HAWT dynamic stall response asymmetries under yawed flow conditions

Horizontal axis wind turbines can experience significant time‐varying aerodynamic loads, potentially causing adverse effects on structures, mechanical components and power production. As designers attempt lighter and more flexible wind energy machines, greater accuracy and robustness will become even more critical in future aerodynamics models. Aerodynamics modelling advances, in turn, will rely on more thorough comprehension of the three‐dimensional, unsteady, vortical flows that dominate wind turbine blade aerodynamics under high‐load conditions. To experimentally characterize these flows, turbine blade surface pressures were acquired at multiple span locations via the NREL Phase IV Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment. Surface pressures and associated normal force histories were used to characterize dynamic stall vortex kinematics and normal force amplification. Dynamic stall vortices and normal force amplification were confirmed to occur in response to angle‐of‐attack excursions above the static stall threshold. Stall vortices occupied approximately one‐half of the blade span and persisted for nearly one‐fourth of the blade rotation cycle. Stall vortex convection varied along the blade, resulting in dramatic deformation of the vortex. Presence and deformation of the dynamic stall vortex produced corresponding amplification of normal forces. Analyses revealed consistent alterations to vortex kinematics in response to changes in reduced frequency, span location and yaw error. Finally, vortex structures and kinematics not previously documented for wind turbine blades were isolated. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平轴失速型风力机主动非线性控制

讨论了大型主动失速型风力机在额定工况以上时的主动非线性控制问题。直接利用所推导的仿射性非线性模型．采用微分几何精确线性化理论,实现恒速风力机全局精确线性化控制,给出了反馈控制算法,并对闭环系统进行了数字仿真。     

凹槽-襟翼对翼型动态失速特性影响研究

风力机复杂运行环境使叶片常处于失速环境,导致翼型升力骤降,严重影响风力机气动性能.为改善翼型流动分离,延缓失速,对凹槽-襟翼对翼型动态失速特性作用效果开展研究,并利用计算流体力学方法分析不同折合频率与翼型厚度时凹槽-襟翼对翼型气动性能的影响.结果表明:俯仰振荡过程中,凹槽-襟翼可有效提升翼型吸力面流速,降低失速攻角下逆...     

Dynamic stall modelling of the S809 aerofoil and comparison with experiments

An analysis of dynamic stall for the S809 aerofoil has been performed in conjunction with the Leishman–Beddoes dynamic stall model that was modified for wind turbine applications. Numerical predictions of the lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients were compared with measurements obtained for an oscillating S809 aerofoil at various reduced frequencies, mean angles of attack and angle of attack amplitudes. It was found that the results using the modified model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Hysteresis in the aerodynamic coefficients was captured well, although the drag coefficient was slightly underpredicted in the deep stall flow regime. Validation against the experimental data showed overall good agreement. The mathematical structure of the model is such that it can be readily incorporated into a comprehensive analysis code for a wind turbine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Aerodynamic loads calculation and analysis for large scale wind turbine based on combining BEM modified theory with dynamic stall model

The aerodynamic loads for MW scale horizontal-axis wind turbines are calculated and analyzed in the established coordinate systems which are used to describe the wind turbine. In this paper, the blade element momentum (BEM) theory is employed and some corrections, such as Prandtl and Buhl models, are carried out. Based on the B-L semi-empirical dynamic stall (DS) model, a new modified DS model for NACA63-4xx airfoil is adopted. Then, by combing BEM modified theory with DS model, a set of calculation method of aerodynamic loads for large scale wind turbines is proposed, in which some influence factors such as wind shear, tower, tower and blade vibration are considered. The research results show that the presented dynamic stall model is good enough for engineering purpose; the aerodynamic loads are influenced by many factors such as tower shadow, wind shear, dynamic stall, tower and blade vibration, etc, with different degree; the single blade endures periodical changing loads but the variations of the rotor shaft power caused by the total aerodynamic torque in edgewise direction are very small. The presented study approach of aerodynamic loads calculation and analysis is of the university, and helpful for thorough research of loads reduction on large scale wind turbines.     

变桨距提高升力型垂直轴风力机性能研究综述

风能是世界存量大、绿色无污染的可再生能源之一。由于风力机旋转工况复杂,翼型的相对攻角变化剧烈,导致翼型容易失速,风机的风能利用率低。变桨距主动控制技术是目前最常用的提高升力型垂直轴风力机性能的方法。针对近年来变桨距技术的最新研究进展情况进行了综述。通过全面的文献检索和阅读,总结和阐述了不同变桨距控制策略的设计与实现方法,并分析了不同变桨距技术的优缺点。     

考虑转捩的风力机翼型动态失速数值模拟

以风力机专用翼型的动态失速为对象,采用一种基于流场当地变量的Gamma-Theta转捩模型配合SSTk-ω湍流模型进行数值模拟,研究转捩对动态失速性能的影响和动态失速下的转捩规律。结果表明,使用考虑转捩效应,能够使动态失速过程中上仰段大迎角状态下失速和下俯段气流再附的模拟得到改善。在动态失速上仰段,上表面转捩由后缘分离泡向前缘分离泡的转变过程较快,导致转捩点迅速前移;而在下俯段,前缘分离泡向后缘分离泡的转变过程中经过了自然转捩和再层流化的过渡,因此转捩点的移动较上仰段平滑。     

New vortex‐lift and tangential‐force models for HAWT aerodynamic load prediction

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) experience three‐dimensional rotational and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena at the rotor blades sections. These highly unsteady three‐dimensional effects have a dramatic impact on the aerodynamic load distributions on the blades, in particular, when they occur at high angles of attack due to stall delay and dynamic stall. Unfortunately, there is no complete understanding of the flow physics yet at these unsteady 3D flow conditions, and hence, the existing published theoretical models are often incapable of modelling the impact on the turbine response realistically. The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight on the combined influence of the stall delay and dynamic stall on the blade load history of wind turbines in controlled and uncontrolled conditions. New dynamic stall vortex and nonlinear tangential force coefficient modules, which integrally take into account the three dimensional rotational effect, are also proposed in this paper. This module along with the unsteady influence of turbulent wind speed and tower shadow is implemented in a blade element momentum (BEM) model to estimate the aerodynamic loads on a rotating blade more accurately. This work presents an important step to help modelling the combined influence of the stall delay and dynamic stall on the load history of the rotating wind turbine blades which is vital to have lighter turbine blades and improved wind turbine design systems.     

Simulating the aerodynamic performance and wake dynamics of a vertical‐axis wind turbine

The accurate prediction of the aerodynamics and performance of vertical‐axis wind turbines is essential if their design is to be improved but poses a significant challenge to numerical simulation tools. The cyclic motion of the blades induces large variations in the angle of attack of the blades that can manifest as dynamic stall. In addition, predicting the interaction between the blades and the wake developed by the rotor requires a high‐fidelity representation of the vortical structures within the flow field in which the turbine operates. The aerodynamic performance and wake dynamics of a Darrieus‐type vertical‐axis wind turbine consisting of two straight blades is simulated using Brown's Vorticity Transport Model. The predicted variation with azimuth of the normal and tangential force on the turbine blades compares well with experimental measurements. The interaction between the blades and the vortices that are shed and trailed in previous revolutions of the turbine is shown to have a significant effect on the distribution of aerodynamic loading on the blades. Furthermore, it is suggested that the disagreement between experimental and numerical data that has been presented in previous studies arises because the blade–vortex interactions on the rotor were not modelled with sufficient fidelity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PIV measurements and CFD simulation of the performance and flow physics and of a small‐scale vertical axis wind turbine

The aerodynamics generated by a small small‐scale vertical axis wind turbine are illustrated in detail as a NACA0022 rotor blade carries out a complete rotation at three tip speed ratios. These aerodynamic details are then linked to the wind turbine performance. This is achieved by using detailed experimental measurements of performance and near‐blade particle image velocimetry (PIV) and also by using a two‐dimensional Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes‐based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Uniquely, therefore, the CFD model is validated against both PIV visualizations and performance measurements. At low tip speed ratios ( λ = 2), the flow field is dominated by large‐scale stalling behaviour as shown in both the experimental results and simulations. The onset of stall appears to be different between the experiment and simulation, with the simulation showing a gradual separation progressing forward from the trailing edge, while the experiment shows a more sudden leading‐edge roll‐up. Overall, similar scales of vortices are shed at a similar rate in both the experimental results and simulations. The most significant CFD–PIV differences are observed in predicting flow re‐attachment. At a higher tip speed ratio ( λ = 3), the flow separates slightly later than in the previous condition, and as occurs in the lower tip speed ratio, the main differences between the experiment and the simulation are in the flow re‐attachment process, specifically that the simulations predicts a delay in the process. At a tip speed ratio of 4, smaller predicted flow separation in the latter stages of the upwind part of the rotation is the main difference in comparison to the experiment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

尾缘非定常射流襟翼对垂直轴风力机气动特性影响研究

为提升垂直轴风力机气动性能并改善其动态失速特性,将射流襟翼布置于翼型尾缘压力面,并提出5种射流控制策略,采用计算流体力学方法研究不同策略对垂直轴风力机气动性能影响,从而确定最佳控制策略。结果表明：在180°~360°相位角范围内施加射流控制可使风力机风能利用系数在最佳尖速比下提升31.31%,并有效抑制吸力面尾缘涡形成与发展,增大翼面两侧压差;射流越靠近尾缘,垂直轴风力机气动性能提升效果越好。     

Lift correction model for local shear flow effect on wind turbine airfoils

Wind turbines operate under various wind conditions in which turbulence virtually always exists. Therefore, unsteady wind turbine simulation methods to estimate wind loading in turbulent inflow conditions are very important for developing optimally designed wind turbines. Several methods have been developed for this purpose and are usually based on the blade element momentum theory (BEMT), which is used for calculation of the wind loading on turbine blades. The local shear flow effect induced by turbulence, however, is not explicitly considered in the popular BEMT-based simulations. Extreme situations can occur in a large-scale wind farm where the inflow field of a wind turbine may contain strong tip vortices generated from upstream turbines. In this study, the effects of idealized local shear flows around a two-dimensional airfoil, S809, on its aerodynamic characteristics were analyzed by CFD simulations. Various parameters including reference inflow velocity, shear rate, angle of attack, and cord length of the airfoil were examined. From the simulation results, several important characteristics were found. The shear rate in a flow causes some changes in the lift coefficient depending on its sign and magnitude, while the angle of attack does not have a distinguishable influence. The chord length and reference inflow also cause proportional and inversely proportional changes in the lift coefficient, respectively. Based on these observations, we adopted an analytic expression for the lift coefficient from the thin airfoil theory and proposed a lift correction model, which is easily applicable to the traditional load analysis procedure based on the BEMT.     

A simple model for deep dynamic stall conditions

The present study is focused on modeling of dynamic stall behavior of a pitching airfoil. The deep stall regime is in particular considered. A model is proposed, which has a low implementation and computational complexity but yet is able to deal with different types of dynamic stall conditions, including those characterized by multiple vortex shedding at the airfoil leading edge. The proposed model is appraised against an extensive data set of experimental (α,C_L) curves for NACA0012. The results of an existing widely used model, having comparable complexity, are also shown for comparison. The proposed model is able to well reproduce not only the classic curves of deep dynamic stall but also the curves characterized by lift oscillations at high angles of attack due to the shedding of multiple vortices. Furthermore, the model appears to be robust to variations of its parameters from the optimal values and of the airfoil geometry. Finally, the model is successfully implemented in a commercial CFD software and applied to the simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine within the actuator cylinder approach. The accuracy of the prediction of the turbine power coefficient in the whole rotation cycle is very good for the optimal working condition of the turbine, for which the model parameters were calibrated. Fairly good accuracy is also obtained in significantly different working conditions without any further calibration.     

尾缘襟翼对风力机翼型气动特性影响研究

尾缘襟翼(TEF)因其对翼型气动特性的调控能力,被认为是降低叶片疲劳和局部载荷最具可行性的气动控制部件。对TEF进行建模,采用Xfoil和CFD软件分析了TEF对翼型气动特性的影响及其机理,并从叶素理论角度对变化来流下TEF的减载效果进行了验证,结果表明:TEF位于不同摆角时翼型升阻力系数均有不同程度的变化,TEF可有效实现对翼型气动特性的主动控制;TEF摆动改变了翼型表面的静压分布和流动状态,进而对翼型升阻力和失速攻角产生影响;TEF可快速有效降低风速突然增加后的叶素受力,进而控制并减小叶片载荷。     

A CFD study into the influence of unsteady aerodynamic interference on wind turbine surge motion

To improve knowledge of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics and interference effects of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT), this article focuses on the platform surge motion of a full configuration wind turbine with the rotating blades, hub, nacelle, and tower shapes. Unsteady aerodynamic analyses considering the moving motion of an entire configuration wind turbine have been conducted using an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a conventional blade element momentum (BEM) analyses. The present CFD simulation is based on an advanced overset moving grid method to accurately consider the local and global motion of a three-dimensional wind turbine. The effects of various oscillation frequencies and amplitudes of the platform surge motion have been widely investigated herein. Three-dimensional unsteady flow fields around the moving wind turbine with rotating blades are graphically presented in detail. Complex flow interactions among blade tip vortices, tower shedding vortices, and turbulent wakes are physically observed. Comparisons of different aerodynamic analyses under the periodic surge motions are summarized to show the potential distinction among applied numerical methods. The present result indicates that the unsteady aerodynamic thrust and power tend to vary considerably depending on the oscillation frequency and amplitude of the surge motion.     

垂直轴风力机变桨控制策略及气动性能影响研究

以H型Darrieus垂直轴风力机为研究对象,基于不同尖速比下攻角随相位角变化规律,提出一种俯仰角控制策略,即攻角较大时俯仰变化幅值较大,而攻角较小时幅值较小。通过数值计算了解此控制方式对气动性能的影响规律,分析变桨后不同旋转角度下风力机涡量场的变化,并讨论气动载荷变化的原因。结果表明：所提俯仰角控制策略可显著增强风力机功率系数,且尖速比较低时提升效果越显著,在TSR为1.25时功率系数提升高达146%。     

分形尾缘叶片气动性能及流场数值模拟

针对风力机存在尾流效应问题,通过在垂直轴风力机叶片尾缘布置分形孔的方法,建立分形叶片三维实体造型,进行了分形叶片和原始叶片三维非定常不可压流动的分析,得出叶片绕流流场数值模拟结果,重点研究具有分形特征的尾缘对叶片尾流流场及叶片气动特性的影响。结果表明:分形叶片对改善叶片尾流流场有较显著作用。在8°~18°攻角范围内,分形叶片升、阻力系数随攻角变化波动性小于原始叶片;当攻角大于原始叶片失速攻角时,这种波动性差距更大。分形孔的存在使叶片周围流场结构及气动参数对攻角变化敏感性降低:在攻角大于原始叶片失速攻角时,分形叶片阻力系数随攻角变化标准差仅为原始叶片的0.6倍,升力系数标准差仅为原始叶片0.4倍。研究结果将改善垂直轴风力机叶片尾流互相干扰及水平轴风力机叶尖脱落涡情况。     

Plasma‐based feed‐forward dynamic stall control on a vertical axis wind turbine

Dynamic stall was controlled on a double‐bladed H‐Rotor vertical axis wind turbine model using pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators in a feed‐forward control configuration. The azimuthal angles of plasma actuation initiation and termination, that produced the largest increases in power, were determined parametrically on the upstream half of the turbine azimuth in a low‐speed blow‐down wind tunnel at wind speeds of 7 m/s. A mathematical model, together with instantaneous turbine speed, was used to estimate transient torque and power developed by the turbine under the influence of plasma actuation. Overall performance improvements were based on changes between the final actuated and initial baseline results. A remarkable result of this investigation was that a net turbine power increase of 10% was measured. This was achieved by systematically reducing plasma pulsation duty cycles as well as the plasma initiation and termination angles. Nevertheless, it was determined that further performance increases could be achieved by changing the actuator's dielectric material, increasing the turbine radius and developing a method for control of dynamic stall on both the upwind (inboard of the blades) and downwind (outboard of the blades) halves of the turbine azimuth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time‐accurate blade surface static pressure behaviour on a rotating H‐Darrieus wind turbine

Time‐accurate blade pressure distributions on a rotating H‐Darrieus wind turbine at representative tip speed ratios during start‐up are presented here, which allow blade dynamic stall and laminar separation bubbles to be observed clearly and which provide a rare experimental demonstration of the flow curvature effect inherent in H‐Darrieus turbine operation. The convection of a dynamic stall vortex along the blade surface at high reduced frequency has also been clearly identified. This study provides new information of the complex aerodynamics of the vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and provides unique experimental data to validate the transient blade static surface pressure distribution predicted by CFD models. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the instantaneous pressure variation around the blade has been measured and recorded directly for an H‐Darrieus wind turbine.     

Digital tuft analysis of stall on operational wind turbines

Operational wind turbines are exposed to dynamic inflow conditions because of, for instance, atmospheric turbulence and wind shear. In order to understand the resulting three‐dimensional and transient aerodynamics effects at a site, a 10m stall‐regulated upwind two‐bladed wind turbine was instrumented for a novel digital tuft flow visualization study. High definition video of a tufted blade was acquired during wind turbine operation in the field, and a novel digital image processing algorithm calculated the blade stall directly from the video. After processing O(10⁵) sequential images, the algorithm achieved a ?5% bias error compared with previous manual analysis methods. With increasing wind speed (5m/s to 20m/s) the fraction of tufts exhibiting stalled flow increased from 5% to 40% on the outboard 40% of the blade. The independently measured instantaneous turbine power production correlates highly with the stall fraction. Some azimuthal variation in the stall fraction associated with dynamic stall induced by vertical wind shear was seen with a maximum in the 45–90° azimuthal location. The high detail, quantitative image processing method demonstrated good agreement with the expected behaviour for a stall‐regulated wind turbine and revealed azimuthal variation because of shear‐induced dynamic stall. The amount of reliable blade stall data to be obtained from digital tuft visualization has hereby been vastly increased. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.