A model of an impulse type hydraulic turbine constructed and tested with an indoor type waterfall to arrive at an optimum installation condition. Effects of an installation parameter, namely distance between the rotor and the waterfall on the power performance were studied. The flow field around the rotor was examined visually to clarify influences of installation conditions on the flow field. The flow visualization showed differences of flow pattern around the rotor by the change of flow rate and rotational speed of the rotor. From this study it was found that the power performances of the rotor were changed with the distance between the rotor and the waterfalls. The maximum power coefficient of this turbine is approximately 60%. Also, to respond to changes in the waterfall flow rate, we placed a flat plate on the upper side of the rotor to control the water flow direction. As a result, we found that the coefficient of this turbine is increased with the flow rate and power could be obtained even when the flow rate changed by 3.5 times if the plate was placed on the upper side of the rotor. Although the power coefficient decreased when the plate was installed, the power coefficient still is from 53 to 58%.     

雪花型层板结构冷却特性的数值模拟研究

设计了两种孔间距比的雪花型层板冷却结构，采用有限体积法求解三维可压缩的N—S方程对其内部流动和换热进行了数值模拟。网格划分采用非结构化网格，湍流模型为Realizableκ-ε双方程模型，近壁处湍流采用壁面函数法处理，采用SIMPLE算法求解速度与压力的耦合。计算获得了这两种冷却结构内部各气流参数的三维分布及流动阻力特性和换热特性。结果表明，层板内部的流场结构十分复杂，射流冲击后在扰流柱前反卷形成驻涡，呈雪花形分布的扰流柱阵列的存在对气流起到了较好的分流和引导作用，使气流在冷却通道内分布更为均匀，改善了层板换热的均匀性。数值计算对于改进层板内部结构优化设计有着重要的实际应用价值。     

Bio-heat transfer analysis during short pulse laser irradiation of tissues

The objective of this paper is to analyze the temperature distributions and heat affected zone in skin tissue medium when irradiated with either a collimated or a focused laser beam from a short pulse laser source. Experiments are performed on multi-layer tissue phantoms simulating skin tissue with embedded inhomogeneities simulating subsurface tumors and as well as on freshly excised mouse skin tissue samples. Two types of lasers have been used in this study – namely a Q-switched pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG short pulse laser having a pulse width of 200 ns and a 1552 nm diode short pulsed laser having a pulse width of 1.3 ps. Experimental measurements of axial and radial temperature distribution in the tissue medium are compared with the numerical modeling results. For numerical modeling, the transient radiative transport equation is first solved using a discrete ordinates method for obtaining the intensity distribution and radiative heat flux inside the tissue medium. Then the temperature distribution is obtained by coupling the bio-heat transfer equation with either hyperbolic non-Fourier or parabolic Fourier heat conduction model. The hyperbolic heat conduction equation is solved using MacCormack’s scheme with error terms correction. It is observed that experimentally measured temperature distribution is in good agreement with that predicted by hyperbolic heat conduction model. The experimental measurements demonstrate that converging laser beam focused directly at the subsurface location can produce desired high temperature at that location compared to that produced by collimated laser beam for the same laser parameters. Finally the ablated tissue removal is characterized using histological studies as a function of laser parameters.     

Analytical solution of the laser-induced temperature distribution across internal material interfaces

The paper presents an analytical solution of the heat conduction equation with constant coefficients for laser irradiation at the interface of two materials by applying Laplace transformation. Special attention is put on liquid–solid interfaces. The model considers the laser absorption in only one material as well as at the interface. The temperature distribution and the thermal flow across the materials interface as well as the energy efficiency to heat the solid material were studied in dependence on selected material properties, the laser beam absorption, and the length of the laser pulse. High solid surface temperatures can be achieved with high absorption liquids, sufficient interface absorption, and at short laser pulses. The comparison with numerical results shows a good congruence.     

一种W型结构元素的自适应数学形态学及其在风电机组轴承故障诊断中应用

为了提高风电机组滚动轴承故障诊断的有效性和可靠性,提出一种W型自适应数学形态学特征提取方法,并与谱相关分析相结合形成风电机组滚动轴承故障诊断策略。该方法首先针对传统三角型结构元素在故障特征提取中易出现对脉冲信号的漏查,提出一种W型结构元素,旨在捕捉更多特征信息;之后依据各故障信号的实际波形得到结构元素的高和最优开闭运算加权因子,构建自适应形态学模型;最后对测试信号与训练信号进行频域内谱相关性分析,依据相关系数识别故障。将该方法通过数值例、西储大学实验台轴承数据和实际风场采集数据进行算法验证,并与传统的三角型结构元素进行比较,实验结果表明W型结构元素能更有效地提取信号中的脉冲成分、降低噪声干扰,故障诊断算法可准确识别出故障类别,提高结果的可靠性。     

Laser Heating of Tungsten Carbide-Coated Steel Surface: Influence of Coating Thickness on Temperature Field and Melt Depth

Laser repetitive pulse heating of tungsten carbide coating formed at a steel sheet surface is examined. Temperature field and melt pool formed in the coating and steel sheet are simulated for different coating thicknesses. The influence of laser power intensity distribution on the melt pool formation is incorporated in the analysis through introducing the laser pulse parameter. The control volume method is used to predict temperature field while the enthalpy–porosity method is incorporated to account for the phase change during the heating process. It is found that temperature predictions at the coating surface agree with the thermocouple data. The melt pool width formed in the coating is smaller than that corresponding to the steel sheet. Increasing coating thickness reduces the peak temperature at the surface. The Marangoni flow results in a toroid shape of rotating cells in the melt pool of the coating.